中国最早的区块链麻将平台,最早的区块链 麻将
近日，中国最早的区块链麻将平台——麻将熊猫正式上线，这不仅是中国最早的区块链麻将平台，也是全球首家真正意义上的区块链麻将平台。
麻将熊猫拥有完善的安全体系，所有的游戏记录均基于区块链技术，无法篡改，从源头上保障玩家的资金安全。而且，麻将熊猫还拥有很多独特的技术优势，比如玩家可以把游戏中的虚拟货币转换成真实货币，支持玩家自由转账，也支持玩家实时获得收益，给玩家带来更多的乐趣，更多的体验。
此外，麻将熊猫的游戏体验也是相当出色的，游戏中拥有多种玩法，比如斗地主、拼十、打麻将等，玩家可以根据自己的喜好，自由选择自己喜欢的玩法，让玩家有更多的体验。
总之，麻将熊猫是中国最早的区块链麻将平台，其安全性、技术优势和游戏体验都相当出色，值得玩家们认可和尝试。
请查看相关英文文档
Ⅰ Blockchain mobile phones may be the biggest joke this year. What exactly is a blockchain phone?
In January 2018, Candy Phone officially released the so-called Candy Genesis version of the blockchain phone; and on March 16, Changhong Mobile released a self-proclaimed The world's first blockchain mobile phone R8 Kirin; then on March 20, when Lenovo Mobile announced its return to the Chinese market, it released a new phone S5. At the same time, Chang Cheng said mysteriously at the press conference that this is also a new phone. A blockchain mobile phone.
Whether blockchain mobile phones have a future, you will only know:
On the one hand, blockchain mobile phones are a hot spot that both smartphone manufacturers and blockchain project parties want to take advantage of. Concept, on the other hand, blockchain mobile phones have also been proven to have development space and application scenarios worth imagining.
On August 27 this year, China Telecom’s Blockchain and Digital Economy Joint Laboratory released the “Blockchain Smartphone White Paper in the 5G Era” at the 2019 China International Intelligent Industry Expo.
The white paper points out that currently blockchain mobile phones have not yet been widely produced. Most existing blockchain mobile phone merchants use blockchain wallets to hype market hot spots and have not made breakthroughs in blockchain technology. This has resulted in the poor performance of existing blockchain phones, thus hindering their widespread use in the market. The white paper also proposes several scenarios that 5G blockchain mobile phones can be combined with, including financial applications, digital identity authentication, supply chain traceability applications, judicial applications and express delivery applications.
Digital identity authentication: Use the decentralization of blockchain technology to conduct ID authentication to verify user identity. This authentication identity can be added to all interfaces, so there is no need to worry about forgetting the username and password of each website.
Financial applications: Mobile phones can automatically record credit information with the help of blockchain program algorithms. When a lending relationship occurs, the bank can directly complete the credit retrieval through digital identity authentication. At the same time, customer information and transactions will also be recorded on the blockchain as a voucher.
Supply chain traceability application: The blockchain timestamp existence proof mechanism can solve the uniqueness of participating data in the supply chain system, achieve effective accountability and anti-counterfeiting, and integrate procurement, production, logistics, sales and supervision. link. In terms of judicial applications, blockchain mobile phones can ensure the authenticity and uniqueness of electronic data. The electronic data generation, storage, extraction and verification system based on blockchain are difficult to be tampered with. Therefore, it will be of great help to confirm the authenticity of Internet behavior and the validity of the law.
Express delivery industry application: Through the digital signature and public and private key encryption of blockchain mobile phones, the security of delivery information can be ensured, and inquiries can also be completed on the chain. In addition, the entire circulation record of the item can be traced through the blockchain mobile phone. Once counterfeit goods, counterfeit claims and other issues are discovered, they can be traced.
These five directions all mean that blockchain mobile phones can take advantage of the non-tamperable, open and transparent security features of blockchain technology to bring convenience to users.
When the 5G network, which has the advantages of high speed, low power consumption, and massive connections, encounters blockchain technology, by reducing errors and forks caused by network delays, increasing node participation and decentralization to help the blockchain obtain shorter blocking time, it may bring significant benefits to improving the reliability and scalability of the blockchain network itself. It has a small promotion effect and plays a greater value in the above application scenarios.
In the era of mobile Internet, mobile phones, as smart hardware terminals, have helped people realize the vision of a digital cashless society, replacing the use of wallets, bank cards, bus cards, etc. The new blockchain trend has arrived, and in 5g With the support of technology, can blockchain mobile phones become a "super species" that can solve more problems such as blacklist updates and recording transaction certificates faster and more conveniently, instead of being just a gimmick product? Will more powerful manufacturers join in R&D? Worth the wait.
