区块链问题及解决,区块链问题包括哪些

区块链技术是一种新型的互联网技术，它将记录信息和数据，以及实现资产交易和支付的功能结合起来，可以让用户在网络上更安全、更可信赖地进行交易。但是，区块链技术也存在一些问题，这些问题阻碍了区块链技术的发展。

首先，区块链技术的安全性是一个重要的问题，因为它涉及到大量的数据和资金。安全性的问题一直是区块链技术的一大障碍，因为攻击者可以利用技术漏洞来破坏区块链系统。此外，由于区块链技术是一种去中心化的技术，所以它不能依靠中央机构来管理和监督，这也是区块链技术安全性问题的一个重要原因。

其次，区块链技术的可扩展性也是一个问题。由于区块链技术是一种分布式技术，它的每一个节点都必须存储整个区块链网络的所有信息，这意味着，随着网络的发展，每个节点都必须存储更多的信息，这会导致网络的效率降低。此外，随着网络的发展，每个节点都需要更多的带宽和存储空间，这也是区块链技术可扩展性问题的一个重要原因。

最后，区块链技术的隐私性也是一个问题。由于区块链技术的特性，它的每一个交易都会被记录在区块链上，这意味着，任何人都可以查看区块链上的交易记录，这可能会对用户的隐私构成威胁。因此，如何保护用户的隐私是区块链技术面临的一个重要问题。

总之，区块链技术存在着诸多问题，包括安全性、可扩展性和隐私性等。要解决这些问题，必须采取有效的技术措施，以提高区块链技术的安全性、可扩展性和隐私性。特别是，要实施有效的加密技术，以保护用户的隐私，以及采用分布式存储技术，以提高区块链系统的可扩展性。只有通过这些技术措施，才能有效地解决区块链技术的问题，实现区块链技术的可持续发展。

⑴ What is the current status of China’s blockchain industry

China’s blockchain industry has developed rapidly in 2019, which is mainly reflected in the following points:

First, high-level national strategic guidance and support create a good policy environment. According to incomplete statistics, in the first half of 2019, more than 23 provinces and cities across the country released more than 112 pieces of policy information involving blockchain. High-level government officials emphasized that the application of blockchain technology plays an important role in technological innovation and industrial transformation, and supported the accelerated development of blockchain technology and industrial innovation.

In addition, market supervision policies regarding blockchain have also gradually improved. On the one hand, strict vigilance and testing are carried out for virtual currency transactions and services; on the other hand, related industries with blockchain applications The regulatory system is also being further constructed and improved to provide a strong guarantee for industrial blockchain projects to deeply serve the real economy. The market has become more standardized and the industrial environment has gradually become clearer. In addition, support for technological breakthroughs and talent encouragement has also been provided through the establishment of blockchain Industrial parks, blockchain special investment funds and other means will subsidize technological innovation and talent introduction to promote the development of the blockchain industry.

Second, domestic enterprises actively participate in the research and development and application of blockchain technology and carry out blockchain strategic layout. For example, e-commerce giants such as Alibaba use blockchain technology in areas such as product traceability and cross-border settlement. JD.com uses a transparent supply chain system to combat counterfeit and shoddy products. Tencent focuses on the development of applications in financial fields such as electronic invoices.

⑵ What problems currently exist in the Ethereum blockchain ETH

The Ethereum blockchain currently exposes three major problems, and its founder Vitalik Buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. The first is the overall low performance and TPS of the Ethereum blockchain; the second is the lack of isolation of resources. The CryptoKitties virtual cat incident once occupied 20% of the entire Ethereum traffic, which directly caused the Ethereum network users to be unable to carry out timely operations. Transactions are the biggest pain point of not isolating resources; the third problem lies in the governance structure of Ethereum. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the blockchain has been too central in the past. The founder team has dominated the development of its network. The centralized governance model has led to the emergence of ETH, ETC, ETF and other forks in Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is currently in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of "aelf" founder and CEO Ma Haobo, the various shortcomings currently occurring in the Ethereum network are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" was born to benchmark the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, focusing on solving the current problems of insufficient performance, lack of resource isolation, and governance structure of Ethereum.

⑶ What will be the development trend of blockchain in 2020?

