区块链纸质档案会被电子档案取代吗,区块 链
近年来，随着技术的进步，传统的纸质档案会被电子档案取代吗？在这种情况下，区块链技术的出现为档案管理带来了新的可能性。本文将介绍区块链技术在档案管理中的三个关键词，以及它们如何发挥作用。
去中心化：去中心化是区块链技术的核心概念，也是它在档案管理中最重要的特点。去中心化意味着，档案的存储和管理不再依赖于一个中央机构，而是由一个去中心化的网络来保存和管理。由于每个节点都可以访问数据，所以可以实现真正的去中心化档案管理。
安全性：由于区块链技术是一种去中心化的技术，所以它具有很强的安全性。它的安全性体现在，每个节点都可以访问数据，但是没有一个节点可以更改数据，也不能被其他节点篡改。这就是区块链技术在档案管理中最重要的优势，可以有效地保护档案的安全性。
不可篡改性：区块链技术的另一个优势是不可篡改性。这意味着，一旦档案被存储到区块链网络中，就不可能被修改或删除，这样可以有效地保护档案的完整性。此外，由于每个节点都可以访问数据，因此可以有效地防止档案遭到篡改。
总之，区块链技术在档案管理中的三个关键词是去中心化、安全性和不可篡改性。它们可以有效地保护档案的安全性和完整性，从而有助于改善档案管理的效率和质量。
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『一』What is data blockchain (BlockChain) and how to explain it easier to understand
If you want to understand the application of blockchain, you can refer to many books and opinions. There are "Blockchain in Pictures", "Blockchain: Reshaping the Economy and the World", "New Economic Blueprint and Introduction", as well as articles on Binance Community, including a detailed understanding of the Binance Community platform, which is extremely powerful.
1. What is blockchain
Blockchain, as the name suggests, is composed of blocks and chains. It is a distributed data storage , point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other new application models of computer technology. It is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable, unforgeable, safe and trustworthy distributed ledger.
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain and encrypted digital currency in his paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". Starting from Bitcoin, blockchain has become the underlying technology of various digital currencies.
2. The working principle of blockchain:
1. Basic concepts include: (1) Transaction: one operation will change the ledger status once, such as adding an Record; (2) Block (Block): records transactions and status data that occurred within a specified time, which is a consensus and preservation of the current ledger status; (3) Chain (Chain): blocks are connected in chronological order It is a log record of the entire state changes. After understanding the working concept of the blockchain, it is not difficult to understand its working principle. Suppose there is a distributed data record book. This record book only allows additions, deletions and changes are not allowed. Its structure is composed of "blocks" A linear chain formed in series (this is also the origin of the name "blockchain"). To add new data, it must be placed in a new block. The maintenance node can propose a new block, but it must go through a certain process. Consensus mechanism to reach agreement on the final selected block.
2. Take Bitcoin as an example to see how the blockchain works.
Bitcoin blocks are divided into two parts: block header and block body.
3. Core advantages and characteristics of blockchain
1. Verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and decentralization of blockchain data Transmission and other processes are based on a distributed system structure. There is no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations of any node are equal. The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system. 2. The open and transparent system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent. 3. The security blockchain adopts protocol-basedConsistent specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) enable all nodes in the entire system to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment, changing trust in "people" to trust in machines. Human intervention does not work. 4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system (almost impossible) can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node will be Invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high. 5. Anonymity Since the exchanges between nodes follow a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not require trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty does not need to reveal its identity to the other party. Generating trust is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.
4. Classification of Blockchains
Currently, the most mainstream classification of Blockchains is to divide Blockchains into Public Blockchains based on different participants. ), Private Blockchain and Consortium Blockchain.
1. Public chain: Anyone can participate in the use and maintenance, and can obtain effective confirmation of the blockchain. The public chain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain at present. , typically such as the Bitcoin blockchain, the information is completely public.
