区块链状态通道技术有哪些,区块链状态通道技术包括

区块链状态通道技术是一种基于区块链的技术，它可以让参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易，从而提高了效率，降低了成本。它是一种基于区块链的技术，可以支持参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易。

智能合约是一种可以自动执行的计算机程序，可以用来实现合同双方的自动执行协议，它可以确保双方在交易发生时，可以按照协议的规定执行交易。它是一种基于区块链的技术，可以支持参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易。智能合约可以自动执行交易，可以节省时间和费用，并且可以确保双方遵守合同协议。

状态通道是一种基于区块链的技术，可以支持参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易。状态通道可以让参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易，从而提高了效率，降低了成本。状态通道可以让参与者在不发布到区块链的情况下执行交易，可以节省时间和费用，并且可以确保双方遵守合同协议。

去中心化应用程序（DApp）是一种使用智能合约和状态通道技术来构建的分布式应用程序。它是一种基于区块链的应用程序，可以实现去中心化的计算和存储，可以让参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易。DApp可以提高参与者的安全性，降低交易成本，提高交易效率，并且可以确保双方遵守合同协议。

总之，区块链状态通道技术是一种基于区块链的技术，它可以让参与者在不需要完全发布到区块链的情况下执行交易，从而提高了效率，降低了成本。它可以用来构建去中心化的应用程序，可以提高参与者的安全性，降低交易成本，提高交易效率，并且可以确保双方遵守合同协议。

① Characteristics of blockchain technology

The five basic characteristics of blockchain technology are as follows:
1. Characteristics of blockchain technology 1: distributed database< br>Every party on the blockchain has access to the entire database and its complete history. No single party controls the data or information. Each party can directly verify the records of its trading partners without the need for a middleman.
2. Blockchain technology feature 2: Peer-to-peer transmission
Communication occurs directly between peers, rather than through a central node. Each node stores and forwards information to all other nodes.
3. Blockchain technology feature three: Transparent anonymity
Any user with access to the system can see each transaction and its associated value. Each node or user on the blockchain has a unique address consisting of more than 30 letters and numbers, which is used to identify itself. Users can choose to remain anonymous or provide proof of their identity to others. The addition of the blockchain occurs at one of these addresses.
4. Blockchain technology feature four: Irreversibility of records
Once a transaction is entered in the database and an account is updated, the records cannot be changed because they are linked to every transaction record before them (hence the name "chain"). Various algorithms are employed to ensure that records in the database are permanent, chronologically ordered, and accessible to all other nodes on the network.
5. Features of Blockchain Technology Five: Computational Logic
The digital nature of the ledger means that blockchain transactions can be associated with computational logic and are essentially programmable. Therefore, users can set algorithms and rules that automatically trigger transactions between nodes.
Extended information:
Blockchain is a chain composed of blocks one after another. Each block stores a certain amount of information, and they are connected into a chain in the order in which they were generated. This chain is saved in all servers. As long as one server in the entire system can work, the entire blockchain is safe. These servers are called nodes in the blockchain system, and they provide storage space and computing power support for the entire blockchain system. If you want to modify the information in the blockchain, you must obtain the consent of more than half of the nodes and modify the information in all nodes. These nodes are usually in the hands of different subjects, so it is extremely difficult to tamper with the information in the blockchain. thing. Compared with traditional networks, blockchain has two core characteristics: data is difficult to tamper with and decentralized. Based on these two characteristics, the information recorded in the blockchain is more authentic and reliable, and can help solve the problem of people's mutual distrust.

② Is 2022 a good time to buy a house? Do you have any plans to buy a house?

First of all, it is impossible to say what will happen to China’s housing prices in the future.

Overall, in the next 2-5 years, the first and second tiers will fall by 15%, and the third and fourth tiers will drop by 30%. It is a high probability event. The first and second tiers have low holding costs, while the third and fourth tiers have limited purchasing power.

Nowadays, the leverage of residents is too high, and it is difficult for the government to increase wages even if they release funds. Basically, they are transferred to Leeks in the form of leveraged credit. The current situation is really unbearable. In the past few years, almost everyone who has enough basic money to make a down payment has bought a car. It is really dangerous to double the down payment.

