考研英语翻译技巧有哪些?
??人名、地名的翻译按照音译即可,不需要过多讲究。
一般的习语和惯用语意思固定,不需要看上下文,可以直接翻译。惯用语的掌握依靠平时积累,是词汇量记忆成果的直接体现。
例如:in general 一般来说,总而言之
for the better part of a decade 七八年来
2) 词类转换
词类转换指翻译过程中为了使译文符合汉语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。
英语翻译技巧有哪些?
by ones and twos
两两地,零零落落地
Eg。 Two heads are better than one。
三个臭皮匠胜过诸葛亮。来源:考试大
Eg。 --Can you come down a little? --Sorry, it's one price for all。
翻译练习的秘诀
作为外语专业的学生,按我的经验,我觉得你现在要锻炼的有两个方面,一个是语音,一个是阅读,你现在的水平还不错的基础上你再这两个方面的基础上多多磨练。语音是一个人的英语面貌的表现,而锻炼语音的一点就是多模仿,电影,音乐,还有一些李阳,新东方的材料都可以作为选择范围,把语音磨精细点,语音挺高了对你的听力也有直接的影响;接着是阅读方面,我觉得如果你真的想考翻译的话,你现在开始就要广泛的积累素材,多阅读,不是说去写阅读理解练习,而是多看英文报刊书籍,有些双语的书籍可以注意一下他的翻译方式特点,还有词汇量尽可能的通过阅读来扩大。如果你水平已经相当高了,你可以试试GRE的阅读理解做做看。不过你现在还是在高中阶段,你还有其他的学科要注意,所以不可能让你太多时间扑在英语一门上,所以,你如果能坐到我前面的部分就够了,这样既不影响其他科学习,又能为你以后的方向做准备,希望你能有很好的发展,加油!~多看些有中文对英文字幕的外国电影哦,真的对英文水平的提高很有帮助哦多看些有中文对英文字幕的外国电影哦,真的对英文水平的提高很有帮助哦你还是高中生,不用那么快就学习翻译啦,毕竟高考不用考。
好好学习高中课程,尤其是提高英语的听说读写能力,争取考上北外,然后再主攻翻译啊。多看名家名译,很受启发的。
再就是英汉两种语言的基本功要扎实。
最重要的是要多实践,做的多了,就知道某些套路了。
我推荐你买本张培基的翻译书,语言很朴实,很地道。
加油啊,楼主~~
相信你一定可以的翻译讲求信、达、雅,中文水平还是外文水平都要好才能真正做到这三点。理解外文之后再将其用中文准确地表达出来并且做到文字流畅优美是很不容易的。
个人觉得还是要多进行阅读,中文外文都要,学习好的作品的表达方式。
还有就是经常进行一些练习了。
谈到翻译就难免牵涉到双语运用问题。译者对相关的两种语文即使不精通,也要有良好的水平,这是翻译的先决条件。接着,他还要晓得双语在词语运用上的不同,以及句子结构上的差别,然后才能在"理解"原文之后,通过适当的方法和技巧,把译文端出来,呈献给读者品尝。
所谓适当的方法,就是指"直译"(Literal translation)和"意译"(Free translation)。直译可以对号入座,字字翻译,但很多时候必须在句子某些成分上作些词类、词序、句式等方面的调整或变动,才能把译文带入既"忠实"又"流畅"的佳境。如果直译行不通或是不理想的话,就只好意译了。例如:
(1) x:How much have you suffered, Irene?
y:A lot.
x:爱玲,你吃了多少苦?
y:一言难尽。
(2) x:你这人真是"狗嘴里长不出象牙。"
x:A filthy mouth cannot utter decent language. You are really such a person.
如果把第一句里的"a lot"直译为"许多"或"很多很多",这句话自然吗?如果把第二句译成"A dog's mouth doesn't spit out an ivory",只懂英语的人听了不会莫名其妙吗?
