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A. "A Book to Understand the Blockchain" pdf download and read the full text online, please ask for Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

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Introduction: This book is comprehensive Introducing blockchain technology and its applications, the six chapters include: what is blockchain, in-depth understanding of blockchain, "playing with" blockchain - starting from encrypted digital currency, "blockchain+" - —Comprehensive application of blockchain technology, blockchain ecosystem - chain circle, currency circle and mining circle, thinking about blockchain. The appendix is: Overview of my country’s blockchain technology and industry support policies.

The content in the book is explained in a simple and profound way. Even readers with no foundation can easily understand and understand blockchain technology and blockchain industry trends through "Understanding Blockchain in One Book".

B. "Blockchain Technology Guide" pdf download and read online, seek Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

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Book title: Blockchain Technology Guide

Author: Zou Jun

Douban score: 6.4

Publisher: Machinery Industry Press

Publication year: 2016-11-1

Number of pages: 254

Content introduction: Chapters 1-2 are basic and introductory content , focusing on the introductory introduction to blockchain and explaining some basic concepts of blockchain. This book introduces the basic knowledge and concepts of blockchain in detail and comprehensively, analyzes the architecture, underlying implementation details and encryption technology of blockchain, and provides a comprehensive interpretation of the popular blockchain with industry application cases, frequently asked questions, etc. Technology implementation and application. Chapters 3-10 focus on the analysis of blockchain architecture and explain the key technologies of blockchain, including cryptography and consensus algorithms; provide Bitcoin development guide and Ethereum smart contract development guide; also introduce HyperLedger and discuss blockchain Common chain problems and typical solutions. Chapter 11 discusses the driving force behind IT development from the perspective of architectural change and provides some prospects for blockchain’s future IT development.

About the author: Zou Jun is an expert in the Zhongguancun Blockchain Industry Alliance and has a PhD in Service Contract. He focuses on and practices blockchain technology and applications and is currently the CTO of Haina Cloud. Formerly the chief software architect of IBM Australia's financial industry. Specialized in cloud computing, big data, and software-defined storage. Rongzhi Beijing high-end foreign expertsHe has published more than 20 papers in international conference journals.

Zhang Haining is the chief architect of VMware China's cloud native applications, the leader of the Harbor enterprise-level open source container registry project, and one of the earliest technical evangelists in the CloudFoundry Chinese community. He has many years of software development experience. He once served as a senior software engineer at IBM and a senior architect at Sun. Currently focusing on research and development in the fields of containers, cloud computing and blockchain.

Tang Yi, a professor at Guangzhou University and a Ph.D., focuses on network information security, distributed computing, blockchain security and applications, etc. He has developed elliptic curve cryptography software for well-known foreign security companies and won the Cryptotechnology Award. Second Prize for Progress (Provincial and Ministerial Level). He has presided over or participated in the completion of the National Science and Technology and Talent Project Fund work for many times.

Li Lei is an associate professor at Hefei University of Technology and a Ph.D. at Macquarie University. Good at data mining, social computing, and intelligent computing. He has served as a member and organizer of the program committee of IEEE international conferences for many times, and has published more than 40 papers in the fields of social computing and blockchain, which have been cited more than 350 times.

C. Day 1 "Everyone Understands Blockchain" Thoughts on Listening to the Book

Actually, I have heard about blockchain before, and I have also heard about it. After Bitcoin, many people made a lot of money and became rich overnight. Even now, there are still many belated people who want to join the blockchain, dreaming of making a fortune "for nothing."

But after the "Li Xiaolai Bitcoin Scam" incident broke out in 2018 (it seems), it had a huge impact. I actually liked Li Xiaolai quite a lot (because he is the idol of Uncle Cat, whom I admire) ), but because I didn’t understand Bitcoin at the time, I couldn’t understand the ins and outs of the entire incident (I didn’t want to be guided or incited by various public opinions).

Until today when I listened to the book "Everyone Understands Blockchain", I have a little understanding of blockchain, but after all, it is still relatively one-sided. I can only record the thoughts it triggered here. After all, It doesn’t matter what the knowledge is, what’s important is the thinking it triggers, right~

First of all, after listening to a brief introduction to blockchain, I remembered a video I watched before - Use it in the future Likes can be exchanged for money to buy things. See the video below for details (if you can’t see it, you can ask me for it).

