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cere币怎么买 celo币在哪买

发布时间：2023-12-05-05:23:08 来源：网络公链介绍教程 Network Celer

如何购买CELR币、如何购买CELR教程答案:

1、通过交易平台购买Celer Network

交易平台

BSC交易SwapETH交易SwapPolygon交易SwapAvax交易SwapSol交易SwapOKC交易Swap货币兑换PancakeSwap

在银河系最受欢迎的去中心化平台上交易、赚取和赢得加密货币。

Biswap

Biswap是市场上第一个拥有三类推荐系统和最低平台交易费用（0.1%）的去中心化交换平台。我们是一个在Binance智能链网络上交换BEP-20代币的去中心化交换平台。这个网络保证了卓越的速度和更低的网络交易成本

KyberSwap BSC

KyberSwap BSC 去中心化交易平台

DappRadar-BSC

BSC去中心化交易聚合平台

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

Kine Protocol

KINE提供了一个[点对点]的衍生品市场，由链上数字资产支持的流动性池作为交易所内所有交易者的被动对手方。

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

MDEX swap

MDEX.COM 支持BSC、HECO及ETH的去中心化跨鏈交易協議，多次位列CoinMarketCap、CoinGecko的DEX排行榜第一。

MsgSender

MsgSender是采用Trustwallet内核的去中心化多链钱包.

Uniswap (V2)

Uniswap是一个在以太坊上自动交换代币的协议。它于2018年11月2日推出。Uniswap将自己描述为一个简单的智能合约接口，用于交换ERC20代币。它有一个正式的模型来汇集流动性储备。它作为交易者和流动性提供者的开源前端接口，致力于提供免费和去中心化的资产交换。

Uniswap(V3)

在领先的去中心化加密货币交易协议上进行交换、赚取和建立。

Tornado

Tornado Cash 通过打破源地址和目标地址之间的链上链接来提高交易隐私。它使用一个智能合约，接受可以通过不同地址提取的 ETH 存款。为了保护隐私，可以使用中继器提取到没有 ETH 余额的地址。每当新地址提取 ETH 时，都无法将提取与存款联系起来，从而确保完全隐私。

1inch Exchange

1inch是一个DeFi聚合器和一个具有智能路由的去中心化交易所。

Curve Finance

曲线的目的是利用先进的粘合曲线创造深层的链上流动性。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

Balancer

自动化的投资组合管理器和去中心化交易平台

Bancor

Bancor去中心化的交易协议

KyberSwap ETH

KyberSwap ETH 去中心化交易

Loopring swap

Loopring swap 去中心化交易

DYDX期货交易所

dYdX是一家领先的非托管去中心化交易所的开发商，其使命是建立开放、安全和强大的金融产品。dYdX在以太坊上的审计智能合约上运行，在交易时不需要信任中央交易所。该交易所结合了去中心化交易所的安全性和透明度，以及中心化交易所的速度和实用性。

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

DappRadar-ETH

ETH去中心化交易聚合平台

Kine Protocol

KINE提供了一个[点对点]的衍生品市场，由链上数字资产支持的流动性池作为交易所内所有交易者的被动对手方。

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

MDEX swap

MDEX.COM 支持BSC、HECO及ETH的去中心化跨鏈交易協議，多次位列CoinMarketCap、CoinGecko的DEX排行榜第一。

Tokenlon

Tokenlon是基于0x协议的去中心化交易服务平台

QuickSwap

QuickSwap 是一个去中心化交易所 (DEX)，如果你想交易 MATIC，你绝对应该使用它。它是Polygon网络的典型交易所，具有更低的gas成本和更容易交易的优势。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

KyberSwap Polygon

KyberSwap Polygon 去中心化交易平台

DappRadar-Polygon

Polygon去中心化交易聚合平台

ParaSwap-Polygon交易市场

Polygon链上交易市场

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

TraderJoe

Trader Joe是你在Avalanche网络上的一站式去中心化交易平台。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

