“区块链”,区块链chia
区块链，又称为分布式账本技术，是一种分布式数据库技术，它可以安全地追踪和记录交易，以及在网络中的其他活动。它是一种基于密码学的记账技术，可以记录所有的交易，并且可以保证交易的安全性和完整性。本文将介绍区块链技术的拓展：Chia区块链。
Chia区块链Chia区块链，是由Chia网络发起的一种新型区块链技术，它将比特币技术和Ethereum技术结合在一起，形成了一种新的区块链技术，它可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。Chia区块链使用了一种称为“Proof of Space and Time”的新型共识机制，它可以比传统技术更有效地验证和确认交易。Chia区块链技术可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易，并且可以更高效地处理交易。
Chia矿池Chia矿池是Chia区块链技术的一种应用，它是一种分布式计算系统，可以安全地记录和确认交易。Chia矿池使用一种称为“Proof of Space and Time”的新型共识机制，它可以比传统技术更有效地验证和确认交易。Chia矿池采用了分布式算法，以确保网络的安全性，这样可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。
Chia TokenChia Token是Chia网络的一种数字货币，它是Chia区块链技术的一种应用，用于记录和确认交易。Chia Token是一种去中心化的数字货币，可以用于支付和交易，而且可以通过Chia矿池安全地记录和确认交易。Chia Token可以用于支付和交易，以及参与Chia网络的交易，这样可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。
区块链技术已经成为当今世界的一种重要技术，它可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。Chia技术是一种新型的区块链技术，它可以更有效地验证和确认交易，并且可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。Chia矿池是Chia区块链技术的一种应用，它可以安全地记录和确认交易，并且可以更高效地处理交易。此外，Chia Token也是Chia网络的一种数字货币，它可以用于支付和交易，以及参与Chia网络的交易，这样可以更安全、更可靠地记录交易。请查看相关英文文档
❶ What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology?
What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology? What is blockchain technology:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The core components of blockchain technology:
Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:
The first one is called distribution A type of ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.
Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally divides data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]
No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
The second one is called asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with the authorization of the data owner. This ensures data security and personal privacy.
The third one is called the consensus mechanism, which is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.
The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be computing power, the number of shares, or other factors. computerFeature quantities that can be compared. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. [8]
Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
The last technical feature is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.
In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.
Chongqing Jinwowo Analysis: The consensus mechanism is the core of blockchain technology. The consensus mechanism largely determines the degree of mutual trust between nodes in the entire blockchain system, and also determines other users’ views on the blockchain. The degree of trust in online data
What is the core component of blockchain technology? Analysis by Chongqing Jinwowo: Blockchain technology consists of three core technologies: consensus mechanism, common defense mechanism, and distributed storage.
The three core technologies are supported by machine trust, that is, through the support of network technology, breakthroughs in difficult problems such as point-to-point transaction, decentralization, non-tampering of recorded information, irreversible transactions, and information encryption are achieved through network technology support.
The development of blockchain technology is becoming more and more prosperous with the continuous expansion of applications. This powerful development force coming from the needs of various industries has caused rapid changes in blockchain technology, allowing various industries to achieve great results. The results are attracting more and more attention, and professional technologies and resources are constantly concentrated in this industry, thus bringing the development of blockchain technology to a new stage, and the impact of this development of blockchain technology has also much attention.
When talking about blockchain technology, Bitcoin has to be mentioned. Many people know that the electronic currency Bitcoin does not rely on the issuance of a specific monetary institution, but is generated through a large number of calculations by a specific algorithm. In fact, the core that truly supports Bitcoin is blockchain technology.
How does the invisible and intangible Bitcoin operate through blockchain technology? The interpretation circulated in the industry is that blockchain can be regarded as a way to collectively maintain reliable data through "decentralization" and "trustlessness".Technical solutions for the library. In layman’s terms, this technology can be understood as a technology in which everyone participates in accounting. In the past, people used centralized servers to keep accounts, but in the blockchain technology system, everyone can participate in accounting and jointly identify Authenticity of records.
"Through this technology, even if there is no neutral third-party organization, two parties that do not trust each other can achieve cooperation. In short, the blockchain is like a 'machine that creates trust.'" Bubi Company It is a leading blockchain service provider in China and has made many breakthroughs in the blockchain technology platform. It can meet scenarios with tens of millions of users and has the ability to quickly build upper-layer application businesses.
The blockchain technology used by all parties involved in recording and storing information adopts a decentralized distributed structure, which saves a lot of intermediary costs and can better ensure data security; at the same time, it has a time stamp that cannot be tampered with. It can effectively solve problems such as data tracking and information anti-counterfeiting.
Will it become the next trend of Internet finance?
Although blockchain emerged with Bitcoin, the derived value of this technology has transcended digital currency. Bubi Blockchain focuses on the innovation of blockchain technology and products. It already possesses a number of core technologies and has developed its own blockchain service platform. With decentralized trust as the core, we are committed to building an open value circulation network to allow digital assets to flow freely. What Bubi wants to do is to create a new technology and product - to realize real value circulation and bring the Internet to a new level. With the application of this technology, there will be no central organization when transferring assets, and direct transfer of assets between us can be achieved.
In the current international financial market, the U.S. Central Bank, Swiss Bank, and some insurance and futures companies are all competing to develop blockchain technology. Fang Liang introduced that in the Internet financial industry, blockchain technology will first affect financial infrastructure such as payment systems, securities settlement systems, and transaction databases; later, the technology will also expand to general financial services, such as credit systems and "anti-money laundering" "wait.
