区块链框架有哪些,区块链开源框架

近几年，区块链技术的发展迅速，其开源框架也受到了越来越多的关注。区块链框架是构建分布式应用的基础，它提供了一种可靠的网络环境，能够支持我们在区块链网络上进行各种操作。下面就来介绍一下目前常见的区块链开源框架。

Ethereum是目前最流行的区块链开源框架，它是一个开放的区块链平台，支持智能合约、去中心化应用等功能。Ethereum提供了一系列的API，可以用来构建分布式应用，它也支持多种编程语言，如JavaScript、Python、Go等。

Hyperledger Fabric是一个由Linux基金会管理的开源区块链框架，它提供了一个高性能的分布式账本，可以支持大规模的分布式应用。Hyperledger Fabric支持多种编程语言，如Java、Go和Node.js，可以用来构建企业级的区块链应用。

Corda是一个开源的区块链框架，它专注于构建企业级的分布式应用，支持多种编程语言，如Java、Kotlin和Python。Corda提供了一系列的API，可以用来构建分布式应用，它也支持多种编程语言，如JavaScript、Python、Go等。

Quorum是一个由JPMorgan开发的开源区块链框架，它专注于构建企业级的分布式应用，支持多种编程语言，如Java、Go和Node.js。Quorum提供了一系列的API，可以用来构建分布式应用，它也支持多种编程语言，如JavaScript、Python、Go等。

R3 Corda是一个开源的区块链框架，它专注于构建企业级的分布式应用，支持多种编程语言，如Java、Kotlin和Python。R3 Corda提供了一系列的API，可以用来构建分布式应用，它也支持多种编程语言，如JavaScript、Python、Go等。

以上就是目前常见的几个区块链开源框架，它们各有特点，可以根据自己的需求来选择适合的框架。区块链框架的发展将为我们提供更多的可能性，让我们可以在区块链网络上实现更多的想法。

Ⅰ What is the architecture of blockchain?

First of all, you need to know that blockchain is a new type of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Application model, secondly, Jinwowo Group believes that the structure of the blockchain system is composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer.

1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies

2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanisms, Data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism, etc.;

3. Consensus layer: mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including economic Incentive issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism, etc.;

4. Contract layer: It mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the basis for the programmable features of the blockchain; currently Jinwowo in Southwest China has It took the lead in starting big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology.

5. Application layer: It encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology

II What are the blockchain technology frameworks

The current mainstream blockchain architecture contains six levels: network layer, data layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The positions of the data layer and the network layer are reversed in the figure, and their main uses will be detailed in the next section.
Network layer: The essence of the blockchain network is a P2P (Peer-to-peer) network. The resources and services in the network are scattered on all nodes. The transmission of information and the implementation of services are directly between the nodes. It can be carried out in a short period of time without the intervention of intermediate links and servers. Each node both receives and generates information. The nodes synchronize information by maintaining a common blockchain. When a node creates a new block, it notifies other nodes in the form of broadcast, and other nodes receive the information. The block is then verified and a new block is created based on the block, thereby achieving the role of the entire network jointly maintaining an underlying ledger. Therefore, the network layer will involve the design of P2P network, propagation mechanism, verification mechanism, etc. Obviously, these designs can affect the confirmation speed of block information. The network layer can be used as a research direction in the scalable solution of blockchain technology;
Data layer: The underlying data of the blockchain is a block + linked list data structure, which includes data blocks, chain structures, timestamps, hash functions, Merkle trees, asymmetric encryption and other designs. Among them, data blocks and chain structures can be used as improvement directions for data layer research in the scalable solution of blockchain technology.
Consensus layer: It is the basis for highly dispersed nodes to achieve rapid consensus on the validity of block data. The main consensus mechanisms include POW (Proof Of Work workload proof mechanism), POS (Proof of Stake equity proof mechanism) , DPOS (Delegated Proof of Stake) and PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance), etc., which have always been the highlight of the scalable solutions of blockchain technology.
Incentive layer: It is what everyone often calls a mining mechanism. It is used to design a certain economic incentive model and encourage nodes to participate in the security verification of the blockchain, including the design of issuance mechanisms and distribution mechanisms, etc. This level of improvement does not seem to be directly related to blockchain scalability.
Contract layer: mainly refers to various script codes, algorithm mechanisms, smart contracts, etc. Strictly speaking, this layer is missing in the first generation of blockchains, so they can only conduct transactions and cannot be used in other fields or perform other logical processing. The emergence of the contract layer makes it possible to use blockchains in other fields. has become a reality. This part of Ethereum includes two parts: EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) and smart contracts. Improvements at this level seem to provide potential new directions for blockchain scalability, but there seems to be no direct connection in structure
Application layer: It is the display layer of the blockchain, including various application scenarios and cases. . For example, Ethereum uses truffle and web3-js. The application layer of the blockchain can be the mobile terminal, the web terminal, or it can be integrated into the existing server, and the current business server is regarded as the application layer. Improvements at this level seem to provide potential new directions for blockchain scalability, but there does not seem to be a direct connection in structure.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot of the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" launched by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

Ⅲ What are the blockchain architecture designs?