Hurricane swap

Avalanche 上的第一个跨链流动性 DEX

KyberSwap AVAX

KyberSwap AVAX 去中心化交易

Lydia Swap-AVAX

LydiaSwap-AVAXLydiaSwap-AVAX

Pangolin-AVAX

一个社区驱动的去中心化交易所，用于 Avalanche 和以太坊资产快速结算，低交易费用，和提供支持的民主分配由 Avalanche 。穿山甲带给你寻找和最大化收益的最佳交易机会。

Raydium

Raydium AcceleRaytor是自动化做市商Raydium旗下的IDO平台。平台目前已经成功IDO项目7个，包括近期热门的链游StarAtlas也选择了在Raydium上进行IDO。

Serum Portal

在世界上最快、最强大的去中心化交易所进行交易。

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

DappRadar-Sol

Sol去中心化交易聚合平台

Saber

Sabre 是一个面向全球范围的开放式交易和流动性平台,Sabre是在 Solana 上交易资产的自动化做市商。

Orca

Orca是在Solana区块链上兑换加密货币的最简单的地方。在Orca上，你可以比以太坊上的任何DEX更便宜、更快速、更自信地交换代币（感谢我们的公平价格指标）。此外，你可以向交易池提供流动性，以赚取交易费。

Slope

Slope Finance是一个由社区驱动的全栈平台，由建立在Solana之上的DEX、钱包和NFT部门组成，为用户提供极快的速度、几乎为零的交易费用和直观的界面。我们的目标是打造一个

Jswap

去中心化交易协议

Cherry Swap

樱桃交换

Kswap

OKExChain生态去中心化交易所

Pexpay | 币安投资

币安投资全球最安全的C2C交易平台

数字钱包

BSC钱包ETH钱包Polygon钱包Avax钱包Sol钱包OKC钱包钱包工具MetaMask

MetaMask是一款最流行的支持多链的浏览器插件钱包。它允许用户与以太坊生态系统进行交互，该生态系统承载着大量分散的应用程序 (Dapps)，而无需在他们的设备上下载整个区块链。因此，它是最好的以太坊钱包解决方案之一，可轻松访问去中心化交易所 (DEX)、游戏平台和许多其他应用程序。目前已开发手机移动端产品。

Walletconnect

WalletConnect 是一种开放协议，用于在 Dapp 和钱包之间安全地通信。该协议使用中继服务器在两个应用程序和/或设备之间建立远程配对以中继有效负载。这些有效载荷通过两个对等方之间的共享密钥对称加密。配对由显示二维码或带有标准 WalletConnect URI 的深层链接的一个对等方发起，并在对方批准此配对请求时建立。

imToken

imToken 是一款区块链支持多链的数字资产钱包。如以太坊、比特币、Cosmos 等，它能帮助非常简单、安全地管理在区块链上的账户和资产。此外，它还内置 Dapp 浏览器。

Trust wallet

Trust Wallet 是被全球最大加密资产交易所 Binance 收购的，去中心化移动钱包应用程序。Trust Wallet 钱包支持购买、存储数字货币，查看价格、交易等。此外，它还是一个去中心化应用程序（dApp）浏览器，其内置的 dApp 浏览器可与 dApp 建立通信，因此用户可以直接在智能手机或平板电脑上交易加密货币和收藏品。

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Binance Wallet

Binance Wallet是Binance Chain、Binance Smart Chain和Ethereum的加密货币钱包。它是存储、交换和赚取加密货币的一站式网关。它支持Firefox、Chrome和Brave浏览器。

HyperPay

HyperPay是一款四位一体数字资产钱包，创新性融合托管钱包、自管钱包、共管钱包、硬件钱包于一体。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Binance Wallet

Binance Wallet是Binance Chain、Binance Smart Chain和Ethereum的加密货币钱包。它是存储、交换和赚取加密货币的一站式网关。它支持Firefox、Chrome和Brave浏览器。

