区块链扩展问题有哪些,区块链扩展问题研究

随着区块链技术的不断发展，越来越多的用户开始使用区块链技术来解决实际问题。但是，由于区块链技术本身的特性，存在许多扩展问题，这些问题对于区块链技术发展的可持续性和可扩展性具有重要意义。

首先，区块链扩展问题的最重要的一个是性能问题。由于区块链技术的分布式特性，网络中的每个节点都需要处理所有的交易，这将导致网络性能低下。此外，由于区块链技术的去中心化特性，每个节点都可以接收和处理交易，这将导致网络的数据传输量大大增加，进一步降低网络性能。

此外，区块链扩展问题还包括安全性问题。由于区块链技术的去中心化特性，每个节点都可以接收和处理交易，这将极大地增加网络的数据安全风险。此外，由于区块链技术的共识机制，网络中的每个节点都需要计算比特币的哈希值，这将导致网络的计算能力受到限制，从而降低网络的安全性。

最后，区块链扩展问题还包括隐私安全问题。由于区块链技术的公开性，网络中的每个节点都可以访问和查看网络上的所有交易记录，这将导致用户的隐私安全受到威胁。此外，由于区块链技术的不可篡改性，一旦用户的隐私信息被泄露，将无法更改，这将进一步威胁用户的隐私安全。

总之，区块链扩展问题对于区块链技术的可持续性和可扩展性具有重要意义，因此，如何解决区块链扩展问题，是当前研究的重点和热点。目前，已经有许多研究者开展了相关研究，提出了许多有效的解决方案。例如，提出了基于分片的区块链技术，可以有效提高网络性能；提出了基于联邦学习的区块链技术，可以有效提高网络的安全性；提出了基于加密的区块链技术，可以有效提高网络的隐私安全性。

因此，为了使区块链技术可持续发展，我们需要更多的研究来解决区块链扩展问题，以提高区块链技术的可持续性和可扩展性。只有这样，区块链技术才能得到更广泛的应用，为社会带来更多的福利。

1. What problem does blockchain solve?

Use blockchain technology as currency because blockchain will inevitably generate tokens, and all transaction participants agree that it has value, blockchain technology helps it function as currency. We find that blockchain currencies are likely to first gain adoption for private transactions, international transactions, and microtransactions, and then eventually expand to become the default currency for all transactions. Blockchain technology is also useful for individuals executing microtransactions. If one person wanted to send $1.00 to another person, the fees in a world without blockchain could easily reach 30-40% of the total transaction (.30—.30—.40). As a result, companies are forced to shift transactions to monthly invoices, and these high fees also discourage founders from starting a business on small amounts of money in the first place. Assuming an entrepreneur wants to start a business, an individual in France can send $1 directly to farmers in Kenya to help them build agricultural infrastructure. After it becomes clear to the entrepreneur and his potential donors that almost half of these payments go to intermediary entities, the entrepreneur may give up and the donor may leave. On the other hand, if an entrepreneur in a developing country wants to transfer his wealth (e.g., $2-5 per day) from an unstable local currency to a more stable international currency, he will face high international double fees The troubles are transaction fees for small transaction sizes and high intermediary fees. Blockchain-based currencies offer solutions to these problems. Using Blockchain Technology as a Store of Value Blockchain technology also has the potential to provide new independent stores of value. Today, the classic store of independent value is gold, as humanity decided to be independent from nation-states (e.g. Canada) or unions of nations (e.g. the European Union) rather than other mainstream currencies (e.g. the United States, where the dollar is closely associated with the success of the United States of America). Gold typically has an inverse relationship with the U.S. dollar: in other words, gold serves as a hedge against the current global financial system. Since gold is difficult to store (heavy, relatively unsafe), digital blockchain currencies represent an attractive alternative. If digital currencies become more stable over time (currently, they are extremely unstable), they may one day add to or subtract from assets like gold (for hedging purposes). If digital currencies replace traditional currencies such as the US dollar and the euro, then these digital currencies will represent and dominate the financial system. In this world, these currencies will no longer be a useful hedge against the current status quo: they will become the status quo! And we hope that investors can focus on gold, similar assets and non-mainstream digital currencies to hedge against these now mainstream digital currencies. Using Blockchain Technology to Facilitate Simple Information Exchange Ultimately, the value of blockchain technology comes from its potential to secure and automate the transfer of information, an endeavor with endless opportunities. While blockchain-based currencies represent a great opportunity to streamline the transfer of information, any current process or system that transmits information digitally (i.e., anything on the internet) could be revolutionized by blockchain technology. In the blockchain world, programmable rules that determine how a blockchain delivers information are called smart contracts. smart combinationA covenant is really just an automatic contract. To implement a smart contract, three things need to be done. First, all stakeholders need to agree that digital tokens have value. Second, all stakeholders need to agree on every definition in the smart contract. Third, digital tokens need to be integrated with every defined programmatic fact. Using blockchain technology to facilitate complex information exchanges An example of a complex information market using blockchain technology is the storage of digital information. Today, a large portion of the Internet is hosted by similar offerings from Amazon Web Services (AWS) and other intermediary entities. These entities build and maintain global data storage and servers to support cloud infrastructure. However, in the blockchain world, companies can use information storage blockchain tokens (we call them fictional tokens 'FileStorageCoin') in exchange for secure storage on a highly distributed network, at a price charged by physical intermediaries such as AWS Just a little part. While blockchain can help users derive more value from storage, connectivity, bandwidth, website access, and content creation, the technology is not limited to digital information; the technology can also make physical world assets more liquid (easier to sell and purchase) to make it more reducible. In other words, blockchain can better facilitate ownership of assets by multiple people.