Note: Some people also say vividly that in fact, the mahjong we are familiar with is also a blockchain concept.
According to expert speculation, the prospects of blockchain are very broad. Blockchain can be used to encrypt and prevent counterfeiting in any activities related to credit. But no one knows when society will develop to this ideal state and when blockchain will show its full potential. Internet search results - Blockchain mobile phones. Also, please use more Internet searches to increase your awareness!
II Where are the application scenarios of blockchain?
The most important reason why blockchain is questioned is that it is not practical. Application scenarios, ordinary people can't see the possible value. So in the eyes of these experts, where are the application scenarios of blockchain most likely to appear?
Shuai Chu, founder of Quantum Chain, said: The evolution of the entire blockchain technology is still in its early stages, just like the Internet era 20 years ago. At that time, we could not have imagined that applications like Uber would appear on the Internet. The development of technology has given everyone richer diversity, and possibilities are the future.
Zeng Ming, Provost of Hupan University, gave several possible answers based on the technical characteristics of blockchain:
1. Blockchain is the most important The advantage is a transparent, immutable, distributed ledger. Some areas have never been covered by the Internet, such as acceptance bills.
2. Another big advantage of blockchain, from the perspective of smart contracts, is that it is possible to form more efficient network collaboration at the point-to-point level. Such as crowdfunding.
3. In the field of innovation, blockchain will definitely be closely integrated with the development of the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence and other fields, including cloud computing, edge computing, etc.
Ⅲ Is the T6 Hash platform highly reliable?
The current hash game can be said to be the world’s first blockchain game with virtual attributes. The Greek value greatly improves the security of data. I have played the Pintai hash game you mentioned, and it is indeed very attractive. You can give it a try. You can play it directly by entering Ν3hαsh.соm here.
After experiencing it, I feel that they are really honest and trustworthy.It is a platform for the camp and is truly open and transparent.
1. Practitioners in the computer industry should be very familiar with the word hash. Hashing can map data from one dimension to another. Hash functions are usually used to achieve this mapping. Usually, the industry uses y = hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y. Mahjong in the blockchain is a traditional Chinese blockchain project. A group of four miners work together. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded. Many people say that blockchain is a scam and Bitcoin is a scam. This may be a scam, but this technology has been widely recognized and applied. Most people don’t know much about the cryptography knowledge involved in blockchain.
2. Pour some cold water on the hot blockchain. Whether in the technology or financial circles, blockchain has become the hottest buzzword. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, which can perfectly solve the problems of information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development process of the sharing economy, making "the individual economy does not know whether it is a scam, but it is all there anyway." I was bragging and always wanted to buy with them. They had a great rise in the beginning, but suddenly fell sharply in the past few days. They must have tricked many people. Anyway, I didn’t buy it.
3. Hash means to introduce a random number of Input data, encrypt it, and then obtain a fixed output data, which is called hash. Liked and disliked < What is your evaluation of this answer? Comments Close other similar questions 2022-09-13 T6 hash this Is the platform highly reliable? 2022-09-13 How is the T6 Hash platform? If the hash value of a block changes, then its content must have changed. It is no longer the previous block. ! The third element contained in the block is the hash value of the previous block. This element allows a chain to be formed between blocks. And it can make the blockchain very secure. For example:.
Fourth, it can be changed. You can tell by looking at the two sets of results that they are obviously different. What I can tell you is that this settlement does not use your original hash value as the result, but their system control can set Settlement with a certain result hash value. This is obviously a scam, don’t be fooled. The hash result is something they can fully control. It’s unfair that on the blockchain, code replaces text and becomes a new form of presentation of the contract, and even Automatic execution is an outstanding contribution of blockchain programmers. With the "raging" of code as a contract, combined with future artificial intelligence, perhaps the future leader of the blockchain world may become Homo sapiens, and code will be".
5. Create a hash value based on the input data. There are different hashing algorithms depending on the length of the resulting hash value. The cryptographic hash algorithm used in the blockchain has the following characteristics: Ability to quickly create hash values for any type of data Deterministic pseudo-random one-way function Anti-collision The issuance and trading of USDT uses Omni (formerly Mastercoin) protocol, while OmniCoin can be said to be the first 2.0 currency based on the Bitcoin blockchain on the market. Therefore, USDT’s transaction confirmation and other parameters are consistent with Bitcoin. According to Tether’s CTO and co-founder Craig Sellars, users can pass.
IV What exactly is blockchain? Blockchain is virtual currency
Let me tell you about blockchain in a layman’s terms. There is no need to use any advanced professional terms, because That's too difficult to understand. Let me give you an analogy to make sure you understand it at a glance.