HyperPay

HyperPay是一款四位一体数字资产钱包，创新性融合托管钱包、自管钱包、共管钱包、硬件钱包于一体。

Myetherwallet

MEW (MyEtherWallet) 是一个免费的客户端界面，可帮助您与以太坊区块链进行交互。我们易于使用的开源平台允许您生成钱包、与智能合约交互等等。

Portis

人们期望通过简单而熟悉的方式来加载和使用应用程序。设置钱包、签署交易和支付 gas 费用对主流用户来说可能是令人生畏的。您的 Dapp（去中心化应用程序）使用标准的 web3.js 方法与 Portis SDK 通信，这意味着它将自动与您现有的代码一起工作。用户无需提前安装任何东西即可使用您的 DApp。使用 Portis，您的 DApp 已经与解决方案捆绑在一起，为他们提供了一种感觉熟悉的简单的浏览器内电子邮件/密码登录方法。

Rainbow

Rainbow 是一种创建以太坊钱包、收集 NFT 和探索 Web3 新世界的有趣、简单且安全的方式。

Argent

Argent 是基于以太坊的移动钱包，可帮助用户轻松管理加密资产和身份，没有助记词、gas 费用或长地址，具备简单、安全和完全分布式等特点。

Ethereum 以太坊钱包

以太坊是社区运营的技术，为加密货币以太坊（ETH）和成千上万的去中心化应用程序提供动力。

Coinbase

Coinbase 钱包支持超过 4,000 种代币和整个世界的去中心化应用程序

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Portis

Wallet-AVAX钱包

Avalanche 钱包是一个简单、安全、非托管的钱包，用于存储 Avalanche 资产。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Slope

Phantom

Phantom 是用于访问部署在 Solana 区块链上的分布式应用程序的扩展。该扩展程序将一个对象注入到每个网站的 javascript 上下文中，以便分散的应用程序可以与您的钱包进行交互，您也可以与应用程序进行交互。 Phantom 还允许用户创建和管理自己的身份（通过私钥、助记符和 Ledger 等硬件钱包），因此当去中心化应用程序想要执行交易并写入区块链时，用户可以获得一个安全界面来查看交易, 在批准或拒绝之前。因为它为普通浏览器上下文添加了功能，所以 Phantom 需要读取和写入任何网页的权限。安全非常重视，Phantom 代码已经过顶级审计公司的审计。

MetaX

数字货币钱包，DApp 入口，NFT 世界 —— 您想要的应有尽有

MetaMask

Walletconnect

科学家抢币

利用科学工具快速抢币

智能全链导入钱包

右上方点选Connect Wallet 之后，便可以直接将该网络汇入至你的metamask 钱包，一键添加全网智能链到小狐狸钱包，多功能添加工具。链表帮助用户连接到 EVM 供电的网络 Chainlist 是 EVM 网络的列表。用户可以使用这些信息将他们的钱包和 Web3 中间件提供商连接到适当的链 ID 和网络 ID 以连接到正确的链。

GEMIT

钱包检查的化工具，可帮助交易者做出有关他们所做投资的日常决策。只需几个简单的步骤，您就可以快速获取有关您当前盈亏的信息，以及币安智能链上钱包中每个仓位的反射收益。

钱包多对多转账

代币批量归集

代币批量归集工具

代币授权

用于代币授权

Token 合约授权查询

批量生产钱包

批量查询余额

用于批量查询钱包余额

批量发送代币

用于批量发送代币

交易加速/取消工具

用于钱包Mtramask、WalletConnect 交易加速或取消。

Google Authenticator

开启Google的登陆二步验证，用于加密账户登录安全

2、通过教程购买CELR

Celer Network是个高性能Layer 2扩展性平台，旨在通过以上技术革新实现将互联网规模带入区块链，帮助区块链商业化落地的宏大愿景。其在传统链下解决方案的基础上提出了新的技术解决方案和经济模型，且该方案经过实验模拟结果显示有数量级的性能提升。CELR Token可用于流动性资金借贷防欺诈债券的抵押金、支付通道注册费的支付媒介、交易手续费以及其他可能的服务费。此外，在系统运行的前5年，新的CELR Token将通过PoLC挖矿产生，而LiBA只需要将 Token进行抵押，抵押期后CELR仍归属于贷款方。当5年PoLC挖矿期结束后，LiBA将开始消耗CELR，被消耗的CELR将不再返回给贷款方，而是作为连续的PoLC挖矿奖励注入系统。