If a permission mechanism is introduced, it will include private chain and alliance chain. 2. Private chain: A company or individual only uses blockchain technology and has exclusive write permission to the blockchain, and the information is not made public. At present, conservative giants (traditional finance) all want to experiment with private blockchains, and the application products of private blockchains are still being explored. 3. Alliance chain: It is a blockchain between the public chain and the virtual chain, jointly controlled by multiple organizations. The use of this chain is managed with authority and can be subject to the manager or according to the manager’s wishes. Be open to others. In addition, according to the different usage scenarios and purposes of blockchain, it is divided into currency chains for the purpose of digital currency, property rights chains for the purpose of recording property rights, crowdfunding chains for the purpose of crowdfunding, etc.
5. Analysis of specific application scenarios of blockchain
1. Information anti-counterfeiting
On May 28, Tencent CEO Ma Huateng spoke at the Guiyang Digital Expo The problem of Moutai anti-counterfeiting has been raised: the anti-counterfeiting method based on cloud-based comprehensive blockchain technology will be much more efficient than traditional anti-counterfeiting methods. In future anti-counterfeiting verification scenarios, users may only need to perform a simple scan with their mobile phone to obtain a large amount of complete information based on different dimensions.
Take Moutai as an example:
Distillery address, production workshop, operating employees, inspectors, factory time, transportation vehicle information and driver information,
Wine vintage source of raw materials, raw material supplier, storage warehouse number, raw material transportation vehicle and driver information,
AllThe information can be accurately traced to its source, permanently recorded and cannot be tampered with.
The authenticity can be easily verified based on the above information.
2. Food safety issues
As early as November last year, Walmart had cooperated with IBM to ensure food safety by using blockchain technology to track food sources. safety and increase the circulation of food to reduce costs. For large supermarkets such as Wal-Mart, when food safety problems occurred in the past, it took several days to investigate the source of the problematic food. After using this technology, only one piece of information about the product is required. It can accurately trace the source of important information such as food origin, inspectors, suppliers, logistics and transportation, and quickly detect problems within a few minutes. Currently, products tracked using blockchain include packaging products in the United States and pork in China.
3. Information Security
Blockchain technology is promoting a revolution in information security technology. Three major security threats: man-in-the-middle attack, data tampering, and DDoS
(1) Identity protection
PKI is a common public key encryption used in various communication applications such as email, messaging applications, and websites. technology. However, since most PKI implementations rely on a centralized trusted third-party certification authority (CA) to issue, activate and store user certificates, hackers can attack PKI to fake user identities or crack encrypted information.
CertCoin is the first blockchain PKI implementation, coming from MIT, which removes the centralized certification center and uses the blockchain as a distributed ledger of domain names and public keys.
Pomcor Company: Blockchain PKI implementation path: retain the certification center and use the blockchain to store hash values of issued and activated certificates. Users can verify the authenticity of certificates through decentralized and transparent sources, while also improving network access performance through local authentication of keys and signatures based on blockchain copies.
(2) Data integrity protection
GuardTime has developed a keyless signature architecture (KSI) based on blockchain technology to replace key-based data authentication technology. KSI stores hashes of the original data and files on the blockchain, runs hashing algorithms to verify other copies, and compares the results with the data stored on the blockchain. Any tampering with the data will be quickly detected because the original hash table is stored on millions of nodes.
(3) Protection of critical infrastructure
The "Achilles' heel" of the Internet, DDoS has entered the TB era, and DDoS is still the easiest way for hackers to defeat large targets at low cost. As a weapon, DNS services are the primary target for hackers to carry out large-scale damage, but blockchain technology is expected to fundamentally solve it.
The distributed storage of blockchain makes hacker attacks lose focus. Nebulis is developing a distributed DNS system using the Ethereum blockchain and the InterPlanetary Internet File System (IPFS, a distributed alternative to HTTP product) to register and resolve domain names. DNS biggest weaknessIt's caching. Caching makes DDoS attacks possible. It's also the bane of centralized governments censoring social networks and manipulating DNS registrations. A highly transparent, distributed DNS system can effectively prevent any entity, including the government, from manipulating records.
IV. Financial Industry
(1) Digital Currency: Improving the convenience of currency issuance and use
For example, foreign Bitcoin and Ethereum, our country currently There are Nuo Compao and so on.