As an implementation of architecture design, blockchain is quite different from basic languages ​​or platforms. Blockchain is the technology behind cryptocurrency. It is one of the popular technologies currently on par with VR and virtual reality. It is not a new technology in itself. It is similar to Ajax. It can be said to be a technical architecture, so let’s talk about it from the perspective of architectural design. Blockchain technology implementation. No matter what programming language you are good at, you can refer to this design to implement a blockchain product. At the same time, we will sort out the related knowledge maps and systems to help everyone study and research systematically.

From an architectural design perspective, blockchain can be simply divided into three levels: the protocol layer, extension layer and application layer. Among them, the protocol layer can be divided into the storage layer and the network layer, which are independent of each other but inseparable.

Blockchain Architecture Diagram

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is developed by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Degree Innovation Workstation" is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

IV What are the three levels in the blockchain technology architecture

The three levels in the blockchain technology are as follows:

Protocol layer< /p>

The so-called protocol layer refers to the lowest level technology. This level is usually a complete blockchain product, similar to the operating system of our computer. It maintains network nodes and only provides APIs for calling. Usually the official will provide a simple client (commonly known as a wallet). The function of this client wallet is also very simple. It can only create an address, verify the signature, transfer payment, check the balance, etc.

Extension layer

This layer is similar to a computer driver and is designed to make blockchain products more practical.

The application layer

This level is similar to various software programs in computers. It is a product that ordinary people can use directly. It can also be understood as a B/S architecture. The browser side of the product. Applications at this level are currently almost blank.

IV What does the architectural model of blockchain technology include?

Jinwowo analyzes the architectural model of blockchain technology as follows:
1. Data layer
The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies;
2. Network layer
The network layer includes distributed networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism etc.;
3. Consensus layer
The consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes;
4. Incentive layer
The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system It mainly includes the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives;
5. Contract layer
The contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain;
6. Application layer
The application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

VI What is the model architecture of blockchain?

Blockchain technology is not a single innovative technology, but the result of integrated innovation of multiple technologies. Its essence is a weak center. , self-trusting underlying architecture technology. Compared with traditional Internet technology, its technical principles and model architecture are a major innovation. Here, we will analyze the basic technical model of blockchain.

Model diagram

The blockchain technology model includes data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer from bottom to top. . Each layer has a core function, and different layers cooperate with each other to jointly build a decentralized value transmission system

The data layer is the lowest level interpretation architecture of the blockchain, which uses public and private keys. The combined asymmetric encryption technology uses hash functions to ensure that information is not tampered with, and also uses chain structure, timestamp technology, Merkle tree and other technologies to process data blocks, so that the old and new blocks can be Mutual links and mutual verification are the basis for the safe and stable operation of the blockchain.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only "blockchain technology" approved by the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" carried out by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. Professional” pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

Ⅶ Contents of the organizational structure that make up the basic computing functions of the blockchain

With the rapid development of the Internet, consumers’ awareness of blockchain technology and digital virtual currency has also increased. Constantly improving. Today, let’s take a look at the structures of the basic computing methods of blockchain technology. Let’s take a look at the specific situation in the following Java course.

The basic elements that make up computing technology are storage, processing and communication. Mainframes, PCs, mobile devices, and cloud services all exhibit these elements in their own way. There are also dedicated building blocks within each element to allocate resources.

This article focuses on the large framework of the blockchain: it introduces the modules of each computing element in the blockchain and some implementation cases of each module, preferring an overview rather than a detailed explanation.

The building blocks of blockchain

The following are the building blocks of each computing element in decentralized technology:

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Storage: token storage, database, file system/blob

Processing: stateful business logic, stateless business Logic, high-performance computing

Communication: a connected network of data, value and state

Storage

As a basic computing element, the storage part contains the following building blocks.

Token storage. Tokens are storage media of value (such as assets, securities, etc.), and the value can be bitcoins, airline miles, or the copyright of digital works. The main function of the token storage system is to issue and transfer tokens (there are many variations) while preventing events such as multiple payments from occurring.

Bitcoin and Zcash are the two "A "pure" system that only focuses on the token itself. Ethereum began to use tokens for various services to realize its ideal of acting as a global computing center. In these examples, tokens were used as internal incentives to operate the entire network architecture. .

There are also some tokens that are not internal tools used by the network to promote its own operation, but are used as incentives for higher-level networks, but their tokens are actually storage In the underlying architecture. One example is an ERC20 token like Golem, running on the Ethereum network layer. Another example is Envoke’s IP authorization token, running on the IPDB network layer.

Database. Databases specialize in storing structured metadata, such as data tables (relational databases), document stores (such as JSON), key-value stores, time series, or graph databases. Databases can Retrieve data quickly using queries like SQL.

Traditional distributed (but centralized) databases such as MongoDB and Cassandra often store hundreds of terabytes or even petabytes of data, performance Achieving millions of writes per second.