项目愿景

Celer Network 是一个统一的技术和经济架构，同时也是一个运用链下扩展技术将互联网规模扩展到现有和未来的区块链。它可以横向扩展，且去信任化、分布式、具有隐私保护。它包含了一个分层架构，每层都有重大的技术创新。另外，Celer Network 还提倡一个有原则性的链下加密经济设计，以此来平衡其扩展性。Celer Network 的使命是充分释放区块链的能量，并且在如何构建和使用分布式应用程序上进行创新。

项目亮点

链下扩容技术允许相互不信任的主体之间在链下而非链上进行智能合约交互。参与方共同维护并各自复制一个多签名无法篡改的链下状态机，仅在绝对有必要（如多方无法达成一致）时才会诉诸于链上共识。链下扩容是在保障区块链无需信任与去中心特性的同时实现能够横向扩展且保护隐私的分布式应用（dApp）的唯一方式。它是区块链技术大规模普及落地的转折点，并将成为所有可扩展 dApp 的引擎与基石。

应用场景

Celer Network 的加密经济机制——cEconomy，是基于一个基本原则设计的：一个好的加密经济模型(通证模型)应该提供额外的价值并且可以引入新的动态博弈，否则就不那么好，或者没有用。然而任何解决可扩展问题的链下解决方案，都是在做折衷，如果这种方案没有可以使新动态来平衡这些折衷的加密经济的话，它也不会被采用。
新的折中方案
一切都是有代价的。通过做出以下折衷，链下平台可获得可扩展性。
链下可扩展 vs 流动性
链下操作网络首先通过牺牲链上网络的流动性来获得可扩展，这对潜在的链下服务提供商来说尤其具有挑战性，因为需要大量的流动性来提供高效的状态通道服务，然而，持有加密资产的大户，可能没有商业兴趣或者没有技术能力去构建一个状态通道服务的基础设施。有能力构建可靠的可扩展的状态通道服务能力的人，又通常没有如此大量的资金，存放在通道或欺诈证明债券合约中。这种不匹配给大量链下操作网络运用的技术发展带来了巨大障碍。
链下可扩展 vs 可用性
尽管链下扩展不会对区块链的无信任属性做出任何妥协，但它确实牺牲了可用性。每个状态通道或链下合约都会关联一个时限，并且当一方长时间保持离线且超过一定时限，相关方将处于危险中，或者丢失当前状态。
因此，我们需要一个激励机制来提供足够的流动性，帮助那些有能力运行可靠和可扩展的离线服务基础设施的实体确保离线状态总是可用于可能的链上争端。
新的加密经济
为完成链下扩展解决方案，我们引入了一套名为cEconomy的加密经济机制，通过 Celer Network 的协议 token（CELR）和三个紧密耦合的组件来提供网络效应、稳定的流动性和高可用性，以及不可或缺的价值。
流动性承诺证明（PoLC）
PoLC 是一个虚拟的“挖矿”过程，为链下生态系统获得丰富而稳定的流动性。任何人要参与进来，只需将他闲置的流动性锁定一段时间即可获得奖励。
流动性支持拍卖（LiBA）
LiBA 链下状态通道服务提供商能够通过获取一定谈判利率的“众包贷款”方式获得流动性。贷方根据称为“happiness scores”的积分进行优先级排列，这些积分由期望利率、提供的流动性数量和 CELR 代币的数量决定。拥有更多 CELR代币（作为他们过去对生态系统贡献的指标）的贷方有更高的优先权。
状态守护网络（SGN）
SGN 是一种特殊而严谨的侧链，在用户离线时守护用户的状态，以便用户的状态始终可用于处理纠纷案件。状态守护者需要将他们的 CELR 锁入 SGN，以获取守护者资格并赚取服务费用。