"The payment and clearing system in the financial field will evolve towards decentralization. The electronic ledger supported by blockchain technology is a reliable system that is error-free and cannot be tampered with. It has various functions for payment, clearing, transaction, confirmation of rights, etc. A profound impact," Li Yan said.
Therefore, industry insiders believe that blockchain technology may be the next trend in the Internet financial industry. As the interconnection of all things deepens, Yang Tao, assistant director of the Institute of Finance, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also said that blockchain will make it possible for all individuals to become important nodes in the allocation of financial resources, and will also promote the improvement of existing financial system rules. Build a shared and win-win financial development ecosystem.
Blockchain technology will affect many industries
"Blockchain technology has been widely used in the era of big data." Li Yan said frankly that in addition to the Internet financial field, blockchain technology has been used in many industries. It has been applied in many fields and has shown great prospects.
For example, medicalThe healthcare industry has benefited greatly from blockchain technology. In reality, patient private information leaks often occur, and centralized database or file cabinet management in medical departments is no longer the optimal choice. Medical institutions are using blockchain technology to keep patients' private information confidential.
In addition, blockchain technology also has important legal implications. In some civil fields, it is often necessary to provide evidence to determine blame, and blockchain technology can record every step and help judicial authorities identify the specific responsible person.
"Especially in the field of assets, whether it is physical assets such as real estate and cars, or intangible assets such as health and reputation, this technology can be used to complete registration, transactions, and tracking. It can be said that any production and life that lacks trust In all fields, blockchain technology will have its place."
The development of blockchain technology has also brought about changes in the operational concepts of various industries. New technologies and new concepts have promoted new developments in various industries. This The impact of this driving force on society and the promotion of economic activities are also huge. Many new industry phenomena will occur one after another, and the public is also waiting and watching, expecting this brand-new technology to be used by various industries and better benefit all industries.
The so-called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization. , open and transparent, allowing everyone to participate in database records.
Explained in layman’s terms: If the database is assumed to be a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as a bookkeeping behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the fastest and best bookkeeping within a period of time. This person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system. This is equivalent to changing all the records in the database and sending them to every other node in the entire network, so blockchain technology is also called a distributed ledger.
What is the core technology of Jinwowo blockchain technology?
Chongqing Jinwowo analyzes the core technologies of blockchain technology as follows:
Distributed ledger technology, asymmetric encryption technology and smart contracts.
The core of the blockchain is that it stores all information in an independent personal computer network, making it a decentralized and distributed structure.
This means that the system is not owned by a controlling company or person, but that everyone can use and run the system.
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What is blockchain technology?Blockchain has been hyped up like crazy, but you know nothing about it!
Blockchain is a distributed database system participated by different nodes and an open ledger system.
It consists of a series of data blocks or data packets generated according to cryptographic methods, that is, blocks. Each block of data information is automatically timestamped, thus Calculate a data encryption value, that is, a hash value (hash).
Blockchain technology is essentially a distributed accounting technology. It allows everyone to have an instantly synchronized ledger in their hands. Every transaction that occurs in the entire network will have thousands of backups and synchronous records. When perpetrators attempt to tamper with ledger data, they must change the ledger in the hands of the majority of people to achieve their goal.
❷ Blockchain is popular...but what exactly is blockchain?
Blockchain is popular...but what is blockchain?
What is blockchain? Blockchain?
On the Internet, the definition of blockchain is:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
…What? Please speak human words, thank you!
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database, this sentence is the key point. Let’s first talk about what decentralization is.
To give an example that is familiar to all of us, Xiao Wang wants to borrow a sum of money from Xiao Zhou, but what should he do if Xiao Wang refuses to repay the loan? At this time, the bank man came out and people completed the process of borrowing money through the bank. The bank here acts as a central credit intermediary. Just like when you go to Taobao to buy things, Taobao also acts as a central intermediary platform. Decentralization means completing transactions directly without going through a bank, but without a credit center, how to ensure the security of transactions?
At this time, Xiao Wang thought of a way. He shouted directly in the crowd: Xiao Wang borrowed 500 yuan from Xiao Zhou. So everyone in the crowd who heard it, Zhang San, Li Si, Wang Wu, and Zhao Liu, all said: I heard it, Xiao Wang borrowed 500 yuan from Xiao Zhou. And write this sentence in his personal account book. Each account book is connected according to the rules. It is impossible for Xiao Wang to default on the account.
In the end, the generally recognized ledger will only increase, not decrease. Subsequent passers-by will continue to record accounts from the recognized ledger.
Picture from Zhihu user——Wang Le-LaiW3n
In general, the blockchain is a distributed public ledger that anyone can verify, but no single user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.
Many people equate blockchain with Bitcoin, but it is not. Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been operating very stably for many years without any problems. Therefore, some people have noticed its underlying technology and regarded Bitcoin technology as the underlying technology. Extract it abstractly and call it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
Bitcoin is just a successful application of blockchain technology. In addition, many people equate ICO and blockchain, which is also wrong. Blockchain is just a technology, and ICO is a project completed through this technology.
How popular is blockchain
In fact, blockchain, as the underlying architecture of Bitcoin, has long been known to people. Why has it become popular again just two weeks after 2018? This has to be mentioned. It’s the famous investor Xu Xiaoping.
Xu Xiaoping’s earlier words in an internal WeChat group encouraging the embrace of the blockchain revolution went viral:
“This is a great technological revolution in which those who follow it will prosper and those who go against it will perish. Subversion will be more rapid and thorough than the Internet and mobile Internet."