In 2020, blockchain must transcend its POC imprint and demonstrate actual market applicability. soHere are more blockchain trends to watch in 2020:
1. Blockchain vendors will actively seek out industries with better services and tools.
2. Companies will continue to explore the “crypto-ification” of all types of physical and digital assets
3. Digital Asset Model Language (DAML) may overturn existing frameworks.
4. Since scalability and interoperability are thorny issues plaguing blockchain deployments, enterprises will need more scalability and "interconnectivity between networks" in 2020. Now with policy support, the development of blockchain applications is also very hot. There is now a SMIC blockchain service platform project initiated by Changsha High-tech Zone, which is a blockchain + public service model and is recruiting companies to join the blockchain.

⑷ What should the phenomenon and application of blockchain look like

1. The revolution of blockchain

Until the 7th year after the emergence of Bitcoin , its underlying core technology blockchain has only begun to become known to people. With the wealth effect caused by Bitcoin’s multi-million-fold increase, blockchain is becoming more and more popular. Its value is widely recognized and it is generally considered to be the core technology leading the fourth industrial revolution.

In 2018, Xu Xiaoping, a well-known angel investor, raised his arms and shouted: "The blockchain revolution has arrived! We must embrace this revolution!" With one stone, it caused thousands of waves, and soon the official blockchain learning book was launched online , official media interpreted that a wave of entrepreneurship and recruitment are coming one after another. In 2019, blockchain was officially designated as “an important breakthrough for independent innovation in core technologies.”

Under this situation, blockchain has become an out-and-out "new trend", and blockchain application has become a keyword. It has significant advantages in optimizing business processes and building trustworthy systems. How can we use these advantages of blockchain technology to empower the real economy?

Not only blockchain project parties are trying, but also Chinese Internet giants represented by BAT, financial systems and mobile operators represented by China Merchants Bank, Bank of China, and Ping An Insurance, etc. They are all actively carrying out "blockchain+", and it is also in full swing overseas. Facebook, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, etc. are all actively promoting it.

2. Blockchain+

On August 10, 2018, Tencent issued the first blockchain electronic invoice. As of July 3, 2020, invoices were issued Volume reaches 25 million. Blockchain electronic invoices have the advantages of simple invoicing, on-demand supply, low cost, high efficiency, and anti-counterfeiting. Tencent Blockchain quickly occupied the market with first-mover advantages in blockchain + government affairs and blockchain + taxation.

Ant Financial, owned by Alibaba, began to deploy blockchain as early as 2015. So far, Ant Blockchain has open alliance chain, BaaS platform and other products covering dozens of application scenarios. Already cooperated with Intel, Jingdezhen Porcelain, Bayer, etc.Many well-known companies around the world have reached chain-link cooperation. The Internet also entered the blockchain very early and launched blockchain games, blockchain certificate storage and other services. Currently, the number of certificates stored on the chain has exceeded 100 million.

In 2019, the scale of China's blockchain industry alone reached 1.2 billion yuan. Data from the research institution Research and Markets shows that the output value of blockchain technology in the telecommunications field will surge from 4.66 million US dollars in 2018 to 2023. 993.8 billion US dollars in the year. Against this background, 2020 will usher in multiple policy benefits.

1. Officials have included blockchain into the scope of new infrastructure and new technology infrastructure;

2. Hunan released the "Three-Year Action Plan for the Development of the Blockchain Industry in Hunan Province" ( 2020-2022)";

3. Guangzhou launched the "Implementation Opinions of Guangzhou on Promoting the Innovation and Development of the Blockchain Industry (2020-2022)";

4. Beijing issued the "Beijing Blockchain Innovation and Development Action Plan (2020-2022)";

5. Jiangxi launched a blockchain service hall online;

6. Wuhan A special event for the transformation of blockchain technology scientific and technological achievements will be held;

7. The Chongqing Smart Expo Blockchain Application Innovation Competition plans to invest a huge amount of 50 million yuan as investment incentives.

However, although the implementation of blockchain in financial, government affairs, public welfare, games, agriculture, manufacturing, medical care, copyright and other physical fields has achieved remarkable results, it has also played an active role in fighting the new crown epidemic. role.

However, due to the influence of the general environment, more funds, resources, and attention have been attracted to the direction of blockchain empowering the real economy, but the core native applications of blockchain have been ignored.

3. Blockchain native applications

The Internet has opened an era of information explosion, and blockchain will bring a future where value flows freely. In today's global economic and financial system, affected by many factors such as ideology, cultural systems, business models, and technological levels, the cost of value transfer is high and the efficiency is low, especially in cross-border payment scenarios.