Chinese mahjong can be understood as blockchain. If the four of you ABCD are going to play mahjong, who will say hello? If A greets, then A is the initiator of this block. A is responsible for finding the mahjong parlor. Organizer A can invite BCD, or B can invite C or C can invite D. It doesn't matter.
abcd gathered in a mahjong parlor and started playing mahjong. The process of shuffling the cards in the mahjong machine, drawing cards, and playing cards by abcd can be understood as a mining stage similar to Bitcoin in the blockchain.
Everyone has different cards, which is equivalent to the algorithm in the block, but there is a goal, and they are all for the purpose of cheating. Among them, A cheated, and bcd said nothing. , everyone knows at a glance that A has won. This is called the consensus mechanism in the blockchain.
A is messed up. After A knocked down the mahjong, bcd all know how A got confused and remember it in their hearts. If A wins 10 yuan, both AbCD and A will know that A wins 10 yuan. , this is called distributed accounting in the blockchain.
Everyone who plays mahjong knows what mahjong arrangement can be used, and everyone also knows what cards can be doubled, so this can be understood as a smart contract in the blockchain.
Everyone knows the final winning card of A after A is knocked down. No one can tamper with this result because everyone is watching it. This can be understood as the immutability of the blockchain. sex.
After A announced that he was cheating, everyone did not go to another person, such as E, F, G... to verify. The same was true after B won... no regulatory agency can control it They all manage themselves. This is the decentralization in the blockchain.
By analogy, the four buddies abcd played mahjong for a day, and abcd recorded the winning and losing of each game, no matter what method they used, whether it was brain memory, video recording, or notes. Well, the more they fight, the more they can reflect the immutability, decentralization, distributed accounting, and consensus of the blockchain...
At this point, you Now you basically understand what blockchain is, isn’t it very simple?
The second question is that blockchain is not a virtual currency. Virtual currency is just a part of blockchain technology.
Many people think that virtual currency is the blockchain and Bitcoin is the block.Chain, this is actually wrong. It’s just that the fame of Bitcoin has brought blockchain into the public eye.
Satoshi Nakamoto invented Bitcoin using blockchain technology, and he defined Bitcoin as a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. The term "electronic cash" indicates that what Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to invent was not Not just a payment system, but a monetary system with an independent monetary philosophy.
Today’s hotly-hyped virtual currencies, as well as mining, are resisted by many departments and countries. The fundamental purpose is not to waste resources, electricity, etc., but because people with blockchain technology Virtual currency has subverted traditional finance and can easily cause the collapse of traditional finance. I have talked about this in my previous Q&A, so I won’t go into details here.
It can be said that Satoshi Nakamoto and the Bitcoin he invented are the pioneers of the blockchain. It was Satoshi Nakamoto who brought blockchain technology into everyone’s field of vision. Blockchain technology is still widely used in finance, medical care, service industry, big data security...
Let’s talk about this big data. As we all know, the recent Didi incident due to big data security The impact is still quite large. If decentralization in blockchain technology is used, personal data can be obtained and saved through the blockchain. How can there be data leakage? In today's society, with the advancement of science and technology, as long as you use your mobile phone to connect to the Internet, you have no data security. Your personal information has already been leaked completely, so blockchain technology is inevitable for social progress. trend.
Let’s talk about blockchain. I hope you can learn something from it. You can also pay more attention to blockchain technology and improve your cognitive level. (Personally coded by hand)
Blockchain is a distributed storage solution.
Virtual currency is a supporting reward mechanism to promote this plan.
The blockchain is decentralized, so there will be no IDC computer room or centralized data center. The storage of all data is theoretically fragmented. This requires a reward to attract others to join the project, and this reward is virtual currency.
In theory, blockchain can form a dynamically stable and decentralized cloud-like computing resource provision channel.
Bitcoin is the earliest blockchain application, while Ethereum is a second-generation blockchain that can support on-chain applications. The hardware resources required for these applications are provided by miners, so they must be paid Miners pay a certain fee, and the common currency used for this fee is Ethereum.
The biggest attraction of blockchain is decentralization. In theory, applications on the chain will not disappear. No cloud containers will be lost, no data centers will be blown away by typhoons, and there will be no An organization can decide whether it stays or goes.
However, the reality is that there are still a lot of problems in on-chain applications, such as high latency, imperfect infrastructure, andThe miner attraction mechanism based on rewards has not accelerated the speed of the chain as expected, as well as the virtual currency has prospered alone, decentralization has returned to centralized exchanges, and other issues. There is also the inflow of black money, which is making this emerging industry full of uncertainty.