I personally understand that blockchain and Bitcoin are actually a manifestation of value, but they are not as valuable as likes. After reading this book, I found that the blockchain has a permanent quota of 21 million, which means that this thing is scarce (that is, devaluation is unlikely). It depends on how everyone obtains value and trades value. .

Secondly, blockchain has four innovative technologies, which are actually consistent with what I think will be its future value.

The first is asymmetric encryption technology - which means it is very secure and cannot be easily cracked;

The second item is the distributed ledger - which can be roughly understood as not affecting your value just because a certain platform collapses (when I invest by myself, except for banks, I am particularly afraid that the collapse of the investment platform will affect the funds);

The third item is smart contracts - as long as the representatives meet specific requirements, they will strictly implement the contract (basically replacing the work of lawyers, and there will be no need to argue in the future);

The fourth item is consensus mechanism.

Then, whether you are investing in blockchain or stocks, you need to fully understand what you are investing in and be sure of your own judgment before doing it (I once analyzed stocks in order to invest in them) I read the company’s annual report and the analysis was very broken).

A blockchain project is like a company. Before investing in this company, you must first at least understand what the company does. The details are as follows:

First, look at The legality of the project;

Second, read the white paper analysis;

Third, the project’s needs and application scenarios;

Fourth, the project Product model, user volume and user experience;

Fifth, how well the blockchain community is maintained, how many users there are, and whether they are active.

Sixth, whether there is a dedicated team to manage the market value of currency prices, the composition of the project team and consulting team, and whether there is past successful experience.

…………

Therefore, I personally recommend that people who are good at stocks play blockchain, just like entering advanced games. If you are not even a low-level player, If you don't even understand the advanced ones, you will inevitably get "cut off" by playing the advanced ones.

Finally, I actually like the design logic of blockchain 4W1H, which is Why, Who, Where, How.

Why refers to the significance and value of this project.

Who refers to who can participate in this project.

Where refers to where to participate and circulate.

How refers to how to bring value continuously and stably.

In fact, for projects in enterprises, the 4W1H of the project must first be clarified in order to operate better.

The above are my thoughts after listening to this book. Maybe my understanding is one-sided, but as I said before, the important thing is not knowledge, but the thinking caused by knowledge.

Of course, if you have any misunderstanding, you are welcome to correct me~ Let’s work together and grow together.

D. "Blockchain from Digital Currency to Credit Society" pdf download to read the full text online, seek Baidu network disk cloud resources

"Blockchain"Chain" (Changchao) e-book network disk download for free online reading

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Book title: Blockchain

Author: Chang Chai

Douban score: 7.2

Publisher: CITIC Press

Publishing year: 2016-7

< p>Number of pages: 332

Content introduction:

"Blockchain: From Digital Currency to Credit Society" covers the history and background, development status, basic principles and technology, and application ecology , existing problems and challenges, etc. It discusses how the blockchain was established, why everyone is talking about the blockchain, what is the secret of the blockchain, advanced blockchain (second generation blockchain technology ), how does blockchain work, how to move from the information Internet to the value Internet, how to use regulations to constrain and supervise the blockchain, where the blockchain is going, controversies and challenges, and through economics, finance, currency, law, technology Analyze the problems encountered by the blockchain in various aspects and the difficulties that need to be solved from the perspective of philosophy and other aspects.

About the author:

Chang Chao

Bobbitt founder, science fiction writer

Han Feng

Tsinghua University University Ph.D., iCenter tutor

Yang Tao

Researcher, doctoral tutor. Assistant to the Director of the Institute of Finance, Academy of Social Sciences

Da Hongfei

Founder of Xiaoyi

Pan Zhibiao

Technical Director of Bitmain , CTO of Qianbi Paypay

Shi Yuhang

Ph.D., Kaiyuan Law School of Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Hainbin

Technical expert of Bubi Company , Ph.D.

Shen Tu Qingchun

Shenzhen Yinlian Technology CEO, Ph.D.