In the future blockchain era, value transfer will be like information transfer: global, instant, free, and equally enjoyed by everyone. All offline assets such as stocks, securities, identities, and real estate can be freely converted on the chain.

Moreover, the impact of blockchain technology has far exceeded the technical category itself. It is also an idea. The soul of blockchain lies in consensus. In the era of blockchain, truly powerful vitality will be born in community consensus and application implementation, and community and consensus will become the main body and soul of the industry.

In a community with consensus, individual energy and value will be fully stimulated, offsetting the fission effect of traditional centralization, breaking the original solid underlying structure, and reshaping new business and social values.

Therefore, blockchain native applications should be based on community and consensus, give individuals a path to realize their value, and be able to maximize the application ecosystem that stimulates individual energy and creativity, ultimately breaking monopoly and forming Decentralized free value exchange network.

Individual energy and value are multi-dimensional and highly subjective. These blockchain model designs obviously cannot fully stimulate individual energy, and are even far from it.

Native applications that truly conform to the spirit of blockchain should be grand and comprehensive in application model design, taking into account all online and offline value-creating behaviors of individuals for personalized use by individuals. , each individual’s areas of expertise are different.

Borrowing from the Pareto optimal solution theory, each individual's energy can be maximized to maximize the energy of the whole, and only then can the original centralized business model be broken and a free flow of global individuals be formed. A peer-to-peer value transmission network builds a new decentralized business infrastructure, changes the value creation and delivery model, and reshapes the values ​​of the entire society.

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⑸ What are the existing problems with blockchain technology

1. Performance issues

Volume issues

Blockchain’s requirements for data backup pose challenges to storage space. Blockchain requires that after a transaction is completed, it is broadcast to the entire network, and every node in the system must back up data.

Take Bitcoin as an example. The block data since the creation block has exceeded 60GB, and the amount of blockchain data is still increasing. This will bring problems to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. A big challenge.

Processing speed issues

The Bitcoin blockchain currently processes a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second, and a confirmation time is about 10 minutes, which can easily cause congestion delays for a large number of transactions, which may Applications with small multiple transactions and highly time-sensitive transactions will be restricted.

Although there are some methods to overcome it, methods to comprehensively solve transaction efficiency still need to be discovered.

Energy consumption is too high

Thirdly, the computing power in the mining process does not produce additional actual social value, and also wastes a large amount of electronic resources. With the increasing popularity of currency, blockchain has gradually become a capital-intensive industry with high energy consumption.

2. Centralization problem

Inequality of nodes

First, theoretically, each node in the distributed network should be treated equally, but in order to obtain rewards for mining, each node may increase its computing power to compete for hardware, resulting in node inequality and destroying the randomness of blockchain accounting rights.

Industrialized and large-scale mining has given rise to mining pools

Theoretically, if the mining pools collude to control more than 51% of the computing power for system supply, a dual Although the costs of payment far exceed the benefits in the actual process, the possibility of collusive supply cannot be denied.

3. Privacy and security issues

Private keys are easily stolen

First, the current blockchain uses an asymmetric key mechanism. It has high security, but the private key is stored locally and can be easily stolen by hackers.

The transparency of blockchain data can easily lead to privacy leaks

Every participant in the public chain can obtain a complete data backup, and the entire system is open and transparent. The currency protects privacy by isolating the connection between the transaction address and the holder’s true identity.

When the blockchain needs to carry more businesses, how nodes verify information and execute commands requires more consideration.

4. Upgrade and incentive issues

The number of participating nodes in the public chain is huge

Whether it is upgrading or fixing errors, the system cannot be shut down and centralized. , it may be necessary to consider relaxing the issue of decentralization.

There is a competitive game between each node

Requires the improvement of incentive compatibility mechanism, how to enable self-interested nodes in the decentralized system to spontaneously carry out block data verification And accounting work, and designing a reasonable penalty function to suppress irrational competition is another challenge faced by the blockchain.

⑹ 2020-Blockchain Basics 25 Lectures-Why the world needs blockchain

1. Trust and completeness in peer-to-peer systems; the two most important conditions are, The first is to understand the node data in the system, and the second is to understand the trustworthiness of the nodes.

2. Threats: technical failures and malicious nodes.

3. For a completely decentralized peer-to-peer system, the core problem solved by the blockchain is to realize and ensure the completeness of the system.