After concluding this speech, he warned not to spread the word. Of course, word got out, and what followed was continued discussion about blockchain.
For a time, the stock prices of listed companies that were related to "blockchain" began to rise sharply.
Even Kodak, which was already "dying" before, "sit up in shock" - after announcing its entry into the blockchain field and launching the virtual currency "Kodak Coin", Kodak's stock price soared by about 120%. There was even a piece of dumbfounding news in the Hong Kong stock market: a company called "Pingshan Tea" announced that it would change its name to Blockchain Group. Against the background of the hype around the A-share blockchain concept, it actually rose by 23%.
From professional investors to aunts, blockchain has become an “Internet celebrity” supported by capital and even talked about on the street. The network index of blockchain is also soaring.
Is it worth the investment?
So is "blockchain" worth investing in? Let’s take a look at the statements of the “big guys”:
Facebook founder Zuckerberg: Will explore the application of encryption technology and virtual cryptocurrency in Facebook.
Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund: all in blockchain, recommends that entrepreneurs, while focusing on their own business, should understand blockchain, understand ICO, and enter the blockchain era. Don’t have any doubts about blockchain, don’t hesitate, mobilize immediatelyAll employees embrace blockchain.
JPMorgan Chase Chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon: Bitcoin is a fraud, but he appreciates the blockchain technology behind it. Blockchain is a technology, a great technology. We will use blockchain, and blockchain will help in many ways.
Warren Buffett (according to media reports): It is almost certain that digital currencies will eventually end in tragedy. I will never hold any digital currencies myself. But in what form the tragedy appears, I don’t know. Bitcoin is an "out-and-out bubble" because we cannot measure what price Bitcoin should have. This asset cannot create value, so it has no meaning at all and is a bubble.
Soros: US$100 million invested in OVERSTOCK, a blockchain-based equity exchange.
The legends about blockchain all reflect the ultimate human dream of getting rich overnight: someone bought hundreds of thousands of Bitcoins, forgot his password, and was greeted by tens of billions of assets, not knowing what tomorrow will bring. Whichever comes first.
But don’t forget that blockchain is just a technology. Technology is neutral, but it is human nature that determines the direction and outcome of technology. At present, blockchain technology is still in its infancy, and many projects have not yet been implemented. Like an infant in swaddling clothes, it cannot withstand unrealistic pursuit or stick killing, nor can it withstand various unproven hype and labels.
The worst consequence is: if you only think about buying coins to make money, you will end up being cut like a leek.
❸ Can the penetration of blockchain technology promote the transformation of traditional education
The birth and development of blockchain provide some opportunities to solve the problems of traditional education and Internet education. Introducing traffic by matching educational
educational resources, and then using the dividends to form a virtual currency ecosystem for secondary market transactions or consumption in the social circle will be leveraged by the blockchain A way in the field of education.
Before talking about blockchain technology and applications, let us first review a story. Through the
thinking derived from this story, we begin to outline and outline the relationship between blockchain and Those things that combine with the education industry.
The Byzantine Generals Problem is a matter of agreement. The generals of the Byzantine Empire must unanimously decide
whether to attack a certain enemy army. The problem is that these generals are geographically separated and there are
traitors among the generals. Traitors can act at will to achieve the following goals: trick certain generals into taking offensive action; facilitate a decision that not all generals agree with, such as facilitating an offensive when the generals do not wish to attack; or confuse
Confusing certain generals so that they cannot make decisions. If the traitors achieve one of these goals, any attackStrike
The results of actions are doomed to failure, and only a fully unanimous effort can lead to victory.
Mathematicians designed a set of algorithms: after receiving the information from the previous general, the generals add their own signatures
and then transfer the names to others except themselves. In addition to other generals, such information modules form a blockchain.
The purpose of blockchain: to verify the validity of information
The definition of blockchain: decentralized trust mechanism
The following two pictures Comparing the pictures, the picture above shows the existing centralization method, and the picture below shows the decentralization method of blockchain technology
. In layman's terms, the blockchain is a general ledger that contains all historical transactions. Each block contains several
transaction records. If the blockchain is a ledger, then a block is each page of the ledger. The details of the transaction
are recorded in a public ledger that can be seen by anyone on the network.
Xiao Q once analyzed the market
in the article "A Brief Analysis of Opportunities and Problems in the Online Education Industry: We Still Have These Opportunities":
< br /> A large number of high-quality educational resources are not informatized, and there is a lack of unified platform management of educational resources, which makes drainage difficult
Difficult, poor promotion, and insufficient application are not conducive to learning and sharing; existing information Educational resources are relatively scattered
and have not become systematic; especially in third- and fourth-tier cities, demand from both ends of the supply chain is strong, and students in third- and fourth-tier cities
have a strong demand for extracurricular tutoring. , but excellent local teachers are very limited.
It can be seen that there is a core pain point in the education industry:
Excellent resources (education resources) and excellent students (parents) are the two major entry points for education. .
The emerging blockchain technology may be able to alleviate these two major pain points. Let’s take a look:
Help students with good records to obtain more incentives for Employing universities provide real and reliable student resources
. Achieve a seamless connection between student skills and social employment needs, and effectively promote cooperation between schools and enterprises.
Realize face-to-face recruitment with offline recruitment, making the online resource matching process more direct and simple.