技术概况

作为一个可以建立在现有或未来区块链上的全面综合的平台，Celer Network 包含一个清晰的分层架构，将复杂的链下平台分离为各个层级模块。这种架构大大降低了系统设计、开发和维护的复杂性，以便每个组件都可以轻松迭代并适应变化。
一个设计良好的分层架构应该具有开放的接口，只要它们支持相同的跨层接口，就鼓励在每个层上启用不同的实现。每一层只需要专注于实现自己的功能。受互联网成功的分层设计的启发，Celer Network 采用了一种链下技术堆栈，可以在不同的区块链上构建，命名为 cStack，它由以下几层组成，按自底向上的顺序排列：
cChannel：广义状态通道和侧链套件
cRoute：最佳价值传输路由
cOS：链下应用程序的开发框架和运行环境
Celer 架构为所有层提供创新解决方案。下面我们详细介绍 cChannel，cRoute 和 cOS 的技术挑战和关键特征。
cChannel
这一层是离底层区块链最近的一层，直接与基础公链产生交互，并且在有限的时间内，为有共同抽象结构的上层提供实时状态更新。cChannel 使用状态通道和侧链技术，这些都是链下扩展平台的基石。
状态通道允许互不信任的各方在链下程序上迅速与最新约定的状态达成一致，并通过链上的债权合约保证其不可篡改的安全性。这一理念最初是由闪电网络引入，以支持高吞吐量的链下比特币的小额交易。自闪电网络理念提出以来，已经有一些研究工作在支付通道网络的背景下解决了不同的问题，例如路由算法，时间锁定优化。然而，链下网络仍旧处于早期发展阶段，在其模块化、灵活性和成本效益方面面临一些重大的挑战。cChannel 通过创建一系列新的功能来应对当前的挑战。
广义链下状态传输。链下传输可以是依赖于 DAG 的任意状态传输。这使得Celer Network 能够支持复杂的高性能离线 dApp，例如游戏，在线拍卖，保险，市场预测和去中心化交易。
灵活和高效的价值传输。提供了多种状态通道和侧链结构，多样的效率和不可篡改性的权衡策略，以支持具有通用条件的快速价值传输，最小化的链上交互以及最小化资金锁定。
纯链下合约。任何与链上存款不直接相关的合约都不需要任何链上的操作或初始化，除非会由此引发争议。每个纯粹的链下合约或对象都有一个唯一可识别的链下地址，只有在需要时才在区块链上进行部署，并且由内置的链下地址转换器分配链上地址。
cRoute
Celer Network 是一个高度可扩展的 dApps 平台，在平台上提供支持高吞吐量的价值传输是其最重要的承诺之一。链下价值传输是许多链下应用的基本要求。虽然 Celer Network 有着比支付解决方案更大的愿景，但它还是对链下支付路由进行突破性的改进，因为它直接决定了生态系统内可以传输多少价值以及传输多快。
所有现有的链下支付路由，都可归结为传统的“最短路径路由”算法，由于链路模型的根本差异，这可能会让链下支付网络具备较差的性能。计算机网络的链路容量是稳定且无状态的（不受过去传输的影响）。然而链下支付网络的链路容量是有状态的（即由链上存款和过去支付确定），这导致在高度动态的网络中拓扑结构和链路状态会不断变化，这使传统的最短路径算法很难收敛，从而产生低吞吐量、高延迟甚至中断的结果。
Celer Network 的支付路由模块意识到了这一根本挑战，cRoute 介绍了使用分布式拥塞梯度的的分布式路由平衡算法（DBR）。
可证明的最佳吞吐量我们证明了对于任何一笔支付交易请求速率，如果存在可支持该速率的路由算法，则 DBR 就一定能算出这个算法。根据我们的评估显示，与最先进的解决方案相比，DBR 的吞吐量提高了 15 倍，信道利用率提高了 20 倍。
透明通道平衡自“闪电网络”以来，“保持通道平衡”一直是一种直觉要去做的事。然而，现有的尝试都是探索式的将大量的链上或链下进行协调来达到低保证的平衡。DBR 将信道平衡过程与路由结合起来，并保持网络的平衡，而不需要任何额外的协调。
完全分散 DBR 算法是一种完全分散的算法，其中每个节点只需要在状态通道网络拓扑中与其临近的节点进行通信。DBR 在协议中的消息传递成本也很低。
故障弹性 DBR 算法对故障具有很高的弹性：它可以对无响应的节点进行快速检测并适应，支持剩余可用节点上的最大可能吞吐量。
隐私保护由于其多路径性质，DBR 算法自然而然地保留了有关传送值的隐私，而不需使用任何额外的隐私保护技术（例如 ZKSNARK）。更重要的是，DBR算法可以与洋葱路由，无缝集成以保护源和目的地的匿名性。
cOS
链上的 dApp 只是一个简单的连接区块链的前端，链下 dApp 虽然具有高扩展性的巨大潜力，但要将它构建在传统的公链上并不容易。Celer Network 引入了cOS，这是一个能让每个人都可以轻松开发、操作和与可扩展的链下 dApp 进行交互的开发框架，从而减少了由于链下扩展带来的额外的复杂性。Celer Network让开发人员更专注于应用程序逻辑的开发，并创建最佳的用户体验，而 cOS 则处理繁重的工作，包括以下任务：
找出任意链下状态和链上状态的依赖关系。
处理链下状态的跟踪，存储和争议。
中间节点故障容错和透明。
支持多个并发的链下 dApp。
统一实施到不同的链上和链外模块。