4. There are four ways to define blockchain. One is a data structure, just like a book. Each page has a specific message and each page has a specific encoding. Determined; the second is an algorithm, an algorithm that properly coordinates and organizes a large number of specific data structures; the third is a complete technical solution, that is, the integration of data structures, algorithms, cryptography and security technology; the fourth is in general applications An umbrella term for a fully decentralized peer-to-peer system in a scenario.

5. The blockchain is a completely distributed point-to-point ledger system. It uses a special algorithm to coordinate the order of information generation in the block, and uses encryption technology to connect the blockchain data, thereby ensuring the system of completeness.

6. Ownership management;

7. Ownership and witnesses. It is a good thing to have one witness, but having multiple independent witnesses is a way to prove to the prosecutor that you The key to innocence.

8. 3 steps to prove ownership

* Proof of owner

* Proof of ownership of things
< br /> * Provide a connection between the owner and things

9. Identity authentication, authentication, and authorization; identity authentication refers to confirming the user's identity; authentication refers to proving that you are indeed The person you claim to be; authorization refers to allowing you to access specific resources or obtain specific services based on previous identification.

10. The nature and significance of ledgers; publicity (reading data, viewing historical data, maintaining state) and privacy (writing data, creating new data, changing state)

11. The connection between ownership and blockchain:

* A single ledger can be used to record information related to ownership, and can be regarded as a ledger that stores data related to ownership in the blockchain. ;

* A single ledger is stored on nodes in a peer-to-peer system;

* The blockchain algorithm ensures that each node can synchronize to A state;

* The completeness of the system is the key to the system being able to provide a true and correct ownership description;

* When identity authentication, authentication, authorization and ensuring data security , cryptography technology must be used;

12. The meaning of double spending includes: problems caused by copying digital goods; possible problems in decentralized peer-to-peer distributed ledgers; in fully distributed peer-to-peer systems An example of completeness violation; Blockchain technology is a means to solve the double-spending problem.

⑺ The development of blockchain has been frustrated during the epidemic, and flashy blockchain pilots are falling out of favor

Under the new crown epidemic, blockchain suppliers and advocates are afraid of companies in the region Blockchain implementation setbacks.

The adoption of blockchain is a relatively new area for business leaders. As the economy shrinks and IT budgets shrink, blockchain may be the first project to be axed.

Although no sweeping changes have hit blockchain adoption, the technologyThe landscape has indeed changed.

Similar to the trends in data and software, the focus of blockchain implementation in the COVID-19 era has also shifted to areas where technology can provide the greatest value in the shortest time.

Eschewing flashy pilots without clear intent, leaders are targeting areas of higher value, with COVID-19 pressures further deepening the weaknesses of existing blockchain applications.

In the aftermath of the crisis, funding for blockchain pilots has slowed as bosses suspended forward-looking projects and spent funds on more urgent firefighting activities.

According to forecasts released by IDC in June, as global IT budgets shrink, global blockchain spending is expected to reach US$4.3 billion in 2020, a year-on-year increase of 57.7% from US$2.7 billion in 2019. . Despite this growth forecast, it is down 7.7% from IDC's last forecast.

Global blockchain budgets are currently forecast to reach $14.4 billion by 2023, a further reduction from the pre-COVID-19 estimate of nearly $16 billion.

The current actual impact on blockchain adoption has been low. One trend has been a decline in interest among large companies in pilots and proof-of-concepts without clear commercial returns.

When assessing the shift in blockchain adoption post-COVID-19, a crucial context is the instability of the economic environment.

When the first wave of lockdowns hit North America and Europe, almost all blockchain work was initially halted except for networks already in production.

Some large vendors and software integration companies have shifted their focus to enabling remote work, with people almost all working from home.

When considering blockchain implementation, enterprise technology leaders must always be wary of the hype from vendors and technology proponents and think carefully.

According to Gartner data, as of 2019, only 4% of organizations have blockchain projects and are running them on a large scale.

In the current environment, where IT leaders are under pressure to shrink budgets, any blockchain project that does not have a very clear reason for existing risks being shut down.

When companies evaluate the merits of blockchain pilots, clear benefit criteria include:

But for blockchain implementation, as an integral part of the platform, it can improve Supply chain and cost reduction.

Delivering these benefits has proven elusive for most businesses. According to Gartner, even those networks that exist today will need to be replaced as technology evolves to remain competitive, secure and avoidance.Avoid obsolescence.