The "decentralization" feature of the blockchain can appropriately open up the originally closed resource pool. Strip off part of the benefits that the resource matching platform obtains from
Allow supply and demand to "dialogue" directly. Whether it is an internship before graduation
or employment after graduation, or a junior high school or a junior high school, it is a two-way choice, and we strive to optimize the resources
process.
For example: The cost of cross-border remittances is high. Through blockchain technology, small foreign financial institutions
can be absorbed into the self-built ecosystem and the interest rates of overseas remittances can be adjusted. Cost Control.
Principle: Using the distributed ledger technology of blockchain, eliminating the manual processing steps of intermediaries and bank staff
, inter-bank transfers become bank point-to-point blockchain technology.
Benefits: Blockchain can avoid complicated systems and create a more direct
payment process between payers and payees, whether it is domestic transfers or cross-border transfers. Cross-border transfers are low-cost, fast
and do not require intermediate fees.
Example: Cooperation between schools and enterprises, linking the student status system and the certification system, making students’ 3-4 years of college study results and courses online, and using district Blockchain establishes a true and reliable certification system.
Principle: The learning data is completely recorded in the digital classified "ledger". Once the "ledger" is encrypted, it
cannot be modified or modified. This ensures the privacy and security of student information and reduces the risk of false
.
Benefits: Students' grades and credit completion progress can be placed in the certification system and will not be changed permanently.
At the same time, the school’s student status is linked to the recruitment of enterprises and institutions. Through the certification system, students’ entire learning situation and quality in colleges and universities can be understood, and the information should be disclosed and true to increase employment opportunities for employers. .
❹ In-depth understanding of the consensus mechanism and algorithm principles of the blockchain
The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification of transactions in a very short time through the voting of special nodes and confirmation; for a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, we can think that the entire network can also reach a consensus on it. To put it more simply, if a Chinese Weibo influencer, a virtual currency player in the United States, an African student and a European traveler do not know each other, but they all agree that you are a good person, then it can basically be concluded that You're not a bad person.
In order for the entire blockchain network node to maintain the same data and ensure the fairness of each participant, all participants in the entire system must have a unified agreement, which is what we have here toconsensus algorithm. All Bitcoin nodes follow unified protocol specifications. The protocol specification (consensus algorithm) consists of relevant consensus rules, which can be divided into two major cores: proof of work and the longest chain mechanism. The ultimate expression of all rules (consensus) is the longest chain of Bitcoin. The purpose of the consensus algorithm is to ensure that Bitcoin continues to operate on the longest chain, thereby ensuring the consistency and reliability of the entire accounting system.
Users in the blockchain do not need to consider the credit of the other party when conducting transactions, do not need to trust the other party, and do not need a trusted intermediary or central agency. They only need to follow the blockchain protocol. Realize the transaction. The premise for smooth transactions without the need for a trusted third-party intermediary is the consensus mechanism of the blockchain, that is, in a market environment of mutual understanding and trust, each node participating in the transaction considers its own interests and does not violate any regulations. Motives and behaviors of cheating, so each node will actively and consciously abide by the preset rules to judge the authenticity and reliability of each transaction, and write the record of passing inspection into the blockchain. The interests of each node are different, and logically there is no incentive for them to collude to deceive. This is especially obvious when some nodes in the network have public reputation. Blockchain technology uses a consensus algorithm based on mathematical principles to establish a "trust" network between nodes, and uses technical means to achieve an innovative credit network.
At present, the mainstream consensus algorithm mechanisms in the district industry include: workload proof mechanism, equity proof mechanism, share authorization proof mechanism and Pool verification pool.
The workload proof mechanism is the proof of workload, which is a requirement that must be met when generating a new transaction information (i.e. a new block) to be added to the blockchain. In a blockchain network built based on the proof-of-work mechanism, nodes compete for accounting rights by calculating the numerical solution of random hashing. The ability to obtain the correct numerical solution to generate blocks is a specific manifestation of the node's computing power. The proof-of-work mechanism has the advantage of being completely decentralized. In a blockchain with a proof-of-work mechanism as the consensus, nodes can enter and exit freely. The well-known Bitcoin network uses a proof-of-work mechanism to produce new currencies. However, since the application of the workload proof mechanism in the Bitcoin network has attracted most of the computing power of computers around the world, it is difficult for other blockchain applications that want to try to use this mechanism to obtain the same scale of computing power to maintain their own security. At the same time, mining based on the proof-of-work mechanism also causes a lot of waste of resources, and the period required to reach consensus is also long, so this mechanism is not suitable for commercial applications.
In 2012, a netizen with the pseudonym Sunny King launched Peercoin. This encrypted electronic currency uses a proof-of-work mechanism to issue new coins and a proof-of-stake mechanism to maintain network security. This is the role of the proof-of-stake mechanism in encrypted electronic currency. first application in . Perform a certain amount of planning with a certifier requiredThe computing work is different. Proof of Stake requires the certifier to provide ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency. The way the proof-of-stake mechanism works is that when a new block is created, the miner needs to create a "coin rights" transaction, which sends a number of coins to the miners themselves according to a preset ratio. The proof-of-stake mechanism reduces the mining difficulty of nodes in equal proportions based on the proportion and time of tokens owned by each node based on the algorithm, thus speeding up the search for random numbers. This consensus mechanism can shorten the time required to reach consensus, but essentially still requires nodes in the network to perform mining operations. Therefore, the PoS mechanism does not fundamentally solve the problem that the PoW mechanism is difficult to apply in the commercial field.