Do the third and fourth tiers want to sell land? Of course they do. Is there a shortage of land? There is certainly no shortage. The new areas are all filled with land. The key is that this liability is not transferred to home buyers, and the government's land sales money is the bank's money. Again, there are too many stocks and I really can’t pick up the leeks. Recently, there have been more and more failed land auctions, and it is urgent to supplement finance with property taxes.

The essence of the first and second lines is the same, but the situation is slightly better, because the belief and holding cost are too low, and the two sides are still in a stalemate. Shenzhen and Shanghai restricted loan quotas, transaction volume dropped instantly, and the so-called big guys who bought the houses they just needed with full payment disappeared.

The introduction of the property tax has completely changed this equilibrium state. The guide price is obviously prepared for the property tax. Otherwise, who else would be so tired to give a guide price to each community. If the real estate tax pilot is implemented quickly, it will be by the end of the year. If it is slow, it will be next year. It will definitely be launched. It will not be as harsh as everyone thinks, and it will not be like Shanghai and Chongqing before. Sell ​​the land when it is time to do so without delaying property taxes. After all, there will be a transition time, and the ratio between the two will be dynamically adjusted. At the same time, state-owned developers began to develop public rental housing. The country has many options for building public rental housing: a large number of vacant office buildings in the city center have been renovated, have good locations, and are endorsed by the state. It just depends on whether the country is willing or not. As the holding cost goes up, first-line housing prices will definitely loosen, but after all, if the first-line housing prices decline for a few years, a 15% drop is acceptable, and it will just go back to around 2019. So I personally feel that the first and second tiers will be an excellent low point to get started in 2-3 years.

It is estimated that it will take 2-3 years before the third and fourth tiers are fully levied, but if we have expectations, we will not be afraid of rising prices. The bubble in the third and fourth tiers is still quite serious. A 30% drop is considered good, but it may be cut in half directly.

This time we look at the determination and means to deal with double reductions. It feels really different.

Finally, no matter whether you buy it or not, just pay attention to the leverage. Yesterday I saw a post about buying a house in Chengdu, draining the down payment of both parents and borrowing foreign debt. It's so dangerous. Many people born in the 1990s have not realized that their parents' bodies are getting weaker day by day, and people will get sick as they get older. Being sick costs a lot of energy and money.

③ What technology does the blockchain apply to achieve this function?

The blockchain applies the following technologies to achieve
The first is the consensus mechanism. The commonly used consensus mechanisms are mainly There are PoW, PoS, DPoS, PBFT, PAXOS, etc. Since there is no center in the blockchain system, there needs to be a preset rule to guide the nodes of all parties to reach an agreement on data processing. All data interactions must be carried out in accordance with strict rules and consensus;
The second It is cryptography technology. Cryptography technology is one of the core technologies of blockchain. Many classic algorithms of modern cryptography are used in current blockchain applications, mainly including: hash algorithm, symmetric encryption, and asymmetric encryption., digital signature, etc.
The third type is distributed storage. Blockchain is a distributed ledger on a peer-to-peer network. Each participating node will independently and completely store and write block data information. The advantages of distributed storage compared with traditional centralized storage are mainly reflected in two aspects: data information is backed up on each node to avoid data loss due to single point failure; data on each node is stored independently, effectively avoiding Malicious tampering with historical data.
Smart contracts: Smart contracts allow trusted transactions without a third party. As long as one party reaches the pre-set goals of the agreement, the contract will automatically execute the transaction. These transactions are trackable and irreversible. It has the advantages of transparency, credibility, automatic execution, and mandatory performance. Blockchain technology has many unique features that make it a unique invention and give it unlimited horizons to explore.

④ Layer 2 protocol

Layer 2 protocol refers to an auxiliary framework or protocol built on top of the existing blockchain system. The main goal of these protocols is to solve the transaction speed and scaling difficulties faced by major cryptocurrency networks.

For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are still unable to process thousands of transactions per second (TPS), which is certainly not conducive to their long-term growth. Higher throughput is required before these networks can be effectively adopted and used more widely.

In this context, the term “Layer 2” refers to the various solutions proposed to the blockchain scalability problem. Two major examples of layer 2 solutions are the Bitcoin Lightning Network and Ethereum Plasma. Despite having their own working mechanisms and peculiarities, both solutions strive to provide higher throughput to blockchain systems.