As enterprises adapt to new operating environments, blockchain offers a way for enterprises to reduce the cost of reliable access to data between partners and reserve non-value-added costs.

To effectively pursue blockchain as part of their digital transformation journey, CIOs need to determine which aspects of their business and operating models can be automated to better serve customers.

Organizations should evaluate which combination of solutions can help achieve this outcome. In this case, blockchain can be connected with artificial intelligence or the Internet of Things. Instead of looking at blockchain as one thing that provides multiple capabilities, try to see the different capabilities of blockchain and try to integrate them into your business needs.

⑻ The blockchain industry is ushering in a new market trend. What are the bottlenecks in the development of the blockchain industry?

Blockchain technology is a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigms that enable the sharing, replication, and authorization of distributed ledgers. It has the characteristics of multi-point consensus and is difficult to tamper with. It solves the problem of how to enable cross-institutional trust transactions in business networks, connecting all parties involved in financial services, and brings challenges of breaking down data silos and improving data quality. It has the potential advantages of security and lower transaction costs. Enhance risk control capabilities and have broad application prospects in the financial field. The blockchain industry is ushering in a new market trend, and there are some bottlenecks in the development of the blockchain industry. Only by breaking through these bottlenecks can we usher in the spring of blockchain. bring better development.

Finally, the development of blockchain technology will bring certain network security issues. We must pay attention to and solve information security and network security issues. Blockchain technology is not inherently secure. Any software system inevitably has defects and vulnerabilities, and will face attacks from the Internet. Poorly designed and poorly managed blockchain systems can be vulnerable to attack. In applications in the financial industry, data is an asset, so we should have a comprehensive understanding of the security of the blockchain, and first put security design and self-control first to avoid the occurrence of Bitcoin theft.

⑼ Blockchain issues: In the Ethereum chain, Binance chain and Huobi chain, are the coins with the same contract address on the three chains highly technical?

With the blockchain With the continuous promotion of technology, many people think that digital currency is blockchain, and blockchain is digital currency.
Actually, many of the digital currencies, digital currency exchanges, and digital currency mining machines that are packaged as high-end products are just various previous fund plans, pig-killing plans, and deceptions, put on a new coat.
(1) Digital currencies recognized around the world
There are only a few digital currencies recognized around the world.
For example, the most well-known is Bitcoin, which is called Bitcoin in English. It is the most representative example of digital currency. There are currently many transfer transactions,It's all done using Bitcoin.
The other one is Ethereum, or ETH in English. A large number of existing digital currency applications are basically based on ETH.
So, in the field of digital currency, it can be said that there are only two that are recognized as valuable.
On September 30, 2017, all digital asset trading platforms in China have completely stopped all trading operations. Therefore, now you can only purchase digital currencies through a series of special means from exchanges set up on foreign servers, and this is also a gray area.
At the same time, the most fatal thing is that even Bitcoin, the leader of digital currencies, is extremely unstable.
For example, on May 10, 2020, the unit price of Bitcoin instantly dropped by thousands of dollars from US$9,500 in half an hour. The lowest price fell below US$8,200, and the highest price difference exceeded US$1,400, which is nearly 10,000 yuan.
This drop is extremely unbearable for ordinary people who were protected by the 10% drop in A-shares.
It can be seen that even in Bitcoin and Ethereum, before investing, you must carefully study it and weigh whether you have the ability to bear it before investing.
(2) Some altcoins that imitate Bitcoin and Ethereum
We have said that in the field of digital currency, the only two that have investment value are Bitcoin and Ethereum. why?
This is because the Bitcoin and Ethereum algorithms are completely open source. Anyone can download the source code, modify some parameters, and recompile to create a new p2p currency. However, these counterfeit currencies are fragile and extremely susceptible to 51% attacks. Any individual or organization, as long as it controls 51% of the computing power of a p2p currency network, can manipulate transactions and currency values ​​at will, which will cause a devastating blow to the p2p currency. Many altcoins fail at this point. The Bitcoin network is already robust enough. If you want to control 51% of the computing power of the Bitcoin network, the number of CPU/GPU required will be an astronomical number.
This is also the reason why Bitcoin and Ethereum are still strong today and are still used around the world. But many altcoins just flashed by like shooting stars.
The more famous altcoins, including EOS, LTC, etc., were all eagerly awaited by the world before they were listed. After they were listed, they were reverted to prototypes due to their imperfect functions.
So, those who bought these altcoins at that time suffered greatly. Don’t forget, we also mentioned above that large fluctuations in digital currencies are extremely common and there are no limits on the rise or fall.
So, don’t touch altcoins.