From the use of physical transactions, to physical currency and credit currency, to the rise of the Bitcoin network, more people are aware of the distributed ledger blockchain technology behind it, and gradually outside of digital currency applied in many scenarios.
(2) Cross-border payment and settlement: realize point-to-point transactions and reduce intermediate costs
Transfer and payment. At present, the most mature application of blockchain technology is payment and transfer. Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems, save the process of inter-bank reconciliation and review, and speed up settlement; using virtual currency does not require the intervention of a clearing house, reducing transaction fee. The clearing procedures of each country are different. It takes 2 or 3 days for a single remittance to arrive, which is inefficient and accounts for a large proportion of funds in transit. No longer going through a third party, point-to-point payment is formed through blockchain technology. Eliminating the need for third-party institutions, you can make payments throughout the day, receive money in real time, quickly withdraw cash, and reduce hidden costs, helping to avoid financial risks. It is timely and convenient.
(3) Bills and supply chain financial business: reduce human intervention, reduce costs and operational risks
Point-to-point value transfer, physical bills or central system for control and verification; intermediary will be eliminated and human intervention reduced. Improved efficiency, smoother financing channels, lower risks, and benefits for all parties.
(4) Securities issuance and trading: realize quasi-real-time asset transfer and accelerate transaction clearing speed
The application of blockchain technology can make the securities trading process simpler, more transparent and faster , Reduce IT systems with repetitive functions and improve the efficiency of market operations. For stocks, blockchain can eliminate paper and pen or spreadsheet records, reduce human errors in transactions, and improve the transparency and traceability of trading platforms. Citi and Nasdaq collaborate to advance blockchain applications.
(5) Customer credit reporting and anti-fraud: reduce legal compliance costs and prevent financial crimes
Customer information and transaction records recorded in the blockchain help banks identify Abnormal transactions and effectively prevent fraud. The technical characteristics of blockchain can change the existing credit reporting system. When banks perform "know your customer" (KYC), the data of customers with bad records will be stored in the blockchain.
Equity crowdfunding: Equity crowdfunding based on blockchain technology can achieve decentralized trust and investors’ returns are guaranteed.
5. Supply chain management
Distributed ledger system, participants track the ownership of assets throughout the process, and can be used to track auto parts when moving between countries and factories.
Toyota is its core componentSupply chain operations, the prerequisite for developing blockchain technology solutions. Using a large amount of data helps Toyota more efficiently ensure the accuracy of recorded data and can also help manage the supply chain. At the same time, the blockchain supply chain can control warranty, repair goods-related costs and specifications through smart contracts, and transactions throughout the product life cycle are irrevocable.
The shipping industry’s first public solution, deployed by Maritime Transport International (MTI), uses blockchain supply chain technology to share Verified Gross Mass (VGM) information for shipping containers. Information about container VGM is important to ensure ships are properly stowed and to prevent accidents at sea and in ports. VGM data is stored on the blockchain supply chain, providing a permanent record for port officials, shipping companies, shippers and cargo owners. This replaces cumbersome logs, spreadsheets, data brokers and private databases.
Logistics Integrity System Wagonbang Wagonbang launched a blockchain-based financial solution for logistics enterprises, aiming to provide enterprises with reliable financial services. It can not only help drivers solve the problem of loan difficulty, but also change the current situation of lack of integrity in the industry and help build a logistics integrity system. Help build the identity chain of logistics companies and create a trusted data ecosystem for logistics companies. Using a transparent, supervisory, and traceable algorithm model, we screen reliable companies that need financial support and provide them with financial services. On the other hand, at the technical level, various law enforcement departments are linked to jointly punish dishonest companies.
6. Government management
(1) Election
Based on the characteristics of blockchain technology and considering the shortcomings of current election technology, we will build an open source , Blockchain applications for elections, voting and lottery, we call it ElectionChain. We hope to optimize election and voting technology to make voting more open and transparent, reduce human manipulation, and allow voters to verify their election results.
Including identity authentication, multi-chain system, flash investment protocol, consensus algorithm EDPOS, privacy protection, voting mechanism design, decentralized ELC rental market, storage solutions, smart contracts, etc.