相关链接：
https://www.qukuaiwang.com.cn/szhb/3260.html###

CELR快讯

How to buy CELR coins, how to buy CELR tutorial answers:

1. Purchase Celer Network through the trading platform

Trading platform

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2. Purchase CELR through the tutorial< /p>

Celer Network is a high-performance Layer 2 scalability platform that aims to realize the grand vision of bringing the scale of the Internet into the blockchain and helping the commercialization of the blockchain through the above technological innovations. It proposes new technical solutions and economic models based on traditional off-chain solutions, and experimental simulation results of this solution show an order of magnitude performance improvement. CELR Token can be used as collateral for liquid capital lending fraud-proof bonds, as a payment medium for channel registration fees, transaction fees and other possible service fees. In addition, in the first 5 years of the system's operation, new CELR Tokens will be generated through PoLC mining, while LiBA only needs to mortgage the Tokens, and CELR will still belong to the lender after the mortgage period. When the 5-year PoLC mining period ends, LiBA will begin to consume CELR. The consumed CELR will no longer be returned to the lender, but will be injected into the system as a continuous PoLC mining reward.

Project Vision

Celer Network is a unified technical and economic architecture, and it is also a platform that uses off-chain expansion technology to expand the scale of the Internet. Existing and future blockchains. It can be scaled horizontally, is trustless, distributed, and has privacy protection. It contains a layered architecture with significant technological innovations at each layer. In addition, Celer Network also advocates a principled off-chain cryptoeconomic design to balance its scalability. Celer Network's mission is to unleash the power of blockchain and innovate on how to build and use distributed applications.

Project Highlights

Off-chain scaling technology allows smart contract interactions between mutually distrustful entities off-chain instead of on-chain. Participants jointly maintain and each copy a multi-signature off-chain state machine that cannot be tampered with, and only resort to on-chain consensus when absolutely necessary (such as when multiple parties cannot reach an agreement). Off-chain scaling is the only way to achieve distributed applications (dApps) that can scale horizontally and protect privacy while ensuring the trustless and decentralized nature of the blockchain. It is a turning point for the large-scale popularization of blockchain technology and will become the engine and cornerstone of all scalable dApps.