But from a technical perspective, blockchain technology is indeed the next generation of computer application technology.
Blockchain is a technology, a distributed and decentralized technology that can be applied to storage. Blockchain is not a virtual currency. Virtual currency is just a digital currency made using blockchain technology. Now, for example, the relationship between blockchain and digital currency is like, for example, if you build a dapp application mall on a certain chain, then you A token related to this mall can be issued.
The real connection between blockchain and virtual currencyWhat we are pursuing now is the application of blockchain technology. You develop a public chain and build many shopping malls, finance, defi, real estate, and tourism on this public chain. Such a dapp, this public chain has value, and then the tokens issued by this public chain have value, just like the current Ethereum, pi network
There are too many on the Internet now The so-called "blockchain digital currency", when we look at virtual currency, we look at what problems the public chain it is on can solve and what value it has, rather than blindly hype it. I think blockchain is the underlying technology. I think we only know The surface of blockchain.
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Author: Leng Leng's point of view
Block Chain is a technology, and virtual currencies like Bitcoin are products of applications on the blockchain. There are many video explanations on my homepage.
Blockchain is a technology, and virtual currency is a product produced by applying blockchain technology.
Bitcoin brought out blockchain technology, making people who don’t know why think that Bitcoin is equivalent to blockchain.
What is blockchain?
Every computer (mobile phone) is a block, which is connected through the Internet to form a blockchain.
Different from the traditional Internet, for example, when playing Douyin, each of us requests the Douyin server, and the Douyin server gives us the video. Everyone who plays Douyin cannot do without the Douyin server, and the Douyin server is our center. There is no center in the blockchain. Everyone (each block) is a server. When a block generates new content, everyone will be notified and everyone will save the new content to their own server. Each block saves The content is the same. If a new user (block) joins, it needs to synchronize the data on the blockchain and update the data to its own server first.
The advantage of blockchain is that it can ensure data security and cannot change the data. It is useless if you change one or two blocks of data. Once the blockchain data is synchronized, it will become the correct value. traditional centerThe server failed. Hackers invaded the Douyin server, and all users suffered.
Disadvantages of blockchain are low efficiency. Blockchain requires synchronization of blockchain data in each block. New changes on the blockchain require simultaneous updates from users on the entire blockchain network, which is inefficient.
Blockchain is a computer model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, and consensus mechanism. In simple terms, blockchain is a decentralized database. How to use this technology? Is the value reflected? Under the consensus mechanism, a technology such as blockchain is formed to give a specific token, which is BTC
Blockchain is a new Internet application technology that uses distributed storage, passwords The application of emerging technologies such as science, smart contracts, and consensus algorithms can be said to be a new data transmission method that innovates existing Internet protocols. At present, blockchain technology is constantly iterating
1. Blockchain 1.0, symbolizing the birth of Bitcoin; only with Bitcoin can the development of blockchain technology officially occur
2 , Blockchain 2.0, Ethereum decentralized application platform, Ethereum introduces the application of smart contracts, which represents the beginning of a new era of blockchain technology; now everyone can create projects on Ethereum, and in recent years Many good projects have been launched
3. Blockchain 3.0, DeFi opens the era of decentralized finance. DeFi projects use smart contract technology to realize various functions of traditional financial institutions, such as derivatives, Lending, trading, financial management, asset management, and insurance, etc. There are currently mixed reviews for DEFI, which will take time to verify
Although the blockchain originated from Bitcoin, just like the first computer when the Internet first appeared, Bitcoin is mainly used by miners. Mining rewards
Blockchain is a decentralized accounting method. Virtual currency is the product of blockchain.
Ⅳ One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, We have to study the brief history of blockchain technology development starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.
Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.
As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!
Mahjong is decentralized and everyoneIt can be a banker, it's completely point-to-point.
Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.
It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.
The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.
Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:
1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.
2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.
4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.
5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.
There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash
Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge whether C wins, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.
Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:
Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Asked the beautiful woman she brought to keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beautiful woman, so A, B, C and D were the four of us.It is agreed that everyone will record each game on their mobile phone (blockchain node) at the same time (decentralization). After playing mahjong at the end, when checking out with electronic currency directly on the mobile phone, everyone will check the accounting details. As a result, the accounting results should have been the same.
Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.
Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.
Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .
In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins
China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.
Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 21. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain
In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.
1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem
In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.
This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.
In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.
Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network addresses. It has always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.
In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.
2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology
In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.
In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.
When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.
3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion
The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.
Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers., this is the core of blockchain technology,
4. Peer-to-peer network (P2P): the father and technical foundation of blockchain
Peer-to-peer network P2P is related to C/S (B/S) corresponds to another Internet infrastructure. Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are in a peer-to-peer position. There is no distinction between master and slave. One computer can be used as a server and set Shared resources are used by other computers on the network and can also serve as workstations.
Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.
In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.
In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.
5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)
The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.
This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.
The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.
Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.
2. The birth and development of blockchainCore Technology
The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because except for blockchain, so far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science that cannot be found. Who is the inventor?
On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.
The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.
In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.
It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.
1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application
As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.
2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network
Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.
But the areaIn order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.
The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.
3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network
Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?
The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.
From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.
When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.
From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.
4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin
From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology andIt is not a new technology that falls from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games.
Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.
Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.
Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".
ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.
Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.
3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet
1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.
We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.
2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.
It is trying to subvert the World Wide Web, which was actually born in 1989 B/S,C/S structure. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.
In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.
The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.
3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom
The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.
If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.
Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.
So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.
This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.
4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model
We know that each otherThe Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis, a global Internet network covering the world is developed called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.
Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.
Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.
The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.
Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.
4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet
1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.
2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.
3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.
4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. For most of the application scenarios currently envisaged for blockchain,It can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, the efficiency can be higher and the technology can be more mature.
5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.
6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.
VI BWAEX: Where will the earliest application of blockchain be?
This blockchain was first used in currency numbers. But now it should be used in a wider range.
Ⅶ What is blockchain mining and what it does? Detailed introduction to blockchain and virtual currency
When Bitcoin was first released, people discovered that it was decentralized and not It is controlled by any center; it is completely open, except for the encryption of transaction information, the entire system information is highly transparent, and the technology is open source; security, as long as you cannot control %51 of all nodes, you cannot modify the data arbitrarily, which makes it relatively safe ; Independence, the entire model and Bitcoin do not rely on any third party, all nodes verify and exchange data within the system without any intervention
Here we explain in detail what blockchain technology is, to put it bluntly It’s block + chain, so what is “block”? What is a "chain" again?
A block is a ledger. Transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction, and at the same time Can jointly testify for it
Each block contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, the corresponding timestamp, and the transaction data (usually a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm) represents), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. Distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties and permanently verify the transaction.
The function of the hash function h(): convert a string of any length into a fixed-length (for example, 256 bits) output. The output is also called a hash value. This output is irreversible
It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x) = h(y), that is, two different inputs, There will be different output. Theoretically, two different inputs may have different outputs, but this is almost impossible. For example, if an infinite space is mapped to a finite space, there must be a many-to-one situation. The theory exists, but there are no rules. It is guaranteed that you cannot find this result through any mathematical inference. Why is it 256 bits here? Isn't it longer? Because 256 bits are secure enough.
Split the ledger into blocks. For example, a piece of paper in a book is a section.Blocks, each block records transactions within a period of time, such as 10 minutes
We compare each piece of paper to a block, and add a part of content to each block. We call it Block header, which records the hash value of the parent block, stores the hash value of the parent block through each block, and connects all blocks smoothly to form a blockchain
Put area 1 The hash value of the block is recorded in the block header of block 2. In this way, the block header of each block records the hash value of the parent block. Each block is linked in order. This is called a block. chain. The first block has no block header and is also called the genesis block
The blockchain is a ledger. Only when transactions occur in the ledger will the money in your account increase. If you need to make a transaction, you first need an account number and password. Just like your bank card has an account number and password, others can make a transfer to you. The account password on the block ledger is the public key and private key
Lao Wang (who already has a private key and a public key) wants to transfer 10 BTC to Zhang, which requires some operations
It is proved that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer signature function Sign (Lao Wang’s private key + Transfer information: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) = signature of this special account
The verification is that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer verification function Verify (Lao Wang’s address + Transfer details: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) + Signature of this transfer) = true
Once the transfer is recorded in the block, no one can change it. Zhang San will increase it by 10 BTC, and Lao Wang will decrease it by 10 BTC accordingly. The entire operation is automatic, such as your wallet The app will help you do this. The app knows your private key, you tell the wallet the transaction content, the wallet signature is announced to the entire network, and it waits for others to verify the transaction
Centralized accounting The efficiency will be higher. Banks, governments or Alipay will keep accounts for you, which is very reliable, because they can't touch your money unless they have your private key
There are some disadvantages in centralized accounting< /p>
In decentralization, everyone can keep accounts, and everyone can keep a complete ledger. Anyone can download open source programs, participate in Bitcoin's p2p network, monitor transactions sent from all over the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting. Suppose Xiaoyi releases a transaction and broadcasts it to the entire network, and accounting node A listens. When this transaction arrives, A verifies that the transaction bit is true and puts it into the transaction pool to continue to spread to other nodes. Because it is spread through the network, the transaction pools of different accounting nodes are not necessarily the same at the same time. Every 10 minutes, from all accounting nodes Among the nodes, one is selected according to a certain method, and after verifying that the transaction of this node is true, the transaction records in the transaction pool of this selected node are then exchanged with the transactions in the transaction pool of its own (A) node.Yi record will compare it. After the comparison, it will delete the transactions recorded by the selected accounting node in its transaction pool. Otherwise, it will continue accounting and wait for the next selection. It is a cycle every 10 minutes. This 10 minutes All accounting nodes record accounts normally. After 10 minutes, a node will be selected to use the transactions in its transaction pool as a new block. This block comes from the transaction pool of an accounting node I randomly selected among all accounting nodes. , and so on in a continuous cycle