(2) Government services
Aiming to realize an e-government digital ecosystem based on blockchain technology and provide citizens with government services and an automated mechanism for the business of various government departments, it must be All areas of national government affairs are combined to form a common information space, including government agencies, economic data, financial transactions and social fields. This ecosystem should also include registries and corresponding software for building smart contract-based applications and platforms for government agencies, businesses and public users.
『二』How does blockchain technology work?
From a data perspective, blockchain is a distributed database or a distributed shared ledger. The "distributed" here is not only reflected in the distributed storage of data, but also in the distributed recording of data. From an effect point of view, blockchain can generate a set of records that record time and cannot be tampered with.A reliable and reliable database.
Blockchain has four core technologies. The first core technology is blockchain + chain, which is the core technology and the most basic technology in blockchain. The second core technology is the distributed structure. The exquisite design of the blockchain structure allows every node participating in data transactions to record and store all data. The third core technology is the asymmetric encryption algorithm, and the fourth core technology is the script. The script can be understood as a programmable smart contract.
『三』What are the advantages of Shenzhen’s implementation of blockchain electronic invoices compared to paper invoices
The advantage is that with the help of the underlying technology of blockchain, the combination of blockchain electronic invoices The new payment and reimbursement model, by building a blockchain electronic invoice management system and opening up a third-party payment and invoicing service platform, realizes automatic entry of enterprises into the chain, automatic approval by tax authorities, and automatic reimbursement by the ERP system, completing a fully closed-loop process on the chain. Compared with traditional invoices, blockchain electronic invoice technology can realize application, issuance, inspection and accounting on the invoice chain, providing a new integrated "order + invoicing" solution for the catering industry and realizing paperless intelligent tax management. .
『四』What are the blockchain companies?
——The following data sources and analysis are from the "Business Model Innovation and Investment in China's Blockchain Industry" published by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute Opportunity in-depth analysis report".
——Original title: Analysis of the market status and development trends of China’s blockchain industry in 2019. Widespread implementation of applications to accelerate the construction of digital ChinaAnalysis of the industrial chain of the blockchain industry: There are many downstream application fields with huge development potential
From the perspective of the industrial chain, my country's blockchain industry includes upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure; midstream blockchain applications and technical services;
Downstream blockchain application fields and other links. Upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure mainly provide necessary hardware, technology and infrastructure support for blockchain applications. Among them, hardware equipment includes mining machines, mining pools, chip manufacturers, etc.; general technologies include distributed storage, decentralization transaction, data services, distributed computing and other related technologies.
Downstream application fields include the combination of applying blockchain technology with existing industries, mainly including the financial industry, logistics industry, copyright protection, medical health, industrial energy and many other fields. As an emerging technology, blockchain There are many downstream application fields and huge development potential.
Midstream blockchain applications and services include basic platform construction and the provision of technical service support. The basic platform construction is divided into general basic chains and vertical domain basic chains; technical service support includes technical support and service support. Support is similar to upstream related technologies, and is responsible for providing buyers with a series of technical support based on blockchain products such as blockchain security protection; service support includes a series of services such as digital asset trading venues, digital asset storage, and media communities.
Analysis of the industrial chain of the blockchain industry
Data source: Compiled by Qianzhan Industry Research Institute
『五』What is the concept of blockchain? Is blockchain a scam? The most complete explanation of blockchain
What is the concept of blockchain?
On October 25, 2019, the country advocated the development of blockchain. Overnight, the blockchain concept became popular.
However, many people are hearing about blockchain for the first time.
So, what is blockchain?
Let’s take a look at it from an academic perspective:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transactions. Information, used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
In fact, blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.
Is blockchain the same as Bitcoin? Blockchain is not Bitcoin. The first application of blockchain is Bitcoin.
What are the characteristics of blockchain? Now let’s take a look at several characteristics of the blockchain:
1. Decentralization:
The most important feature of the blockchain is decentralization, and the blockchain system is different Based on a centralized database, it is not controlled by any person or entity. Through distributed storage, data is completely copied and distributed on multiple computers, and each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and management.
