区块链6层模型从上到下分别是,区块链6层模型是哪6层

近年来，区块链技术已经逐渐受到关注，而区块链6层模型的出现，也为区块链的发展提供了更多可能性。今天，我们就来聊聊区块链6层模型，它是由哪6层组成的？

首先，我们来看看最底层的第一层，它是区块链的基础，也是整个区块链技术的组成部分，即硬件层，它是由硬件芯片、网络硬件和硬件安全模块组成的，它们共同维护着区块链的安全性。

接下来，我们来看看第二层，它是区块链的操作系统层，它负责提供网络节点的操作系统，比如Linux、Windows等，以及节点之间的通信协议，比如TCP/IP等，它们构成了区块链网络的基础。

第三层是区块链的网络层，它主要负责构建和维护网络，它包括P2P网络、网络协议、网络安全、网络管理、网络可视化等，它们是区块链网络可靠性的保证。

第四层是区块链的共识层，它是一种分布式共识机制，它主要负责确保网络中的所有节点能够达成一致，它可以采用各种共识机制，比如工作量证明、权益证明、拜占庭容错性等，它们可以保证网络的安全性和可靠性。

第五层是区块链的应用层，它是一种基于区块链技术的应用，它可以使用智能合约、资产管理、身份验证、数据存储、数据分析等，可以实现对数据的安全存储和安全访问。

最后，我们来看看第六层，它是区块链的应用层，它是一种基于区块链技术的应用，它可以实现智能合约、资产管理、身份验证、数据存储、数据分析等，可以满足各种应用场景的需求。

综上所述，区块链6层模型由硬件层、操作系统层、网络层、共识层、应用层和应用层组成，它们共同构成了区块链技术的完整体系，为区块链技术的发展提供了强有力的支撑。

A. What does the blockchain industry architecture include

The architecture model of blockchain technology is as follows:

1. Data Layer

The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies;

2. Network layer

The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism;

3. Consensus layer

Consensus layer Mainly encapsulates Mingsong's various consensus algorithms of network nodes;

4. Incentive layer

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system It mainly includes the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives;

5. Contract layer

The contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and intelligence Contracts are the basis for the programmable features of the blockchain;

6. Application layer

The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios of the blockchain and cases.

B. What is the model architecture of blockchain?

Blockchain technology is not a single innovative technology, but the result of integrated innovation of multiple technologies. Its essence is a weak center , self-trusting underlying architecture technology. Compared with traditional Internet technology, its technical principles and model architecture are a major innovation. Here, we will analyze the basic technical model of blockchain.

Model diagram

The blockchain technology model includes data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer from bottom to top. . Each layer has a core function, and different layers cooperate with each other to jointly build a decentralized value transmission system

The data layer is the lowest level interpretation architecture of the blockchain, which uses public and private keys. The combined asymmetric encryption technology uses hash functions to ensure that information is not tampered with, and also uses chain structure, timestamp technology, Merkle tree and other technologies to process data blocks, so that the old and new blocks can be Mutual links and mutual verification are the basis for the safe and stable operation of the blockchain.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only "blockchain technology" approved by the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" carried out by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. Professional” pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

C. What is the model architecture of Jinwowo Group in blockchain research?

The Jinwowo Group’s blockchain model architecture is roughly analyzed in this way:
1-Data layer: data block, chain structure, timestamp;
2-Network layer: P2P network, propagation mechanism, verification mechanism;
3-TotalKnowledge layer: POW, POS, DPOS;
4-Incentive layer: issuance mechanism, distribution mechanism;
5-Contract layer: script code, algorithm mechanism, smart contract;
6-Application layer : Encapsulate various application scenarios.
In the future, Jinwowo Group will focus on promoting the legal circulation and commercial application of big data using blockchain technology.