The transaction is not completed when it is recorded. Only when the transaction becomes a certain block, the transaction is truly completed. This is a complete accounting process of decentralization. Your transaction will not be recorded immediately because the p2p network propagation takes time. If the node of the selected block has not received your transaction, the transaction will be not done. A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within 10 minutes can be recorded. 10 minutes is just an average value
Due to the characteristics of decentralized accounting, accounting nodes with accounting rights will receive a 50BTC reward every ten minutes, which is about the same for every 210,000 blocks. In 4 years, the reward is halved. Bitcoin has been halved twice since its issuance. Then a new block is generated every ten minutes. The reward for this accounting node is 10.5 BTC. If it is halved every 4 years, the total number of BTC can be calculated. The amount is approximately 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040. Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin. When BTC is mined, the only income that the accounting node can obtain is the transaction fee.
Accounting nodes compete for accounting rights through questions,
Find a certain random number that makes the equation invalid
SHA256 hash function (random number + parent block hash value + Transactions in the transaction pool) A certain specified value)
There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining, so the accounting node that solves this problem is also called mining. It’s called a miner. The faster you traverse random numbers, the greater the possibility of getting the accounting rights. This traversal speed is called computing power by mine bosses. In order to obtain this computing power, mine bosses will Purchase more mining machines with higher computing power
Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights. Accounting node A is the first to find the solution, which is announced to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, node A obtains the block, gains 12.5 BTC, and restarts a new round of calculation after the new block. This method is called (POW) allocating accounting rights
It usually takes about 10 minutes to solve this random number. 10 is not absolute, because the process of solving this problem is a process of luck. In response to changes in computing power in the future, Bitcoin will increase or decrease the difficulty every 2016 blocks, about two weeks, so that the average block generation timeIt's ten minutes
Each block contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, the corresponding timestamp, and transaction data (usually represented by a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm) , this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. Distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties and permanently verify the transaction.
Different from traditional stored data, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Each node of the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on The consensus mechanism ensures storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through a central node.
Mahjong is a traditional Chinese blockchain project. A group of four miners work together. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded.
Many people say that blockchain is a scam and Bitcoin is a scam. This may be a scam, but this technology has been widely recognized and applied. The cryptography knowledge involved in blockchain can only be used by ordinary people. Even if you don’t understand it, the most important thing is to look at the problem from a relatively rational perspective. Don’t let the wind be the rain.
There is something incredible about this technology. It maintains absolute order without a center or supervision. This is the trust that only needs to be established by everyone’s consensus. Bitcoin created this consensus, and in the blockchain In the world everyone is fair and equal.
Ⅷ What is "blockchain"
Blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization and anyone can Automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily detect whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.
In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.
The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.
Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.
So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?
In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:
1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.
2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.
3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.
4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.
But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.
The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.
Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.
In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.
Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.
I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.
Supplement
Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.
Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.
Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.
In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hong, a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research InstituteYan (Hong Yan Weiyu) focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.
| What is Blockchain
Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.
It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:
Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.
Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.
Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .
Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.
| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system
In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thus significantly reducing transaction costs. It has significantly improved efficiency and is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.
Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system?Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.
Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.
In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.
| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains
Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.
First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?
Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. There is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to an explosive growth of transaction information and will also bring information. Dramatic increase in storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.
Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.
As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.
(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat official account: Hongyan Weiyu)
As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" has become widely known with the popularity of Bitcoin. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don't know the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.
I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.
If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.
To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center, and all these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.
Golden Yuan Coupons
This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, making it very difficult to illegally modify the ledger through mathematical methods. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.
Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.
After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.
For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?
For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you putIf you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
In layman’s terms, it is to play mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.
In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.
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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.
What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically mine coins for you when it is blowing. You can mine coins automatically while using the electric fan. When you use this electric fan, When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, the mined coins can be purchased and repaired. Although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.
And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.
Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.
The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain cannot be changed. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all the data in the blockchainThe user collectively agreed to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.
At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.
The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .
1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.
If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:
Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.
(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. node, which is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)
(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting, and stamp the time Stamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)
(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)
p>(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology) < /p>
(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.
Features
1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. No more managementEveryone can write data into it. In order to ensure the credibility of the data: the technology of blockchain makes the data cannot be tampered with once it is written.
2. Close to zero trust cost.
The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.
3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.
If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.
The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.
According to my current understanding
1. Blockchain is an outlet.
Everyone is talking about blockchain. Whether they have read it or not, whether they understand it or not, many people are forwarding blockchain articles in their circle of friends. The only new WeChat group is Blockchain related groups.
Investors are talking, entrepreneurs are talking, almost every major Internet company is talking about it, government departments are taking a stand, and tens of thousands of vertical media focusing on blockchain are quickly born.
If you don’t join any currency circle or chain circle, you will be completely out. Even the well-known investment tycoon Zhu Xiaohu was unilaterally declared to belong to the old world by the rising star Chen Weixing.
2. Blockchain represents the story of sudden wealth.
Although ICO has been stopped by the national level, the most popular word-of-mouth about blockchain is still the increase in wealth by hundreds or thousands of times. Coins that were bought for a few cents or a few dollars are now worth dozens or hundreds of dollars. Everyone is talking about value-added stories.
There are Bitcoin and Ethereum. If you download a digital currency trading platform APP, the various currency codes composed of densely packed letters will feel like a stock exchange.
3. Blockchain is not only a technology, but also a belief at the conceptual level.
The basic layer, application layer, and a lot of blockchain knowledge seem to have a lot to do with the hot artificial intelligence.
Many people say that blockchain technology is mature, but applications have barely found an entrance. We can all shout loudly: Artificial Intelligence +, but if you shout "Blockchain +" now, it's not enough and you will be laughed at. The application scenarios are still being explored.
As for the previous Internet, it was an Internet of confidence. With the addition of blockchain, it became an Internet of value.
Such similar concepts are people’s good expectations for blockchain technology to solve the trust problem. If it is so easy to implement, blockchain can subvert finance, e-commerce, andIt can subvert many intermediaries, but how come it has been so many years since the advent of the Internet that real estate has not been subverted, and it still relies on intermediaries.
4. Blockchain already has a history, so don’t think it is too new.
Just as many people claim that artificial intelligence is so new that it is a joke, its history can be traced back to the 1950s.
The blockchain is marked by the birth of Bitcoin, which was 10 years ago. There is also a still mysterious founder, Satoshi Nakamoto, who seems to have a Japanese name, and some say he is from the United States. From the Security Bureau, I think it can also be interpreted as "Chinese people are inherently smart", of course the latter is just a joke.
The reason why it has become so popular is because of the skyrocketing price of various digital currencies in 2017, which skyrocketed thousands of times in a few months and days. How could there be such an amazing speed in the past?
5. Blockchain is a knowledge system.
For me, whether it is a trend, whether it is a wealth game, or whether it is technology, we cannot ignore it or ignore it.
I started to make two columns to understand the blockchain from the perspective of characters, stories and characters. One is "Blockchain 100 People (Industry People)" and the other is "Blockchain 100 Investors". (Viewpoint)” Learn and spread at the same time.
As for related books, of course, I will accept them all as ordered. I can only be a follower of various trends and follow suit.
The biggest mistake is not how we criticize the blockchain, but to ignore it when we see it has a huge bubble and the crowd is enthusiastic about it. Stay away from it if you think you are noble.
The only way we have left is to be willing to be students, learn, and learn again.
Literal meaning: block, chain, using a chain to connect each block.
Blockchain = distributed data storage + point-to-point transmission + consensus mechanism + encryption algorithm
What is data storage? For example, a supermarket must have a ledger to record the entry and exit of various goods and transactions. This is storage.
What is distributed storage? It is the account book of this supermarket. Every employee has a copy. Every time there is something that needs to be recorded, it will be recorded in everyone's account book in a timely manner. Distributing each ledger (storage) to countless people (places) is distributed storage. (The supermarket employees here can be understood as blocks, and the ledger is the chain)
What is point-to-point transmission? In the same supermarket, there is no yogurt at the front desk. The shopping guide reports it to his superiors, and then reports it to his superiors.... Finally, he reports it to the warehouse. The warehouse records the accounting records in the ledger, and then transfers the goods to the front desk. As for point-to-point transmission, if there is no yogurt at the front desk, the shopping guide directly tells the warehouse, and the quantity sent by the warehouse to the shopping guide is recorded in the ledger. Everyone knows how many goods the warehouse has sent to the front desk, soIt is a point-to-point transmission with no intermediate links, but it can make the accounts open to everyone who holds the ledger.