Application Scenarios

Celer Network’s encryption economic mechanism, cEconomy, is designed based on a basic principle’s: A good cryptoeconomic model (token model) should provide additional value and can introduce new dynamic games, otherwise it is not that good, or useless. However, any off-chain solution to the scalability problem is making trade-offs, and it will not be adopted if it does not have a crypto-economics that enables new dynamics to balance these trade-offs.
The New Compromise
Everything comes at a price. Off-chain platforms gain scalability by making the following trade-offs.
Off-chain scalability vs liquidity
Off-chain operation networks first gain scalability by sacrificing the liquidity of the on-chain network, which is particularly challenging for potential off-chain service providers as a large number of Liquidity to provide efficient state channel services. However, large holders of crypto assets may not have the business interest or technical ability to build an infrastructure for state channel services. Those who have the ability to build reliable and scalable state channel services often do not have such large amounts of funds to store in channels or fraud-proof bond contracts. This mismatch poses a huge obstacle to the development of technology used by a large number of off-chain operational networks.
Off-chain Scalability vs Usability
While off-chain scaling does not make any compromises to the trustless properties of blockchain, it does sacrifice usability. Each state channel or off-chain contract is associated with a time limit, and when one party remains offline for a long time and exceeds a certain time limit, the relevant party will be in danger, or lose the current state.
Therefore, we need an incentive mechanism to provide sufficient liquidity to help entities with the ability to run reliable and scalable offline service infrastructure ensure that offline status is always available for possible on-chain disputes.
New Crypto-Economy
To complete the off-chain expansion solution, we have introduced a set of crypto-economic mechanisms called cEconomy, which provides the network through Celer Network’s protocol token (CELR) and three tightly coupled components. effect, stable liquidity and high availability, as well as indispensable value.
Proof of Liquidity Commitment (PoLC)
PoLC is a virtual "mining" process to obtain rich and stable liquidity for the off-chain ecosystem. Anyone who wants to participate can simply lock up his idle liquidity for a period of time to receive rewards.
Liquidity-backed auction (LiBA)
LiBA off-chain state channel service providers are able to obtain liquidity through "crowdsourcing loans" that obtain a certain negotiated interest rate. Lenders are prioritized based on points called “happiness scores,” which are determined by the desired interest rate, the amount of liquidity provided, and the number of CELR tokens. Lenders with more CELR tokens (as an indicator of their past contributions to the ecosystem) have higher priority.
State Guard Network (SGN)
SGN is a special and rigorous side chain that protects users when they are offlinestatus of the user so that the user's status is always available for handling dispute cases. State Guardians need to lock their CELR into SGN in order to qualify as Guardians and earn fees for their services.