Tao Rongqi

Special researcher of Shanghai International Financial Research Center, Babbitt Columnist

E. Tutorials for getting started with blockchain

However, there are very few simple and easy-to-understand introductory articles. What exactly blockchain is and what makes it special is rarely explained.
Next, I will try to write a best-understood blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope that after reading this article, you will not only understand the blockchain, but also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
It should be noted that I am not an expert in this area. Although I have been paying attention to it for a long time, my detailed understanding of blockchain started at the beginning of this year. You are welcome to correct any errors or inaccuracies in the article.
1. The essence of blockchain
What is blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database.
First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
Secondly,Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network, and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
2. The biggest features of blockchain
Distributed databases are not a new invention, and there have been such products on the market for a long time. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature.
Blockchain has no administrator, it is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority.
It is precisely because it is unmanageable that blockchain can be uncontrollable. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them.
However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data is trustworthy? What if it is modified by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful thing about blockchain place.
3. Block
Blockchain is composed of blocks. Blocks are much like database records. Every time data is written, a block is created.
Each block contains two parts.
Head: records the characteristic values ​​of the current block
Body: actual data
The block header contains multiple characteristic values ​​of the current block.
Generation time
Hash of the actual data (i.e. block body)
Hash of the previous block
...
Here, you need to understand what a hash is , which is necessary to understand blockchain.
The so-called hashing means that the computer can calculate a characteristic value of the same length for any content. The hash length of the blockchain is 256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a 256-bit binary number will be calculated in the end. And it can be guaranteed that as long as the original content is different, the corresponding hash must be different.
For example, the hash of the string 123 is (hexadecimal), which is 256 bits when converted to binary, and only 123 can get this hash. (Theoretically, it is possible for other strings to get this hash, but the probability is extremely low and can be approximated as impossible.)
Therefore, there are two important inferences.
Corollary 1: The hash of each block is different, and the block can be identified by the hash.
Corollary 2: If the content of the block changes, its hash will definitely change.
4. The non-modifiable nature of Hash
Blocks and hashes have a one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block is calculated based on the block header (Head). That is to say, the characteristic values ​​​​of the block header are connected together in order to form a very long string, and then the hash is calculated on this string.
Hash = SHA256 (block header)
The above is the calculation formula of block hash. SHA256 is the hash algorithm of the blockchain. Note that this formula only contains the block header and not the block body. In other words, the hash is uniquely determined by the block header.
As mentioned before, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash of the current block body. , and the hash of the previous block. This means that if the content of the current block body changes, or the hash of the previous block changes, it will definitely cause the hash of the current block to change.
This point has great significance for blockchain. If someone modifies a block, the hash of the block changes. In order for subsequent blocks to still be connected to it (because the next block contains the hash of the previous block), the person must modify all subsequent blocks in sequence, otherwise the modified block will be removed from the blockchain . Due to the reasons mentioned later, hash calculation is very time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modify multiple blocks in a short period of time, unless someone controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network.
It is through this linkage mechanism that the blockchain ensures its own reliability. Once the data is written, it cannot be tampered with. This is just like history, what happened happened, and it can’t be changed from now on.
Each block is connected to the previous block, which is where the name blockchain comes from.
5. Mining
Since synchronization between nodes must be ensured, the adding speed of new blocks cannot be too fast. Just imagine, you have just synchronized a block and are preparing to generate the next block based on it, but at this time, another node generates a new block, and you have to give up half of the calculations and synchronize again. Because each block can only be followed by one block, you can only generate the next block after the latest block. So, you have no choice but to sync as soon as you hear the signal.
So, the inventor of the blockchain, Satoshi Nakamoto (this is a pseudonym, his true identity is still unknown), deliberately made it difficult to add new blocks. His design is that on average, the entire network can generate a new block every 10 minutes, which is only six per hour.
This output speed is not achieved through commands, but by deliberately setting up massive calculations. In other words, only through an extremely large amount of calculations can the effective hash of the current block be obtained and the new block added to the blockchain. Because the amount of calculation is too large, it cannot be done quickly.