D. What are the blockchain technology frameworks

The current mainstream blockchain architecture contains six levels: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of the data layer and the network layer are reversed in the figure, and their main uses will be detailed in the next section.
Network layer: The essence of the blockchain network is a P2P (Peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are scattered on all nodes. The transmission of information and the implementation of services are directly between the nodes. It can be carried out in a short period of time without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node both receives and generates information. The nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast, and other nodes receive the information. The block is then verified and a new block is created based on the block, thereby achieving the role of the entire network jointly maintaining an underlying ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism, verification mechanism, etc. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable solution of blockchain technology;
Data layer: The underlying data of the blockchain is a block + linked list data structure, which includes data blocks, chain structures, timestamps, hash functions, Merkle trees, asymmetric encryption and other designs. Among them, data blocks and chain structures can be used as improvement directions for data layer research in the scalable solution of blockchain technology.
Consensus layer: It is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to achieve rapid consensus on the validity of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include POW (Proof Of Work) and POS (Proof of Stake). Mechanism), DPOS (Delegated Proof of Stake Delegated Proof of Stake Mechanism) and PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), etc., which have always been the highlight of the scalable solutions of blockchain technology.
Incentive layer: It is what everyone often calls a mining mechanism. It is used to design a certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of the blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanisms and distribution mechanisms, etc. This level of improvement does not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability.
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms, smart contracts, etc. Strictly speaking, the first generation of blockchains were missing this layer, so they could only conduct transactions;It cannot be used in other fields or perform other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it possible to use blockchain in other fields. This part of Ethereum includes EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) and smart contracts. . Improvements at this level seem to provide potential new directions for blockchain scalability, but there seems to be no direct connection in structure
Application layer: It is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. . For example, Ethereum uses truffle and web3-js. The application layer of the blockchain can be the mobile terminal, the web terminal, or it can be integrated into the existing server, and the current business server is regarded as the application layer. Improvements at this level seem to provide potential new directions for blockchain scalability, but there does not seem to be a direct connection in structure.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot of the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" launched by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

E. What is the six-layer model of the blockchain?

The blockchain has a total of six hierarchical structures. These six hierarchical structures from bottom to top are: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer.
1. Data Layer
The data layer is the bottom layer of the six-level structure of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for blockchain, this database is an immutable and distributed database, which is what we call a "distributed ledger".
On the data layer, that is, on this "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, encapsulating the blockchain structure of the block, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technologies Means to ensure the security of data when it is disclosed to the entire network. The specific approach is:
On the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithms to maintain the consistency of data in the data layer (that is, this distributed database), using asymmetric encryption and hash algorithms in cryptography. , to ensure that this distributed database cannot be tampered with and is traceable.
This constitutes the lowest level data structure in blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. The data information in the database also needs to be shared and exchanged. Next, we introduce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer.
2. Network layer
The network system of the blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point-to-point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. Everything in the network Resources and services are allocated to each node, and information can be transmitted directly between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Satoshi Nakamoto.Blockchain just incorporates this technology.
So, the network layer of the blockchain is actually a particularly powerful peer-to-peer network system. In this system, each node can both produce and receive information, just like sending emails. You can write your own emails or receive emails sent to you by others.
On the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Whenever a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast, and other nodes receive After receiving the information, the block is verified, and then a new block is created based on the block. In this way, the entire network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system.
However, what rules should the entire network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules), which is what we will introduce next: the consensus layer.
3. Consensus Layer
In the world of blockchain, consensus, simply put, means that the entire network must maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system according to a unified and agreed-upon rule. Similar to the rules for updating data. Allowing highly dispersed nodes to efficiently reach consensus in a decentralized blockchain network is one of the core technologies of the blockchain and is also the governance mechanism of the blockchain community.
The current mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: Bitcoin's Proof of Work (POW), Ethereum's Proof of Stake
(POS), EOS's Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS), etc.
We have now introduced the data layer, network layer, and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there is data and network on the blockchain, and there are rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How to make it happen? Nodes can actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system. This involves incentives, which is what we will introduce below: the incentive layer.
4. Incentive layer
The incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism. The mining mechanism can actually be understood as an incentive mechanism: how much you contribute to the blockchain system, you can get as many rewards as you want. Using this incentive mechanism, nodes across the entire network can be encouraged to participate in data recording and maintenance on the blockchain.
The mining mechanism and the consensus mechanism are actually the same. The consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, and the mining mechanism can be understood as, within this general rules and regulations, what you have done can What kind of reward you get, this kind of reward rules.
Just like Bitcoin’s consensus mechanism PoW, its stipulation is that the more work you do, the more you gain. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of Bitcoin rewards;
And Ethereum PoS stipulates that the longer who holds the currency, the greater the probability of receiving rewards.
It should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available in public chains, because public chains must rely on nodes across the entire network to jointly maintain data, so there must be such an incentive mechanism to encourage nodes across the network to participate.Construction and maintenance of the blockchain system to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system.
The blockchain is safe and reliable, but it is not smart enough, right? The contract layer we will introduce below can make the blockchain system more intelligent.
5. Contract Layer
The contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, and is the basis for blockchain programmability. The "smart contract" we are talking about belongs to the contract layer.
If the Bitcoin system is not smart enough, then the "smart contracts" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is mainly to embed code into the blockchain system and use this method to implement customizable smart contracts. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute the order.
6. Application Layer
The last is the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is the various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. The "blockchain+" we are talking about now is the so-called application layer. The blockchain applications that have been implemented so far are mainly various blockchain applications built on public chains such as ETH and EOS. There are many gambling and game applications, and truly practical applications have not yet appeared.