The share authorization certification mechanism is a new consensus mechanism to ensure network security. While trying to solve the problems of the traditional PoW mechanism and PoS mechanism, it can also offset the negative effects of centralization by implementing technological democracy.
The share authorization certification mechanism is similar to board voting. This mechanism has a built-in real-time shareholder voting system, just like the system is convening a never-ending shareholders' meeting at any time, where all shareholders vote. determine company decisions. The decentralization of the blockchain established based on the DPoS mechanism relies on a certain number of representatives rather than all users. In such a blockchain, all nodes vote to elect a certain number of node representatives, who act on behalf of all nodes to confirm blocks and maintain the orderly operation of the system. At the same time, all nodes in the blockchain have the power to remove and appoint representatives at any time. If necessary, all nodes can vote to disqualify the current node representatives and re-elect new representatives to achieve real-time democracy.
The share authorization certification mechanism can greatly reduce the number of nodes participating in verification and accounting, thereby achieving second-level consensus verification. However, this consensus mechanism still cannot perfectly solve the application problems of blockchain in business, because this consensus mechanism cannot get rid of its dependence on tokens, and the existence of tokens is not required in many commercial applications.
The Pool verification pool is established based on traditional distributed consistency technology and is supplemented by a data verification mechanism. It is a consensus mechanism widely used in current blockchains.
The Pool verification pool can work without relying on tokens. Based on mature distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft), it can achieve second-level consensus verification, which is more suitable for multi-party participation. Polycentric business model. However, the Pool verification pool also has some shortcomings. For example, the degree of distribution that the consensus mechanism can achieve is not as good as the PoW mechanism.
Here we mainly explain some algorithm principles of the blockchain workload proof mechanism and the Bitcoin network. How to prove your workload? I hope everyone can have a basic understanding of the consensus algorithm.
The main features of the proof-of-work system areThe client has to do a certain amount of difficult work to get a result, and the verifier can easily use the result to check whether the client has done the corresponding work. A core feature of this scheme is asymmetry: the work is modest for the requester and easy to verify for the verifier. It differs from CAPTCHAs, which are easier to solve by humans rather than easier to solve by computers.
The figure below shows the workload proof process.
For example, give a basic character "hello, world!", the workload requirement we give is that you can add a nonce (random number) after this character creation Integer value, perform SHA-256 operation on the changed (nonce added) character creation, if the result (expressed in hexadecimal form) starts with "0000", the verification is passed. In order to achieve this proof-of-work goal, it is necessary to continuously increment the nonce value and perform a SHA-256 hash operation on the resulting character creation. According to this rule, it takes 4251 operations to find the hash with leading 4 zeros.
Through this example, we have a preliminary understanding of the proof-of-work mechanism. Some people may think that if proof of work is just such a process, then it is enough to remember that the nonce is 4521 so that the calculation can pass verification. Of course not, this is just an example.
Next we simply change the input to "Hello, World! + integer value". The integer value ranges from 1 to 1000, which means that the input is turned into an array of 1 to 1000: Hello, World !1;Hello,World!2;...;Hello,World!1000. Then perform the above proof of work on each input in the array in turn - find the hash with leading 4 zeros.
Due to the pseudo-random nature of the hash value, it is easy to calculate based on the relevant knowledge of probability theory. It is expected that it will take 2 to the 16th power of attempts to obtain a hash hash with four leading zeros. List. If you count the actual results of the 1,000 calculations just performed, you will find that the average number of calculations is 66,958, which is very close to 2 to the 16th power (65,536). In this example, the number of calculations expected by mathematics is actually the required "workload". Repeating the workload proof multiple times will be a probability event that conforms to statistical laws.
The actual number of calculations used to count the input characters and obtain the corresponding target result is as follows:
For any node in the Bitcoin network, if you want to generate a new block To join the blockchain, the Bitcoin network must be solvedThis puzzle came up. The key elements of this question are the proof-of-work function, block and difficulty value. The workload proof function is the calculation method of this question, the block is the input data of this question, and the difficulty value determines the amount of calculation required to understand this question.
The proof-of-work function used in the Bitcoin network is the SHA-256 mentioned above. Blocks are actually generated in the proof-of-work process. Kuangong constantly constructs block data and checks whether each calculated result meets the required workload, thereby determining whether the block meets the network difficulty. The block header is the input data of the Bitcoin proof-of-work function.
The difficulty value is an important reference indicator for miners to mine. It determines how many hash operations it takes for miners to generate a legal block. The Bitcoin network generates a block approximately every 10 minutes. If the generation of new blocks basically maintains this speed under different network computing power conditions, the difficulty value must be adjusted according to changes in the computing power of the entire network. The general principle is to ensure that the network always generates a new block in 10 minutes, regardless of the mining power.
The adjustment of the difficulty value occurs independently and automatically in each complete node. Every 2016 blocks, all nodes will automatically adjust the difficulty value according to a unified format. This formula is based on the time spent in the latest 2016 blocks and the expected time (assuming a withdrawal is generated every 10 minutes, the expected time is 20160 minutes) and adjusted according to the ratio of actual duration to expected duration. That is, if blocks are generated faster than 10 minutes, increase the difficulty value; anyway, decrease the difficulty value. The formula is expressed as follows:
New difficulty value = old difficulty value * (20160 minutes/time spent in the past 2016 blocks).
Proof of work requires a target value. The calculation formula of the target value (Target) of Bitcoin's proof of work is as follows:
Target value = maximum target value/difficulty value, where the maximum target value is a constant value
The size of the target value is inversely proportional to the difficulty value. To achieve the Bitcoin workload proof, the block hash value calculated in the mine must be less than the target value.