This process is called mining, because the difficulty of calculating a valid hash is like finding a grain of sand that meets the conditions among the sand in the world. The machine that calculates hashes is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
6. Difficulty coefficient
After reading this, you may have a question. People say that mining is difficult, but isn’t mining just about using a computer to calculate a hash? This is the strength of computers. How could it be? It becomes very difficult, why can’t it be calculated?
It turns out that not just any hash can be used, only hashes that meet the conditions will be accepted by the blockchain. This condition is particularly harsh, makingMost hashes do not meet the requirements and must be recalculated.
It turns out that the block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the hash. For example, the difficulty coefficient of the 100,000th block is 14484.16236122.
The blockchain protocol stipulates that the target value (target) can be obtained by dividing the difficulty coefficient by a constant. Obviously, the greater the difficulty coefficient, the smaller the target value.
The validity of the hash is closely related to the target value. Only hashes smaller than the target value are valid, otherwise the hash is invalid and must be recalculated. Since the target value is very small, the chance that the hash is smaller than this value is extremely slim. It may be calculated 1 billion times before it is considered a hit. This is the fundamental reason why mining is so slow.
As mentioned earlier, the hash of the current block is uniquely determined by the block header. If the hash of the same block needs to be calculated repeatedly, it means that the block header must keep changing, otherwise it is impossible to calculate different hashes. All feature values ​​in the block header are fixed. In order to make the block header change, Satoshi Nakamoto deliberately added a random item called Nonce.
Nonce is a random value. The role of the miner is actually to guess the value of Nonce so that the hash of the block header can be smaller than the target value so that it can be written to the blockchain. Nonce is very difficult to guess. At present, we can only use trial and error one by one through exhaustive methods. According to the protocol, Nonce is a 32-bit binary value, which can reach a maximum of 2.147 billion. The Nonce value of the 100,000th block is 274148111. It can be understood that the miner started from 0 and calculated 274 million times before obtaining a valid Nonce value so that the calculated hash can meet the conditions.
If you are lucky, you may find Nonce in a while. If you are unlucky, you may have calculated it 2.147 billion times without finding the Nonce, that is, it is impossible to calculate a hash that meets the conditions for the current block body. At this time, the protocol allows miners to change the block body and start a new calculation.
7. Dynamic adjustment of difficulty coefficient
As mentioned in the previous section, mining is random, and there is no guarantee that a block will be produced in exactly ten minutes. Sometimes it can be calculated in one minute, and sometimes it may take several hours. No result. Overall, with the improvement of hardware equipment and the increase in the number of mining machines, the computing speed will definitely become faster and faster.
In order to keep the output rate constant at ten minutes, Satoshi Nakamoto also designed a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the difficulty coefficient. He stipulated that the difficulty factor should be adjusted every two weeks (2016 blocks). If the average block generation speed in these two weeks is 9 minutes, it means that it is 10% faster than the legal speed, so the next difficulty factor will be increased by 10%; if the average block generation speed is 11 minutes, it means It is 10% slower than the legal speed, so the difficulty factor of the next step must be lowered by 10%.
The difficulty coefficient is adjusted higher and higher (the target value is getting smaller and smaller), resulting in miningIt's getting harder and harder.
8. Forks of the blockchain
Even if the blockchain is reliable, there is still an unresolved problem: if two people write data to the blockchain at the same time, that is to say, two people write data to the blockchain at the same time. Blocks join because they are connected to the previous block, forming a fork. Which block should be adopted at this time?
The current rule is that new nodes always adopt the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, it will look at which branch is behind the fork to reach 6 new blocks first (called six confirmations). Based on a block calculation of 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour.
Since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with the most computing power is the authentic blockchain.
9. Summary
Blockchain, as an unmanaged distributed database, has been running for 8 years since 2009 without major problems. This proves it works.
However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain also has its own price. The first is efficiency. You have to wait at least ten minutes to write data to the blockchain. All nodes synchronize the data, which requires more time. The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires miners to perform countless meaningless calculations. This is Very energy consuming.
Therefore, the applicable scenarios of blockchain are actually very limited.
There is no management authority that all members trust
The written data does not require real-time use
The benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
If the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is Better solution.
Currently, the largest application scenario (and possibly the only application scenario) of blockchain is the cryptocurrency represented by Bitcoin.