Technical Overview

As a comprehensive platform that can be built on existing or future blockchains, Celer Network includes a clear The layered architecture separates the complex off-chain platform into various hierarchical modules. This architecture greatly reduces the complexity of system design, development, and maintenance so that each component can easily iterate and adapt to changes.
A well-designed layered architecture should have open interfaces and encourage enabling different implementations on each layer as long as they support the same cross-layer interface. Each layer only needs to focus on implementing its own functions. Inspired by the successful layered design of the Internet, Celer Network adopts an off-chain technology stack that can be built on different blockchains, named cStack, which consists of the following layers, arranged in bottom-up order:
cChannel: Generalized State Channel and Sidechain Suite
cRoute: Best Value Transfer Routing
cOS: Development Framework and Runtime Environment for Off-Chain Applications
Celer Architecture provides innovative solutions for all layers. Below we detail the technical challenges and key features of cChannel, cRoute and cOS.
cChannel
This layer is the layer closest to the underlying blockchain. It interacts directly with the basic public chain and provides real-time status updates for the upper layer with a common abstract structure within a limited time. cChannel uses state channel and sidechain technologies, which are the cornerstones of the off-chain scaling platform.
The state channel allows parties that do not trust each other to quickly agree on the latest agreed state on the off-chain program, and ensure its non-tamperable security through the creditor's rights contract on the chain. This concept was originally introduced by the Lightning Network to support high-throughput off-chain small-value transactions in Bitcoin. Since the idea of Lightning Network was proposed, there have been some research works that have solved different problems in the context of payment channel networks, such as routing algorithms, time lock optimization. However, off-chain networks are still in their early stages of development and face some significant challenges in terms of their modularity, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness. cChannel responds to current challenges by creating a new set of capabilities.
Generalized off-chain state transfer. Off-chain transfers can be arbitrary state transfers that depend on the DAG. This enables Celer Network to support complex high-performance offline dApps such as games, online auctions, insurance, market predictions, and decentralized exchanges.
Flexible and efficient value transfer. Provides a variety of state channels and side chain structures, various efficiency and non-tamperability trade-off strategies to support fast value transfer with universal conditions, minimized on-chain interactions, andand minimize capital lock-in.
Purely off-chain contract. Any contract not directly related to on-chain deposits does not require any on-chain operations or initialization unless it would cause a dispute. Each purely off-chain contract or object has a uniquely identifiable off-chain address and is deployed on the blockchain only when needed, with on-chain addresses assigned by a built-in off-chain address converter.
cRoute
Celer Network is a highly scalable dApps platform, and supporting high-throughput value transfer on the platform is one of its most important promises. Off-chain value transfer is a basic requirement for many off-chain applications. While Celer Network has a bigger vision than just payment solutions, it is a groundbreaking improvement in off-chain payment routing as it directly determines how much value can be transferred within the ecosystem and how fast it can be transferred.
All existing off-chain payment routing can be attributed to the traditional "shortest path routing" algorithm, which may give off-chain payment networks poor performance due to fundamental differences in link models. The link capacity of a computer network is stable and stateless (not affected by past transmissions). However, the link capacity of the off-chain payment network is stateful (i.e. determined by on-chain deposits and past payments), which results in the topology and link status constantly changing in a highly dynamic network, which makes the traditional shortest path algorithm It is difficult to converge, resulting in low throughput, high latency, and even outages.
Celer Network's payment routing module realizes this fundamental challenge, and cRoute introduces the distributed routing balancing algorithm (DBR) using distributed congestion gradient.
Provably Best Throughput We prove that for any payment transaction request rate, if there is a routing algorithm that can support that rate, then DBR can definitely calculate this algorithm. Our evaluation shows that DBR improves throughput by 15x and channel utilization by 20x compared to state-of-the-art solutions.
Transparent Channel Balancing Since the "Lightning Network", "keeping channels balanced" has been an intuitive thing to do. However, existing attempts are exploratory and involve a large number of on-chain or off-chain coordination to achieve a low-guaranteed balance. DBR combines the channel balancing process with routing and keeps the network balanced without requiring any additional coordination.
Fully decentralized DBR algorithm is a fully decentralized algorithm where each node only needs to communicate with its neighboring nodes in a state channel network topology. DBR also has low messaging costs in the protocol.
Failure Resilience The DBR algorithm is highly resilient to failures: it quickly detects and adapts to unresponsive nodes, supporting the maximum possible throughput on the remaining available nodes.
Privacy Protection Due to its multipath nature, the DBR algorithm naturally preserves the privacy regarding the transmitted values without using any additional privacy protection techniques (For example ZKSNARK). What’s more, the DBR algorithm can be seamlessly integrated with onion routing to protect source and destination anonymity.
cOS
The dApp on the chain is just a simple front-end connected to the blockchain. Although the off-chain dApp has great potential for high scalability, it is not easy to build it on the traditional public chain. Celer Network introduces cOS, a development framework that makes it easy for everyone to develop, operate, and interact with scalable off-chain dApps, reducing the additional complexity that comes with off-chain scaling. Celer Network allows developers to focus more on the development of application logic and creating the best user experience, while cOS handles the heavy lifting, including the following tasks:
Finding the dependencies of any off-chain state and on-chain state .
Handling tracking, storage and disputes of off-chain state.
Intermediate node failures are fault tolerant and transparent.
Supports multiple concurrent off-chain dApps.
Unified implementation to different on-chain and off-chain modules.