2. Non-tamperability:
The blockchain system also has the characteristics of non-tamperability. In the blockchain system, each node is the center and no information can be changed, not even the administrator can modify this information. The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. This situation is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
3. Publicity:
In a blockchain system, all nodes in the network can easily access information. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to private information being encrypted, blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent. .
4. Independence:
Because the blockchain is decentralized, it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, so there is no need for a third party whether in transaction or exchange of funds. of approval.
Let’s assume an environment: 6 people live in dormitory 188 of the university
There is a ledger in the dormitory for Xiao Li, who is good at calculation, to keep accounts.
In the beginning, when the dormitory sold paper boxes or bought some public items, Xiao Li would record them in the ledger. If Xiao Li wanted to enrich himself and made false accounts, there would be less money in the account books, but no one would know.
After all, there is already a general ledger room, who would have nothing to do to keep track of the ledgers?
However, one day, because Xiao Li took more, there were obvious errors in the account book. Now, he could no longer hide it, so Xiao Li had to admit his mistake and make up the money.
So, how to solve this problem?
If blockchain is used to solve the problem:
Everyone in the dormitory takes out a ledger, and every time a transaction occurs, everyone records it in their own ledger. , such problems will not arise, because everyone is keeping accounts and can see the transaction records and final results on the ledger.
Xiao Li can’t change, you can’t change, and neither can your lower bunk. No one can change it.
This is because the previous accounting model was a centralized accounting model, and the current accounting model is a decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone is the accountant.
If someone wants to change it, it will obviously be ineffective if they only change the data on their own account book, unless they bribe three people.
So, is blockchain a scam?
With the emergence of the great benefits of blockchain, in a short period of time, the prices of blockchain-related assets have soared, and ordinary investors are becoming more and more interested in blockchain. And criminals have also taken aim at this. There are some criminals who wear the gorgeous cloak of "blockchain" and use the blockchain to commit fraud or issue digital currencies without permission, leading many people to think that the blockchain is a scam.
But in fact, it is not. Blockchain is just a technology. If it can be used well, it will benefit the public and promote the development of the industry.
In particular, the application of blockchain is very wide and can be applied to almost everything of value to human beings.
Medical field: For example, when you go to the hospital for medical treatment, you can directly check the previous medical treatment in your own database, which greatly saves medical resources and saves medical expenses for repeated examinations.
Food traceability: Do you know where the food on your table comes from? Where is itIs it transported by a logistics team? This information can be tracked using blockchain. It can provide us with a single source of truth.
Supply chain application: For example, when we buy a product on a certain product, it leaves the factory, goes to the distributor for logistics turnover, goes to the seller's store warehouse, and then reaches the consumer's hands. During these processes, if something goes wrong, only you will know about it, and others, especially consumers, will not.
Well, that’s all the relevant knowledge about the concept of blockchain is introduced here, I hope it can be helpful to you.
『Lu』 What is blockchain mining and what does it do? Detailed introduction to blockchain and virtual currency
When Bitcoin was first released, people discovered that it was decentralized. , not subject to any central control; it is completely open, except for the encryption of transaction information, the entire system information is highly transparent, and the technology is open source; security, as long as you cannot control %51 of all nodes, you cannot modify the data arbitrarily, which makes it Relatively safe; independent, the entire model and Bitcoin do not rely on any third party. All nodes verify and exchange data within the system without any intervention
Here we explain in detail what blockchain technology is, To put it bluntly, it is block + chain, so what is "block"? What is a "chain" again?
A block is a ledger. Transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction, and at the same time Can jointly testify for it
Each block contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, the corresponding timestamp, and the transaction data (usually a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm) represents), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. Distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties and permanently verify the transactions.
The function of the hash function h(): convert a string of any length into a fixed-length (for example, 256 bits) output. The output is also called a hash value. This output is irreversible
It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x) = h(y), that is, two different inputs, There will be different output. Theoretically, two different inputs may have different outputs, but this is almost impossible. For example, if an infinite space is mapped to a finite space, there must be a many-to-one situation. The theory exists, but there are no rules. It is guaranteed that you cannot find this result through any mathematical inference. Why is it 256 bits here? Isn't it longer? Because 256 bits are secure enough.