Specifically, the Lightning Network is based on state channels, which are basically additional channels that perform blockchain operations and report them to the main chain. State channels are mainly used as payment channels. The Plasma framework, on the other hand, consists of sidechains, which are essentially small blockchains arranged in a tree-like structure.

In a broader sense, Layer 2 protocols create a secondary framework in which blockchain transactions and processes can occur independently of Layer 1 (the main chain). For this reason, these technologies can also be called “off-chain” scaling solutions.

One of the main advantages of using an off-chain solution is that the main chain does not require any structural changes since the second layer is added as an additional layer. Therefore, Layer 2 solutions have the potential to achieve high throughput without sacrificing network security.

In other words, most of the work to be performed by the main chain can be transferred to the second layer. So, while the main chain (layer 1) provides security, the second layer provides high throughput, capable of executing hundreds or even thousands of transactions per second.

⑤ What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest topic on the Internet right now? You don’t need to explain it to the editor to know that it is blockchain. technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), which solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to the second), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), the target hash value of the current block, and the Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block and finally generate this block.A unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Changes in any transaction information in the block will cause the Merkle tree to change.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, PeerCoinn) In the PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain Technology----Contract Layer: EndowmentThe programmable characteristics of the ledger
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of scenario-based programmed rules and logic, which is decentralized and trusted shared through deployment on the blockchain Implemented by script code. Normally, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content introduced to the core technology of blockchain.

⑥ What is a state channel in blockchain Layer 2 expansion

First of all, let’s take a look at what a state machine is. State machine is a very simple concept that maintains various manifestations of many software in the world. It can be summarized as: f(state, action) => state', that is, this function takes the current state and an operation (i.e. A method that changes the state) and returns the state after performing the operation.

Ethereum is a global transaction-based state machine, and every operation on the chain will generate the latest state. The difference is that state channels maintain state outside the chain.

State channels sound like an extension of "payment channels", which is why this technology has been underestimated and ignored. A place where privacy, efficiency, trust minimization, security and Modular generalized access is one of the important infrastructures we want to build.

A state channel essentially provides state maintenance services between different entities by establishing a two-way channel between different users or between users and services. It allows many operations on the blockchain to be managed outside the chain. After the off-chain operation is completed, multi-party signatures are confirmed before the final results are uploaded to the chain. In fact, the state channel can be understood as a smart contract that performs special operations, a smart contract that specifically establishes a two-way channel and maintains state under certain conditions.

The execution process in the status channel can be used as an atomic operation. After the atomic operation is completed, the final result will be uploaded to the chain.

Let’s use the examples of banks and Yu’ebao to explain the status channel. Although it may not be accurate, it can explain some problems more or less.

First of all, we compare the bank to the blockchain. We deposit part of the money from the bank into Yu'e Bao, and use Yu'e Bao for daily small-amount transactions. When we want to withdraw cash, You can withdraw cash directly from Yu’E Bao to your bank card. The status channel corresponds to Yu'e Bao. When one party wants to close the status channel, it is equivalent to a withdrawal operation. The status of the current account is saved in Yu'e Bao. When the status channel is closed,Updating the status to the chain is equivalent to updating the bank account status.

The life cycle of the state channel

Open the channel: First, two or more participants agree on the initial state. Some state will change (in a payment channel it means putting some tokens in escrow) and the state channel will be opened. The channel oracle is used to report the status of the channel and determine whether to close the channel based on rules.

Close channel: When the status channel oracle receives a valid status update from one of the channel participants, it enters a challenge period during which the other channel participant can submit a higher Serial number status updates. After the challenge period ends, the valid state update with the highest sequence number is accepted as the final state.

Settlement: When any of the participants wants to close the transaction channel, after updating to the latest status, the data will be uploaded to the chain for settlement and the channel will be closed.

The status channel oracle determines whether the state is valid based on the following:

State updates must be signed by at least two channel participants.

Each consecutive status update must be higher than the last one in the sequence.

After the channel is closed, the oracle can only submit the latest status update before the channel is closed.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is a "school planning and construction development center of the Ministry of Education of China" "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Innovation Workstation" is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot workstation. The professional position is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.