意译技巧最常见于中英惯用语的对译。除了上述"狗嘴里长不出象牙"之外,再看些其他意译的例子。
(3) Don't put on airs.(别摆架子)
(4) What is done is done.(木已成舟)
(5) Kicking a man when he is down.(打落水狗)
(6) Pull out the evil by the roots.(斩草除根)
意译虽重要,直译也可贵;能字字对译最好,若不能,就稍微整容或变型,以符合译文的外貌,保持原文的精髓。
现在就让我先举些中英直译的好例子:
(7) 他是只纸老虎。
(He is a paper tiger)
(8) 别流鳄鱼泪。
(Don't shed crocodile tears)
(9) 应该弥补代沟。
(We must bridge the generation gap)
现在再看看词语上或句子上需要调整或变动的例句:
一、英文的修饰短语,不管是形容词性的,介词性的、分词性的或不定式动词性的,一概出现在名词之后;中译时,就要移到名词之前;形容词从句(Adjective Clause)也一样。例如:
(12) Please identify the factors responsible for the increasing cost of living.(请指出引起生活费高涨的因素。)
(13) Jenny is a girl of great intelligence.(珍妮是个很聪明的女孩。)
(14) Do you know the man sitting next to Peter?(你认识坐在彼得旁边的那个人吗?)
(15) An effective way to learn a language well is to practise it regularly.(学好语文的有效方法是不断地练习。)
(16) Doesn't the manager know the reasons why his staff are in low spirits?(经理不知道职员死气沉沉的原因吗?)
(17) Here are some grammatical errors you have made in your essay.(这里是一些你在作文中所犯的语法错误。)
二、英文的日期、地点等的排列是从小单位到大单位;单词连用时是分量轻的在前,分量重的在后,中文则反之。例如:
(18) Helen was born at 10 p.m. on 3rd March, 1990.(海伦在一九九○年三月三日晚上十点出生。)
(19) He came from a small town in Johore Malaysia.(他从马来西亚 柔佛州一个小镇来到这里。)
三、中英文词类不一定对应,必须进行调适。例如:
(21) Jack is mentally sound but physically weak.(杰克思想健全、身体虚弱。)(副词变成名词)
(22) Yesterday's stage performance was quite a success.(昨天的舞台表演相当成功。(名词变形容词)
(23) The elimination of illiteracy is a matter of great urgency.(扫除文盲是当务之急。)(名词变成动词)
(24) We are against racial discrimination.(我们反对种族歧视。)(介词变成动词)
四、 中英文句式不吻合时,就要变动。例如:
1、英文被动语态变成中文主动语态。例如:
(25) A new syllabus has been drawn up.(已经拟定了一份新的课程纲要。)
(26) This can be done and must be done.(这件事可以办并且必须办。)
(27) It must be admitted that Singapore is a small island country. (我们必须承认新加坡是个很小的岛国。)
2、英文的简单句变成中文的复杂句。例如:
(28) His failure to observe the traffic rules resulted in the road accident.(由于他没有遵守交通规则,所以导致了公路意外。)
(29) With your permission, I will embark on the project as soon as possible.(如果你答应的话,我将尽快展开这项计划。)
3、英文长句成分复杂需要作逻辑性的变动,以符合中文句法。例如:
(30) The management's reputation fell still further when it refused to accept the suggestion of the Labour Union that an increase in the salary of the workers was a precondition for the settlement of the current dispute.(劳工联合会建议增加工人的薪水作为解决当前纠纷的先决条件,但管理层拒绝接受这建议,结果它的声望再度下降。)
总而言之,直译和意译各有所长,可以直译就直译,不可直译时就采用意译,甚至双管齐下,两者兼施。有些惯用语的英译就要先直译后意译,才能兼顾到译文的表层结构和原文的深层意思。例如:
(31) 不劳而获 (Reap without sowing → Profit by others' toil.)
(32) 饮水思源 (When you drink the water, think of its source → never forget where one's happiness comes.)
最后,看看下列两名翻译大师在红楼梦中的一小段有关林黛玉讲话的译文。前者是霍克斯(Hawkes)教授的意译版本;后者是杨宪益教授和戴乃迭(Gladys Yang)的直译文:
(35)黛玉说:你说你会过目成诵,难道我就不能一目十行了!
(霍克斯:"You needn't imagine you are the only one with a good memory,"said Dai-yu naughtily.
"I suppose I'm allowed to remember lines too if I like.")
(杨宪益,戴乃迭:"You boast that you can memorize a passage with one reading. Why can't I learn ten lines at one glance?"
你们觉得那一段译文比较贴切,比较有韵味呢?
从上面35个例子不难看出中英对译时虽然可以字字直译,但由于两种语言差异处处,翻译时必须在译文上作些调整或变动,才不会有"翻译腔",才可以使辛辛苦苦,绞尽脑汁的翻译作品达到"信"和"达"的标准,进而朝向"雅"的巅峰境界迈步;虽不易至,心向往之。
股票英文版说明
1. Stock Basics
What are stocks? Stocks are a share in the ownership of a company. This means you that you own a small portion of everything the company owns. As an owner, you are entitled to your share of the profits and can vote on important decisions and rulings. A stock is represented by a piece of paper that proves that you have ownership. This fancy piece of paper represents one share of the company. The more shares you accumulate, your ownership stake increases. Also one stock usually is entitled to one vote when electing board of directors at annual meetings.