Split the ledger into blocks. For example, a piece of paper in a book is a block. Each block records transactions within a period of time, such as 10 minutes
We compare each piece of paper to a block, and add a part of content on each block. We call it the block header, which records the hash value of the parent block. Through each block Store the hash value of the parent block, and connect all blocks smoothly to form a blockchain
Record the hash value of block 1 to the block header of block 2, and do this every time The block header of each block records the hash value of the parent block, and each block is linked in order. This is called a blockchain. The first block has no block header and is also called the genesis block
The blockchain is a ledger. Only when transactions occur in the ledger will the money in your account increase. If you need to make a transaction, you first need an account number and password. Just like your bank card has an account number and password, others can make a transfer to you. The account password on the block ledger is the public key and private key
Lao Wang (who already has a private key and a public key) wants to transfer 10 BTC to Zhang, which requires some operations
It is proved that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer signature function Sign (Lao Wang’s private key + Transfer information: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) = signature of this special account
The verification is that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer verification function Verify (Lao Wang’s address + Transfer details: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) + Signature of this transfer) = true
Once the transfer is recorded in the block, no one can change it. Zhang San will increase it by 10 BTC, and Lao Wang will decrease it by 10 BTC accordingly. The entire operation is automatic, such as your wallet The app will help you do this. The app knows your private key, you tell the wallet the transaction content, the wallet signature is announced to the entire network, and it waits for others to verify the transaction
Centralized accounting The efficiency will be higher. Banks, governments or Alipay will keep accounts for you, which is very reliable, because they can't touch your money unless they have your private key
There are some disadvantages in centralized accounting< /p>
In decentralization, everyone can keep accounts, and everyone can keep a complete ledger. Anyone can download open source programs, participate in Bitcoin's p2p network, monitor transactions sent from all over the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting. Suppose Xiaoyi releases a transaction and broadcasts it to the entire network, and accounting node A listens. When this transaction arrives, A verifies that the transaction bit is true and puts it into the transaction pool to continue to spread to other nodes. Because it is spread through the network, the transaction pools of different accounting nodes are not necessarily the same at the same time. Every 10 minutes, from all accounting nodes Among the nodes, select one according to a certain method. After verifying that the transaction of this node is true, then compare the transaction records in the transaction pool of this selected node with the transaction records in the transaction pool of your own (A) node. The comparison is completed. Afterwards, you will be selected in the trading pool.The transactions recorded by the accounting node are deleted, and the other accounting nodes continue to record and wait for the next selection. Every 10 minutes is a cycle. During this 10 minutes, all accounting nodes record accounts normally, and another node is selected after 10 minutes. Treat the transactions in its transaction pool as a new block. This block comes from the transaction pool of an accounting node I randomly selected among all the accounting nodes, and so on.
The transaction is not blocked. The recording is completed. Only when the transaction becomes a certain block, the transaction is truly completed. This is a complete accounting process of decentralization. Your transaction will not be recorded immediately because the p2p network propagation takes time. If the node of the selected block has not received your transaction, the transaction will be not done. A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within 10 minutes can be recorded. 10 minutes is just an average value
Due to the characteristics of decentralized accounting, accounting nodes with accounting rights will receive a 50BTC reward every ten minutes, which is about the same for every 210,000 blocks. In 4 years, the reward is halved. Bitcoin has been halved twice since its issuance. Then a new block is generated every ten minutes. The reward for this accounting node is 10.5 BTC. If it is halved every 4 years, the total number of BTC can be calculated. The amount is approximately 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040. Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin. When BTC is mined, the only income that the accounting node can obtain is the transaction fee
Accounting nodes compete for accounting rights through questions,
Find a certain random number that makes the equation invalid
SHA256 hash function (random number + parent block hash value + Transactions in the transaction pool) A certain specified value)
There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining, so the accounting node that solves this problem is also called mining. It’s called a miner. The faster you traverse random numbers, the greater the possibility of getting the accounting rights. This traversal speed is called computing power by mine bosses. In order to obtain this computing power, mine bosses will Purchase more mining machines with higher computing power
Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights. Accounting node A is the first to find the solution, which is announced to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, node A obtains the block, gains 12.5 BTC, and restarts a new round of calculation after the new block. This method is called (POW) allocating accounting rights
It usually takes about 10 minutes to solve this random number. 10 is not absolute, because the process of solving this problem is a process of luck. In response to changes in computing power in the future, Bitcoin will increase or decrease the difficulty every 2016 blocks, about two weeks, so that the average block generation time is ten minutes
Each block contains BeforeA block's encrypted hash, corresponding timestamp and transaction data (usually represented by a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. Distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties and permanently verify the transactions.