We can also simply understand the process of Bitcoin workload as performing SHA-256 hash operation by constantly changing the block header (that is, trying different nonce values) and using it as input. Find a process that has a hash value in a specific format (that is, requires a certain number of leading 0s), and the more leading 0s required, the more difficult it becomes.
The steps of Bitcoin’s proof-of-work puzzle can be roughly summarized as follows:
The process can be represented by the following figure:
Bitcoin’s proof of work is the main work we commonly call “mining”. Understanding the workload proof mechanism will lay the foundation for us to further understand the consensus mechanism of the Bitcoin blockchain.
❺ 2018-10-02 Xiaobai learns about blockchain - what is the main chain
1. What is the main chain
The main chain can be understood as An officially launched, independent blockchain network. It is a trusted blockchain network recognized by the blockchain community, and its transaction information is recognized by all members. Valid blocks will be appended to the blockchain on the main network's block ledger after consensus on the blockchain network.
2. Characteristics of the main chain
1. Compared with the test network, the main chain is an officially launched effective blockchain and an independent blockchain network. .
2. The first blockchain originally created can be called the main chain, and the blockchain of contracts and agreements can be deployed on the chain.
3. Application of main chain
The most successful application of main chain is Ethereum. Most crowdfunding projects on the market are developed based on Ethereum. Yes, its tokens are all tokens issued on Ethereum. It can be understood as: Ethereum is a computer operating system, similar to the Windows system, and the various tokens on Ethereum are equivalent to those on our computers. With various software, developers can pay Ethereum to run projects on Ethereum.
❻ What is blockchain in the eyes of big guys
Shenzhen’s IT Leaders Summit has entered its 10th year. As an annual program where China’s Internet giants gather in Shenzhen, Shenzhen and Its star company, Tencent, is trying its best to entertain the big guys who come from afar.
Zhang Shousheng, chair professor at Stanford University in the United States:
The emergence of blockchain can create a data market. The ideal future world in my mind is one where everyone has their own This is a completely decentralized storage of data. In this case, it is impossible for hackers to hack everyone's personal data, and then use some encryption algorithms to truly protect personal privacy on the blockchain and be able to Make very good calculations.
Artificial intelligence requires data, but data is often monopolized by centralized platforms, thus hindering innovation. Cryptoeconomics creates a data market with the right incentive mechanism for data providers, and artificial intelligence can rely on this data. The market took off. In a fair data market,The value of data is measured by mutual entropy. In our society, some minorities will suffer discrimination. However, in the encrypted data market, the data they provide will be most valued. Cryptoeconomics can counteract various biases in current socioeconomics.
Ni Zhengdong, founder and chairman of Zero2IPO Group:
Blockchain is a technical direction. How much value blockchain can have technically is still a question mark. , may have huge value, but today the application has not yet been implemented. We do not deny the value that blockchain brings. In terms of technology, I think it is very valuable and promising, but no one knows how big the prospects are.
Blockchain must be subject to supervision in the financial field and is definitely not a free world. The political orientation still needs to be correct. In the blockchain field, we must adhere to the leadership of the party and accept supervision. Digital currency cannot be anarchic and requires correct guidance and supervision from the government.
Now we are all paying attention to the real economy, whether starting a business or investing. I think the blockchain itself must create value. If a company issues a currency and doesn’t know what to do, it is suddenly worth tens of billions of dollars. It is completely disconnected from value creation.
As for the title of classical investors, it is just a joke, or to create some concepts to grab attention. I believe that in 2018, 99% or 95% of the projects will be done by classical VCs.
Yan Yan, founding partner of SAIF Asia Investment Fund:
Blockchain is very popular, but in fact institutional investors have very little participation. At present, many of them are individual actions. ICO In China, more than 95% of the companies are money traps, and the really large first-line institutional investors actually participate very little. To tell the truth, these people can become first-line institutional investors. They are not fools. They know more than you, have seen more than you, and have read more books than you. How can they be so stupid? People like this make money by earning their IQ. Money from people below you.
Wu Ying, Chairman of the Digital China Federation:
We are very concerned about blockchain and have already made certain investment arrangements here, and the three or four companies we have invested in already have 13 patents. , two of the listed companies we have invested in before are already doing blockchain things. However, it will take some time for blockchain to explode. Overall, it will take about three years for blockchain to have a direct impact on the economy, but in some aspects it may be faster than the United States. Focusing on the application of copyright protection for artworks, an angel fund will be established specifically to invest in blockchain in the future.
Talk about big data: The obstacle to data interoperability lies in systems rather than technology
Wang Jian, chairman of the Alibaba Group Technical Committee:
Data is the material foundation of the digital economy , the data can neither be shared nor opened, but the value of the data can be shared. Uber and Didi are a huge change in human behavior. What exactly have they changed about people? In fact, Uber and Didi are not sharing cars. In the past, when I came out of home in the morning, I would talk to my parents.But with Uber and Didi, where you went today can actually be shared with a company. This is something that has really changed.
Guo Wei, Chairman of the Board of Directors of Digital China Holdings Co., Ltd. and Chairman of the Company:
From a government perspective, the value of data is highly recognized, but the implementation process is actually very difficult. big. There are natural divisions in the data itself, and different people have different perceptions of data. Another very important point is the division of interests. Since mastering the data brings huge benefits, some people are unwilling to release it. If released, it means the loss of privileges, which is the most difficult part of the data pass-through process today.