As a company shareholder, you are entitled to a portion of the earnings made by the company. These earnings are usually paid out in the form of dividends. One important aspect of stocks is the limited liability feature. This means you are not responsible for the company’s debts or losses. You can never lose more than the original investment as a shareholder.
Since a shareholder is a part owner of the company, you take the risk of the company not being successful. This means a return is not guaranteed and if the company goes bankrupt, you are not entitled to any payout until all the creditors have been paid out first.
2. Types of Stocks
Stocks can be broken up into 3 categories; common stock, preferred stock, and class stock. Common stock makes up the majority of stocks. As a common stock holder, you have a right to claim dividends and get to have one vote per share when electing board of directors.
Preferred stocks do not come with the same voting rights but comes with a guaranteed fixed dividend. This is different from common stock because common stock’s dividend is never guaranteed. So in reality, preferred stock is more like a bond, which pays out a return.
Companies sometimes issue different classes of stock. Usually this is done to differentiate voting rights to different classes. One class might be entitled to 5 votes per each share while the other class is the normal 1 vote to each share. Class A and Class B are the typical designations.
3. Exchanges
Stocks are traded on exchanges where buyers and sellers meet. There are two types of exchanges, virtual and physical. Physical exchanges are your traditional trade floors where traders are yelling and signaling to each other to buy and sell stock. Virtual exchanges are comprised of a network of computers where all the trading is done electronically.
In the U.S. there are 3 main exchanges, the NYSE, Nasdaq, and Amex. The New York Stock exchange is the most prestigious and was found over 200 years ago. This exchange is the home of America’s largest companies like McDonald’s and General Electric. This exchange has a physical location with floor traders actively selling and buying. A specialist is assigned to each stock whose job is to match the buyers with the sellers. Once a trade is made, the trade summary is sent back to the broker who then notifies the investor who placed the order.
1. 股票基础常识
什么是股票? 股票公司股权的分享. 这意味着你自己也拥有公司拥有的一部分. 作为业主,你现在可以分享利润,也具有投票权来做的重要决定和裁决. 股就是你拥有所有权的一纸证明. 这张特殊的纸代表公司的一个份额. 你累积的股份越多,你的股权也越多. 另外, 在董事会改选的年度会议中一股通常都享有一票的选举权,
作为一家公司的股东,你就是公司一部份的收入的分享者. 这些收益通常股息的形式发放. 股票的一个重要方面就是其有限责任特征. 这意味着你不用负责,公司的债务或损失. 你所失去的永远不会比你投资的多.
因为股东也是公司的拥有人, 你承受了公司可能失败的风险. 这意味着资金的收回得不到保证, 如果公司倒闭了, 你没有权利回收任何的投资, 直到所有债权人已经支付了赔款.
2. 股票种类
股票可以分为三大类; 普通股,首选股票,级别股票. 普通股占大多数. 作为一个普通股持有者 你有权利要求股息, 以及在选举董事时, 每股都有一票的投票权.
优先股并不等同于普通的选举权, ,而只是确保固定的股息. 这不同于普通股票,因为普通股票的股利是永远没有保证的. 因此,在现实中,首选股票就如同债券,之后总会得到回报.
有时公司发行不同级别的股票. 通常这样做是为了区分不同等级的投票权. 一个级别可享受每股5票, 而另一个级别可能只能享受每股一票的待遇. A和B是典型的级别名称.
3. 交易
股票交易是在卖双方见面时进行的交换活动. 有两种类型的交换, 虚拟和实体. 实体交换就是你在传统贸易的交易所中, 所见到的, 那里股票交易者通过大声的呼叫来彼此传递买卖的信号,. 虚拟交换主要是由计算机网络构成, 所有的交易是透过电子方式进行的.
在美国有3个主要的交易所,纽约证券交易所,纳斯达克指数和美国股票交易所. 纽约证交所是最负盛名的, 建立于200多年前. 这种交换是美国的一些大公司如麦当劳和通用电气公司的交易所. 这种交易有一个实际的地点, 交易者积极的买卖. 每一个股票都有一个专门负责给买卖双方分配股票的人员 一旦买卖成交, 交易总结就寄回给经纪人, 然后经纪人再通知投资者.
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