Different from traditional stored data, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Each node of the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on The consensus mechanism ensures storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through a central node.
Mahjong is a traditional Chinese blockchain project. A group of four miners work together. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded.
Many people say that blockchain is a scam and Bitcoin is a scam. This may be a scam, but this technology has been widely recognized and applied. The cryptography knowledge involved in blockchain can only be used by ordinary people. Even if you don’t understand it, the most important thing is to look at the problem from a relatively rational perspective. Don’t let the wind be the rain.
There is something incredible about this technology. It maintains absolute order without a center or supervision. This is the trust that only needs to be established by everyone’s consensus. Bitcoin created this consensus. In the blockchain In the world everyone is fair and equal.
『撒』 What are the more reliable blockchain companies in China at present
There are still many domestic companies that are actually doing blockchain technology, many of which are in the region. The companies that have survived the development of blockchain are all good.
Qulian Technology
Wanxiang Blockchain
Neng Chain Group
Complex Beauty Technology
Galaxy Blockchain
Zhigui Technology
Medical Chain Group
Ant Blockchain
Network Super Chain
JD Zhizhen Chain
Thunder Chain
『8』What are the basic knowledge of blockchain
The blockchain realizes decentralized distributed storage of data information by allowing every node scattered in the network (you and I can be nodes) to jointly participate in the management of the database with a certain consensus. Without the need for nodes to trust each other, blockchain can ensure the integrity and security of data records within the system. Compared with the centralized world of the past, the first thing blockchain has to overcome is their opacity, eliminating black-box operations.
You can think of the blockchain as a public "running account" ledger. Each node has the same ledger, and everyone participates in accounting. When a transaction occurs, the transaction details need to be broadcast to keep all parties involved. Synchronous update of node ledger data. If the blockchain is a ledger, then each "block" is each page in the ledger.
Blockchain Precautions
An important factor that distinguishes blockchain from ordinary databases is that blockchain has special conditions for inputting data into the database. That is, the new data entered cannot conflict with the data that already exists in it (data consistency), and the data cannot be changed. The data itself is locked with the user, which is replicable and valid. Finally, without centralized personal control, everyone reaches a consensus about what is happening in the database.
The last point is the core of the blockchain. Decentralization is attractive because it means there is no single point of failure. That is, no agency can take away your assets or alter records to suit their needs. This immutability eliminates the need to trust anyone, which is beneficial to any blockchain member, but comes at a significant cost.
『玖』 What is blockchain
[Definition]
Blockchain refers to the method of decentralization and trustlessness A technical solution for collectively maintaining a reliable database. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.
Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.
The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by the author who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto (Satoshi Nakamoto) individual (or group). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.
[Popular explanation]
No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but blockchain technologyNot so.
If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This also means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.
Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world , otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.
[Elements]
Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).
1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)
2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)
3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)
4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
[Features]
Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will Four main characteristics are realized: Decentralized, Trustless, Collectively maintained, and Reliable Database. And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.
Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.
Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.
Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.
Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system.
Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.
Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.
『Shi』 The ranking of blockchain companies must be reliable!
There are still very few blockchain unicorn companies., the development of blockchain is still in its early stages and requires a long-term development process.
If you want to do blockchain development-related technologies and issues, including customized development, you can communicate with each other.