From the perspective of today's technology, there is no problem at all in realizing data connection with the technical capabilities we have, whether it is traditional technology or the latest developed technology. But the most important thing here is the institutional obstacle.
Yan Yan, founding managing partner of SAIF Asia Investment Fund:
The openness of data is a double-edged sword. Social data should not be open to everyone because the data is open to more than 95% of people. People are useless, and there are less than 1% of people. Giving them data will be harmful to society.
❼ Three common consensus mechanisms in blockchain
Blockchain is a distributed ledger system built on P2P network and participated by nodes. Its biggest feature is "decentralization" ". That is to say, in the blockchain system, there is no need to establish trust between users, between users and institutions, and between institutions. Transactions can be realized by relying only on the blockchain protocol system.
But how to ensure the accuracy, authority, and reliability of the ledger? Why do nodes on the blockchain network participate in accounting? What should I do if the node is fake? How to prevent the ledger from being tampered with? How to ensure data consistency between nodes? …These are the problems that blockchain needs to solve when establishing “decentralized” transactions, resulting in the consensus mechanism.
The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification and confirmation of transactions in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; when there is a disagreement, without central control, several Nodes participate in decision-making to reach consensus, that is, how to establish a trust relationship between individuals who have no basis for trust in each other.
Blockchain technology uses a set of consensus-based mathematical algorithms to establish a "trust" network between machines, thereby creating new credit through technical endorsement rather than centralized credit institutions.
Different blockchain types require different consensus algorithms to ensure that the last block on the blockchain can reflect the status of the entire network at any time.
So far, the blockchain consensus mechanisms mainly include the following: POW workload proof, POS equity proof, DPOS authorized equity proof, Paxos,PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm), dBFT, DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph)
Next, we will mainly talk about the principles and application scenarios of common POW, POS, and DPOS consensus mechanisms
Concept:
Proof of work, originally an economic term, refers to the measurement method set up by the system to achieve a certain goal. A simple understanding is a certificate to confirm that you have done a certain amount of work, and to prove that the corresponding amount of work has been completed by certifying the results of the work.
The proof-of-work mechanism has the advantage of complete decentralization. In a blockchain with a proof-of-work mechanism as the consensus, nodes can enter and exit freely and calculate the numerical solution of the random hash. The ability to compete for accounting rights and obtain correct numerical solutions to generate blocks is a concrete manifestation of node computing power.
Applications:
The most famous application of POW is Bitcoin. In the Bitcoin network, during the Block generation process, miners need to solve complex cryptographic mathematical problems to find a Block Hash that meets the requirements, consisting of N leading zeros. The number of zeros depends on the difficulty value of the network. During this period, a lot of trial calculations (workload) are required, and the calculation time depends on the hashing speed of the machine.
Finding a reasonable hash is a probabilistic event. When a node has n% of the computing power of the entire network, the node has an n/100 probability of finding the Block Hash. After the node successfully finds a satisfactory Hash value, it will immediately broadcast the packaged block to the entire network. The nodes in the network will verify it immediately after receiving the broadcast packaged block.
If the verification passes, it means that a node has successfully solved the puzzle, and it will no longer compete for the current block, but choose to accept the block, record it in its own ledger, and then proceed to the next block. Competitive guessing game of blocks. Only the fastest puzzle-solving block in the network will be added to the ledger, and other nodes will copy it, thus ensuring the uniqueness of the entire ledger.
If a node engages in any cheating behavior, it will cause the network node verification to fail and directly discard its packaged block. This block will not be recorded in the general ledger, and the cost of the cheating node will be It is all in vain. Therefore, under the huge mining cost, miners voluntarily comply with the consensus protocol of the Bitcoin system, thus ensuring the security of the entire system.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages: The results can be verified quickly, the system bears a large number of nodes, and the cost of evil is high to ensure the conscious compliance of miners.
Disadvantages: It requires a large amount of algorithms and takes a long time to reach consensus
Concept:
Proof of Stake mechanism requires the certifier to provide ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency.
The way the proof-of-stake mechanism works is that when a new block is created, the miner needs to create a "coin rights" transaction, which will send some coins to the miners themselves according to a preset ratio. The proof-of-stake mechanism reduces the mining difficulty of nodes in equal proportions based on the proportion and time of tokens owned by each node based on the algorithm, thus speeding up the search for random numbers.
Application:
In 2012, a netizen with the pseudonym Sunny King launched Peercoin, which was the first application of the proof-of-stake mechanism in encrypted electronic currency. The biggest innovation of PPC is that its mining method mixes POW and POS methods, uses a proof-of-work mechanism to issue new coins, and uses a proof-of-stake mechanism to maintain network security.
In order to implement POS, Sunny King learned from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Coinbase and designed a special type of transaction called Coinstake.
The picture above shows how Coinstake works. Coin age refers to the holding period of the currency. If you own 10 coins and hold them for 10 days, then you have collected 100 days of coins. age. If you use these 10 coins, the coin age is consumed (destroyed).
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Advantages: Shortens the time required to reach consensus and is more energy-saving than proof of work.
Disadvantages: Essentially, nodes in the network are still required to perform mining operations, and the authenticity of transfers is difficult to guarantee
Concept:
Authorized equity certificate Mechanism (Delegated Proof of Stake) is similar to board voting. This mechanism has a built-in real-time shareholder voting system, just like the system is convening a never-ending shareholders' meeting at any time, where all shareholders vote to decide company decisions.