F. "Enter the World of Blockchain" pdf download and read the full text online, please ask for Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

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Introduction: This is about The e-books that popularize blockchain education are all exercises that introduce blockchain-related knowledge to help blockchain enthusiasts become more proficient in mastering the basic knowledge of blockchain.

G. "Blockchain Encyclopedia: An Introductory Manual for Bitcoin and Other Digital Currencies Everyone Can Understand" epub download and online reading, please ask for Baidu Netdisk cloud resources< /p>

"The Complete Book of Blockchain Network" (Sun Jian) ​​e-book network disk download for free online reading

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Book title: Blockchain Network Complete Book

Author: Sun Jian

Douban score: 7.3

Published Company: Electronic Industry Press

Publication year: 2018-8

Number of pages: 289

Content introduction:

Online full-book content structure, vivid cases and explanations are enough to allow every reader to fully and quickly understand the knowledge related to blockchain and digital currencies such as Bitcoin. It can be called a complete survival manual for the blockchain and currency circles. Ejian Wufeng’s digital currency investment ideas are also a guidebook for gold nuggets in the currency circle.

This book explains the "past and present" of blockchain technology in simple and vivid language, and points out the intrinsic relationship between Bitcoin and currency, including the development history of digital currency, blockchain technology and application interpretation , the secrets of the blockchain communication circle, basic knowledge such as managing your own digital wallet. In addition, it also comprehensively disclosed the entire process of digital currency "mining" from the principle to the purchase and setup of mining machines, detailed the process and common sense of digital currency transactions, and demonstrated step by step all aspects of a digital currency from generation to exchange. The process and details revealed various routines and scams in the name of digital currency.

This book hopes to allow more ordinary users to understand blockchain in a faster way. After reading this book, you will have a comprehensive understanding of blockchain and digital currencies such as Bitcoin, master basic investment concepts, identify common routines and scams, and stand at a higher cognitive starting point in the blockchain industry. Find your place in the feast of technology and wealth.

About the author:

Sun Jian, a native of Nanjing, is a currency player. Specialized in social marketing, training, content dissemination and other fields. In 2015, he published the book "WeChat Marketing and Operation: Revealing the Practical Secrets of Official Accounts, WeChat Business and Self-Media", which was widely praised. Currently engaged in research and investment in blockchain and digital currencies.

H. An easy-to-understand explanation of blockchain

A simple explanation of blockchain technology is as follows:

In simple terms: Blockchain is a new generation network system formed using a package of existing network technologies. This network system has a new structure, a new mechanism, and unprecedented new value. Five major technologies or innovations are specifically used: encryption technology, P2P network technology, distributed storage technology, consensus mechanism, and smart contracts.

Essentially: it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it is "unforgeable", "full-process traces", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained" ” and other characteristics. Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation for "trust-based sales" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism. Yunchun has broad application prospects.

2. Openness.

In addition to the encryption of private information of all parties to the transaction, the blockchain data is open to everyone and provides a flexible script code system. The entire system information is highly transparent and within the rules specified by the system. Nodes cannot deceive each other.

3. Autonomy.

Consensus technology, smart contracts.

I. "Block"Chain 2.0" pdf download and online reading, please ask for Baidu network disk cloud resources

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Book title: Blockchain 2.0

Author: Tan Lei

Douban rating : 5.6

Publisher: Electronic Industry Press

Publication year: 2016-4

Number of pages: 240

Content introduction:

Blockchain is a distributed technology born out of the Bitcoin protocol. It is also a perfect credit system. The principles and characteristics of blockchain determine that it is inherently tasked with reconstructing the future shape of various industries, including finance, and some even hope to use it to create a more ideal world. In view of the fact that many people's understanding of blockchain is still in the "coin era", "Blockchain 2.0" aims to truly present the reasons and essence of blockchain by launching the new concept of blockchain 2.0, and explain blockchain in a popular way. The principles and mysteries of blockchain technology, and a complete description of the applications and trends of blockchain. "Blockchain 2.0" contains both real cases, rigorous deductions, and original designs. It is an excellent resource with great novelty and practical value for relevant decision-makers, practitioners, academic researchers, and the general public. material.

About the author:

Tan Lei is a senior expert in the fields of global Internet technology, data operations, and data analysis and mining. Bachelor's degree in Computer Science from Fudan University, Master of Computer Science from Duke University, USA. CIO of China Industrial Design Association, once served at Microsoft headquarters in the United States for 13 years. He has extensive experience in data analysis, data mining, cloud computing, product development and management, Internet advertising, etc. The author and translator of seven professional books including "New Internet: Big Data Mining" and "Data Nuggets: E-commerce Data Operations".

Chen Gang, whose English name is Jerry, nickname: Financial Uncle. Senior financial media person, founder and managing director of Gaoronghui Capital, and consultant to many start-up companies. He once worked for China Business Network, Oriental Fortune Network and CICC Online.