Query languages ​​like SQL are very powerful because they separate implementation from specifications, making it difficult to Will be bound to a specific application. SQL has been used as a standard for decades, so the same database system can be used in many different industries.

In other words , to discuss generality outside of Bitcoin, it is not necessary to talk about Turing completeness. You only need a database, which is both concise and easy to expand. Sometimes Turing completeness is also very useful, we will Discussed in detail in the "Decentralized Processing" section.

BigchainDB is decentralized database software and a specialized document storage system. It is based on MongoDB (or RethinkDB), It inherits the query and expansion logic of the latter. But it also has the characteristics of blockchain, such as decentralized control, tamper-proof and token support. IPDB is a regulated public instance of BigchainDB.

In the field of blockchain, it can also be said that IOTA is a time series database.

File system/blob data storage. These systems are stored in directories and file hierarchies to store large files (movies, music, large data sets).

IPFS and Tahoe-LAFS are decentralized file systems, including decentralized Or centralized blob storage. FileCoin, Storj, Sia and Tieron are decentralized blob storage systems, as is the old and excellent BitTorrent, although the latter uses a p2p system rather than a token. Ethereum Swarm, Dat, Swarm-JS basically supports allThe above two methods.

Data market. Such systems connect data owners (such as businesses) with data users (such as AI startups). They sit on top of databases and file systems, but they are still the core architecture because countless data-hungry applications (such as AI) rely on such services. Ocean is an example of a protocol and network upon which a data marketplace can be created. There are also application-specific data marketplaces: EnigmaCatalyst for crypto markets, Datum for private data, and DataBrokerDAO for IoT data streams.

Processing

The basic computational element of processing is discussed next.

"Smart contract" system usually refers to a system that processes data in a decentralized form [3]. It actually has two subsets with completely different properties: stateless (combined) business logic and stateful (sequential) business logic. There is a huge difference between stateless and stateful in terms of complexity, verifiability, etc. The three decentralized processing modules are high-performance computing (HPC).

Stateless (combined) business logic. This is arbitrary logic and does not retain state internally. In electrical engineering terms, it can be understood as a combinational digital logic circuit. This logic can be expressed as a truth table, a logic diagram, or code with conditional statements (a combination of if/then, and, or, not, etc.). Because they are stateless, it is easy to verify large stateless smart contracts, creating large provably secure systems. N inputs and one output require O(2^N) calculations to verify.

The Inter-Ledger Protocol (ILP) includes crypto-conditions (CC) protocols to clearly label combinational circuits. CC is easy to understand because it became an Internet standard through the IETF, while ILP is widely used in various centralized and decentralized payment networks (such as Ripple used by more than 75 banks). CC has many independently implemented versions, including JavaScript, Python, Java, etc. BigchainDB, Ripple and other systems also use CC to support combined business logic/smart contracts.

VIII What framework is used to develop blockchain Substrate

Blockchain development is very complicated. It involves complex technologies (including advanced cryptography and distributed network communications) that you must master in order to provide a secure platform for applications to run and users to trust. There are also thorny issues to resolve around scale, governance, interoperability and scalability. This complexity creates a high barrier for developers to overcome. With this in mind, the first question to answer is: What do you want to build?

Substrate is not perfectly suitable for every use case, application or project. However, if you want to build a blockchain, Substrate may be a perfect choice.

Substrate is a software development kit (SDK) designed to provide you with the basic components of all blockchains, allowing you to focus on crafting the logic that makes your chain unique and innovative. Unlike other distributed ledger platforms, Substrate is.

Most blockchain platforms have very tightly coupled, unanimous subsystems that are difficult to decouple. There are also risks on a chain based on a fork of another blockchain, where these very obvious couplings can fundamentally break the blockchain system itself.

Substrate is a fully modular blockchain framework that lets you compose a well-defined Chains of decoupled components.

With Substrate, you can deploy a blockchain designed and built for your specifications, but also able to evolve with your changing needs.

All Substrate architecture and tools are provided under an open source license. The core components of the Substrate framework use open protocols such as libp2p and jsonRPC, while empowering you to decide how much you want to customize the blockchain architecture. Substrate also has a large, active, and helpful community of developers contributing to the ecosystem. Contributions from the community enhance the capabilities available, allowing you to incorporate them into your own blockchain as it evolves.

Most blockchain platforms offer limited capabilities to interact with other blockchain networks. All Substrate-based blockchains can interoperate with other blockchains through Cross-Consensus Messaging (XCM). Substrate can be used to create a chain as a standalone network (single chain), or tightly coupled with a relay chain to share its security, as a quasi-chain.

Substrate is built to be scalable, composable, and adaptable. The state transition logic--Substrate runtime--is an independent WebAssembly object. Nodes can be given the ability to completely change the runtime itself under certain conditions, inducing runtime upgrades network-wide. Therefore, "forkless" upgrades are possible because in most cases nodes do not need to take any action to use this new runtime. Over time, the network's runtime protocols can evolve seamlessly, perhaps radically, with the needs of its users.