While trying to solve the problems of traditional PoW and PoS mechanisms, authorized proof of equity can also offset the negative effects of centralization by implementing technological democracy. The decentralization of the blockchain established based on the DPoS mechanism relies on a certain number of representatives rather than all users. In such a blockchain, all nodes vote to elect a certain number of node representatives, who act on behalf of all nodes to confirm blocks and maintain the orderly operation of the system.
At the same time, all nodes in the blockchain have the power to remove and appoint representatives at any time. If necessary, all nodes can vote toIf the current node representative loses his or her qualifications, a new representative will be re-elected to achieve real-time democracy.
Application:
Bitshare is a type of cryptocurrency that uses the DPOS mechanism. By introducing the concept of witnesses, witnesses can generate blocks, and everyone who holds BitShares can vote for witnesses. Candidates who get the top N (N is usually defined as 101) candidates in the total number of consent votes can be elected as witnesses. The number of elected witnesses (N) must meet: at least half of the participating voters believe that N has been fully decentralized. .
The candidate list of witnesses is updated every maintenance cycle (1 day). The witnesses are then randomly arranged, and each witness has 2 seconds of permission time to generate a block in order. If the witness cannot generate a block in a given time slice, the block generation permission is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. . This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
DPOS makes full use of the votes of shareholders to reach consensus in a fair and democratic way. The N witnesses they voted for can be regarded as N mining pools, and these N mining pools Each other's rights are completely equal. Shareholders can change these witnesses (mining pools) at any time by voting, as long as the computing power they provide is unstable, the computer is down, or they try to use their power to do evil.
Advantages and Disadvantages:
Advantages: Reduce the number of nodes participating in verification and accounting, thereby achieving second-level consensus verification
Disadvantages: Centrality Weaker, the security is weaker than POW, and the node agents are artificially selected, and the fairness is lower than POS. At the same time, the entire consensus mechanism still relies on the additional issuance of tokens to maintain the stability of the agent nodes.
❽ The difference between main chain and side chain in blockchain
Usually blockchains, especially public chains, have mainnets and testnets. The main network is a trusted blockchain network recognized by the blockchain community, and its transaction information is recognized by all members. Valid blocks will be appended to the main network's block ledger after consensus on the blockchain network.
Many people don’t understand what sidechains are. This concept comes from the Bitcoin community and was proposed in December 2013. There are some questions about whether its birth is due to Bitcoin itself or the mechanism of a certain blockchain. But if you modify it directly on the Bitcoin protocol or chain, it is easy to make mistakes. And because Bitcoin blocks are constantly being operated, if something goes wrong, the amount of funds involved will be huge, and this is not allowed.
Sidechains actually do not refer to a specific blockchain, but all blockchains that comply with the sidechain protocol. This term is relative to the main chain of Bitcoin.
For more information, browse what is a side chain
❾ Advantages of blockchain technology
1. Decentralization:
Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third parties There is no central control among tripartite management agencies or hardware facilities. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
2. Openness:
The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the parties to the transaction being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can access it through the public The interface queries blockchain data and develops related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Independence:
Based on consensus specifications and protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as the hash algorithm used by Bitcoin), the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can Verify and exchange data automatically and securely within the system without any human intervention.
4. Security:
As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, network data cannot be manipulated and modified at will. This makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes.
5. Anonymity:
Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and information transfer can be carried out anonymously.
Digital China is a major development strategy clearly proposed for the first time in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. Digital technology applications represented by cloud computing, big data, and mobile Internet are no longer limited to the economic field, but have widely penetrated into public services, social development, and all aspects of people's lives, requiring macro coordination, overall control, and integrated development.
With the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation continuing to deepen, the wave of digital economy is unstoppable on a global scale. Developing the digital economy has become a global consensus and is known as the key to opening the door to the fourth industrial revolution.
Adhering to the world-wide inclusive humanistic spirit of the University of Nice, always embracing changes, standing at the forefront, conforming to the development trend of the digital economy era, and integrating the essence of Chinese and Western cultural thinking, the University of Nice's "Doctorate in Blockchain and Digital Economic Management" ( DDE for short) came into being.
This is the cornerstone to empower digital economy industry managers with a global vision and global integration thinking, integrate knowledge, intelligently operate the digital economy, promote the sustainable development of the industry, and contribute to a community with a shared future for mankind. Therefore, the DDE project will advance in collaboration with colleagues in the digital economy field.
If you have any questions about MBA, please feel free to send me a message~~~~
❿ Briefly explain what blockchain is and give an example!
For example:
The village chief’s conspiracy has been exposed! Who did it? Be bold!
It is said that the head of Maoxian Village, Mr. Wang, is a symbol of power in the village and is highly respected.
Every household in the village has transactions with each other. For the sake of fairness and justice, every household in the village must ask Village Chief Wang as a guarantee and record the information in his account book, but they must charge 1% of the transaction amount. , everyone is willing to trust him.
Suddenly one day, it was discovered that Village Chief Wang had accepted bribes from one party and maliciously tampered with the account books, causing serious losses to the other party.
All the villagers angrily decided to abolish his rights. Some villagers suggested that we all have an account book in the future. When a transaction occurs, we will shout at the entrance of the village. More than 51% of the villagers confirmed this transaction information. It will be regarded as passed, and the village’s account books will be open and transparent from now on.
The ledger of each villager is a block. Someone shouts at the entrance of the village, and everyone connects to confirm the ledger information is a chain. The combined system is a blockchain system. (Borrowing an example from the Zambi community)
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