F. The hierarchical structure of the blockchain (what is Layer0/1/2 of the blockchain)

The hierarchical structure is the basis for the data processing and operation of the blockchain.

In order to find a scalability solution for the blockchain, the blockchain referred to in the academic research field (usually in papers) is divided into three layers: Layer0, Layer1 and Layer2.

Generally, the blockchain system is mainly divided into six layers: application layer, incentive layer, consensus layer, network layer and data layer, which are mainly reflected in the early Bitcoin system. With the emergence of smart contracts, a contract layer was added between the application layer and the incentive layer, mainly reflected in the Ethereum system.

The content of each layer is shown in the figure above, but the technologies used in different specific systems may be different. For example, the consensus layer mainly completes the consensus between nodes, except for the workload proof. The mechanism (Proof of Work) also includes the Proof of Stake mechanism (Proof of Stake) and the Byzantine Fault Tolerance mechanism (BFT).

The data layer, network layer, and consensus layer constitute The underlying foundation of the blockchain hierarchy, are also three essential elements of the blockchain. Without any one of them, it cannot be called a real blockchain technology.

The comparison of the blockchain hierarchical structure corresponding to the OSI system 7-layer model and the TCP/IP 4-layer model is shown in the figure below.

If we focus on the four layers of TCP/IP, especially the "application layer" above, we will see that it is possible that blockchain can transform the application layer that was originally focused only on information transmission. , separate out a new layer dedicated to value transfer. Therefore, we can think that the four layers of TCP/IP are split into five layers, and the blockchain is regarded as one layer of TCP/IP: the value layer.

It is generally believed that Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS are representatives of blockchain 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0. It is also interesting to look at their layers:

From Bitcoin currency to Ethereum, adding a contract layer. From Ethereum to EOS, due to the adoption of DPOS, the incentive layer is actually merged into the consensus layer. EOS adds two layers: ① Tool layer to make it easier to develop applications; ② Ecological layer, its own positioning is an open source software, so others can use its open source software to build industry chains and domain chains.

Xu Zhong and Zou Chuanwei wrote a central bank working paper, discussing blockchain from an economics perspective and trying to provide a Token paradigm. Among them, they actually gave a layered model, this time it is internal and external layering: the inner layer is consensus, which is divided into: Token, smart contract, consensus algorithm; at the boundary of consensus and blockchain, is the blockchain Other information within; outside the boundaries of the blockchain, is the Internet and the physical world.

In order to improve performance, some systems actually layer their distributed networks. That is, not all nodes are equal.
For example, the following is the layering of EOS.

In order to make blockchain useful, some people are discussing it from other perspectives. Zhu Feng of ENChain.Asia proposed the "Seven-layer Self-Organizing Business Model" in the BAO white paper. This model was quoted in the "Model and Practice of Token Economy" (0.2) report as the "Seven-layer Self-Organizing Business Model" Model".

However, it should be noted that the "incentive layer" here is similar to the incentive layer we usually call blockchain, but it is different. When we discussed the incentive layer before, we often discussed it from the perspective of the native tokens of the public chain, while the incentive layer here is discussed at the pass level.

In a December 2018 report "Construction and Analysis of the Four-Layer Application Model of Blockchain", Huobi Research Institute gave a four-layer application model, which is very interesting:< br />
References:
1. Ten years of blockchain: various layers
http://www.360doc.com/content/18/1211/10/ 53358875_800866301.shtml
2. How much do you know about the six hierarchical structures of blockchain? - Zhihu
https://zhuanlan.hu.com/p/98126049
3. Introduction to the six hierarchical structures of blockchain - Blockchain - Electronic Enthusiast Network
http ://www.elecfans.com/blockchain/1138839.html