⑽ Bug in the Ethereum blockchain --2020/05/19

In order to prevent transaction replay, the ETH (ETC) node requires that each transaction must have a nonce value. When each account initiates a transaction from the same node, the nonce value changes fromStarting counting at 0, sending a nonce corresponds to adding 1. The subsequent nonce will be processed only after the previous nonce is processed. Note that the prerequisite here is that the same address sends the transaction on the same node.

The following are several rules for using nonce:

● When the nonce is too small (less than the nonce value used in previous transactions), the transaction will be directly rejected.

● When the nonce is too large, the transaction will always be in the queue, which is the reason for the problem we described above;

● When sending a relatively large nonce value, and then fill in the nonce between the starting nonce and that value, then the transaction can still be executed.

● When the geth client is stopped when the transaction is in the queue, the transactions in the transaction queue will be cleared.

The first field AccountNonce, the literal translation is the account random number. It is a small but important detail in Ethereum. Ethereum creates a Nonce for each account and transaction. When a transaction is initiated from the account, the Nonce value of the current account is used as the Nonce of the transaction. Here, if it is an ordinary account, then Nonce is the number of transactions issued by it, and if it is a contract account, it is the number of contracts created from it.

Why use this Nonce? Its main purpose is to prevent repeated attacks (Replay Attack). Because transactions all need to be signed, assuming there is no Nonce, then as long as the transaction data and the initiator are certain, the signature must be the same. In this way, the attacker can regenerate an identical transaction after receiving a transaction data. And submit it again. For example, A sends a transaction to B. Because the transaction is signed, although B cannot change the transaction data, as long as he repeatedly submits the same transaction data, all the funds in the A account can be transferred to B. inside.

When using account Nonce, every time a transaction is initiated, the Nonce value of account A will increase. When B resubmits, the transaction will be rejected because the Nonce does not match. This prevents repeated attacks. Of course, the matter is not over yet, because cross-chain attacks can also be carried out. It was not until EIP-155 introduced chainID that the transaction data between different chains was incompatible. In fact, Nonce cannot really prevent repeated attacks. For example, A buys something from B, initiates transaction T1 to B, and then submits another transaction T2. ​​The gas price of T2 is higher and the priority will be prioritized. If Exactly what remains after T2 processing is completedThe funds are no longer sufficient to pay T1, then T1 will be rejected. At this time, if B has given the thing to A, then A will have successfully attacked. Therefore, even if the transaction is processed, you still have to wait for a certain period of time to ensure that a block of sufficient depth is generated to ensure that the transaction is irreversible.

Price refers to the price of unit Gas. The so-called Gas is the consumption of the transaction. Price is how many Ether coins (Ether) are consumed per unit of Gas. Gas * Price is how many Ether coins are consumed to process the transaction. It It is equivalent to the transaction fee in Bitcoin.

GasLimit limits the maximum resource consumption allowed for this transaction. In other words, transactions in Ethereum cannot consume resources without limit. This is also one of Ethereum's security strategies to prevent attacks. Those who maliciously occupy resources.

Recipient is the transaction receiver, which is a common.Address pointer type and represents an address. This value can also be empty. In this case, when the transaction is executed, an address will be created through the smart contract to complete the transaction.

Amount is the transaction amount. This is simple and requires no explanation.

Payload is more important. It is a byte array, which can be used as an instruction array to create a contract. At this time, each byte is a separate instruction; it can also be used as a data array, which is generated by the contract. instructions to operate. Contracts are created and executed by the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM).

V, R, and S are the signature data of the transaction. In Ethereum, after a transaction is digitally signed, the generated signature is a byte array of length 65, which is cut into three segments. The first 32 bytes are put into R, the next 32 bytes into S, and the last 1 word. Put the section into V. So why is it cut into 3 sections? Ethereum uses the ECDSA algorithm, R and S are the ECSDA signature output, and V is the Recovery ID.

R, S, V are the values ​​after the transaction is signed, which can be used to generate the signer's public key; R, S are the output values ​​of the ECDSA elliptical encryption algorithm, and V is used to restore the result ID