What is consensus mechanism? The consensus mechanism mainly includes two points. In a simple summary, the minority obeys the majority and everyone is equal. Similarly, the positions in this supermarket may be high or low, but everyone’s account books are indeed the same and equal. If someone makes a false account, then this person's account must be different from other people's accounts. At this time, it depends on whose account is remembered by more people. In theory, as long as the blockchain is large enough, then there is no need to make false accounts. Limit reduction! Because of the "minority obeys the majority" mechanism, if you want to make false accounts, then the number of false accounts you need to make must be at least greater than 50% of the total! On a network, if you need to change a piece of data, you must control at least 50% of the total number of computers to succeed.
The encryption algorithm is easy to understand. That is, when you go to the warehouse to adjust goods, the system will protect your privacy very well. It will only record the time, location, and person with a certain number who went to adjust the yogurt. It couldn't be the time, place, or Zhang San went to mix the yogurt. Taken together, this is the core component of the blockchain.
Personally, I think its main function is to decentralize and protect data from being tampered with! Decentralization and data protection are actually related. A supermarket only has one ledger, and any scheduling needs to go through the person who manages the ledger. If you need to make false accounts, you only need to control the person who manages the ledger. And if that supermarket uses blockchain technology, then he will make false accounts. If this is the case, you need to control more than 50% of the people who hold the total number of accounts of that supermarket. Obviously, controlling so many people will be almost impossible as the number of holders increases.
Ⅸ In what project did the earliest blockchain technology appear?
Bitcoin project.
The earliest prototype of blockchain technology appeared in the Bitcoin project. As the distributed accounting platform behind Bitcoin, Bitcoin has been running stably for nearly eight years without centralized management. , supports massive transaction records without serious vulnerabilities. The world-recognized blockchain technology began in 2008.
Feature Introduction
Under the consensus mechanism, only when most nodes in the entire network believe that the record is correct at the same time, the authenticity of the record can be Only with the approval of the entire network can the recorded data be written into the block, ensuring the data integrity of the information.
Blockchain is an immutable technology. Each block is linked to the previous block through cryptographic proof. To modify the transaction content in a historical block, you must combine the transaction records and cryptography of all blocks before the block. The proof is reconstructed, which effectively prevents data tampering.
X What are the domestic blockchain coins?
1. Introduction to Bitcoin BTC: The originator of digital currency, the most valuable virtual currency, known as the "King of Coins".
2. Introduction to Ethereum: Ethereum isThe name of the currency used in Ethereum for payment calculations within the Ethereum Virtual Machine.
3. Introduction to Bitcoin Cash BCH: Bitcoin Cash is a fork of Bitcoin. In order to solve the problem of long Bitcoin transaction times, at 20:20 on August 1, 2017, a small number of mining machines began mining using 8M blocks, and the transaction confirmation speed was the number of Bitcoins using 1M blocks. Thousand times.
[Extended Information]
The concept of Bitcoin was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto on November 1, 2008, and was officially born on January 3, 2009.
The open source software designed and released based on Satoshi Nakamoto’s ideas and the P2P network built on it. Bitcoin is a P2P form of digital currency. Bitcoin’s transaction records are open and transparent. Peer-to-peer transmission means a decentralized payment system.
Unlike most currencies, Bitcoin does not rely on the issuance of a specific currency institution. It is generated through a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. The Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the entire P2P network to confirm and record all Transaction behavior, and the use of cryptographic design to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation. The decentralized nature of P2P and the algorithm itself ensure that currency value cannot be artificially manipulated by mass production of Bitcoins. Design based on cryptography allows Bitcoin to be transferred or paid only by real owners. This also ensures the anonymity of currency ownership and circulation transactions. The total number of Bitcoins is limited. The currency system once had no more than 10.5 million in 4 years, and the total number will be permanently limited to 21 million thereafter.
In June 2021, El Salvador passed the "El Salvador Bitcoin Law", which makes Bitcoin legal tender in the country. On September 7, Bitcoin officially became El Salvador’s legal tender, becoming the first country in the world to grant legal status to digital currencies.
On September 24, 2021, the People's Bank of China issued a notice to further prevent and deal with the risks of speculation in virtual currency transactions. The notice states that virtual currencies do not have the same legal status as legal tender.
On November 10, 2021, the price of Bitcoin hit a new record high, approaching US$69,000 per coin for the first time.
In January 2022, Bitcoin continued to fall, falling below $42,000, touching a level not seen since September last year.
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