2. What is blockchain expansion

Expansion is when a container or carrier is not enough to support or carry the needs of existing things, we expand the capacity of the container or A means of increasing the volume of the load to meet the increasing demand, thereby alleviating the pressure on the current container or load.
At the beginning of the birth of Bitcoin, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto did not specifically limit the size of blocks. The maximum block size could reach 32MB. At that time, the average block size was 1~2KB.
At that time, there were few Bitcoin users and the transaction volume was not that large, which did not cause block congestion. However, with the linear rise in the price of Bitcoin from 2013 to the present, more and more users have caused congestion on the Bitcoin network. The problem of rising user transaction fees gradually emerged.
Up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain at its peak. The average transaction fee of Bitcoin has increased 376 times since September 2010. The processing speed of 7 transactions per second is obviously too high. To meet user needs, the Bitcoin community began to explore how to “expand” Bitcoin.
By modifying the underlying code of Bitcoin, the purpose of improving transaction processing capabilities is achieved.
There are two development and design solutions for Bitcoin expansion itself, namely first-layer and second-layer expansion technologies.
· The first layer of expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, making the blockchain itself faster and larger in capacity. In general, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain.
· The purpose of the second-layer expansion technology is to move calculations off-chain, that is, to solve problems through side-chain technology.
Expansion Agreement and Outcome
Expansion Agreement generally requires miners’Support can be roughly divided into methods such as modifying block size, soft fork, hard fork, and segregated witness.
Take Bitcoin as an example:
Bitcoin is now split into the large block Bitcoin Cash (BCH) and Segregated Witness. Segregated Witness is now recognized as Bitcoin in the market, and the big block coin is named Bitcoin Cash. It is foreseeable that in the future development direction, Bitcoin will be dominated by off-chain transactions. Including Lightning Network and side chains. These two new things are currently immature, but many people have high hopes.
Bitcoin will develop a large number of Segregated Witness transactions and make more derivative technologies based on Segregated Witness. It is most likely that technology will drive Bitcoin forward.
Bitcoin Cash will focus on on-chain transactions, focus on developing currency functions, reduce transaction friction as the main method, and profit from a wider range of on-chain users as the main development direction.
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3. Multichain vs. Ethereum – The battle is ongoing

Research conducted by GrandReview shows that the blockchain market is growing rapidly and there are no signs of suggests that this growth will slow down in the short term. When blockchain was in its infancy, it was the domain of tight-knit communities, but it has now expanded to large enterprises, investors and even local governments. But with such rapid expansion comes a new wave of challenges, especially when it comes to scalability.

Solving blockchain scalability issues

It is well known that blockchain has congestion and scalability issues. This has far-reaching consequences, resulting in slower transaction processing times and increased transaction fees, resulting in a poor user experience.

This is not a problem unique to a specific chain, but it is particularly evident in the case of Ethereum, the second-largest blockchain network after Bitcoin. This caused some developers to become so frustrated that they moved to other networks, such as Solana or Cardano, which offered higher speeds.

At the same time, most developers believe that for DeFi to continue to gain popularity and traction, and for these solutions to be accepted by the masses, the solution lies in cooperation, not competition. Enter the idea of ​​a multi-chain universe.

What is Multichain?

Can multi-chain solve scalability issues? As the name suggests, a multi-chain ecosystem is a multi-chain ecosystem in which multiple blocksChains are interconnected with the ultimate goal of improving user experience, increasing efficiency, and allowing for wider adoption. But this requires effective cross-chain solutions. The good news is that some of them are already in production. Let’s look at SushiSwap and Aave adopting multi-chain.

Multi-chain adoption in SushiSwap and Aave

SushiSwap entered the multi-chain field as early as March this year and is now one of the largest multi-chain adopters, existing in 13 On-chain: including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Avalanche and Fantom.

Aave will follow suit. It has found success with its crypto lending products, which has led to many users locking up their assets.

Aave’s founder recently stated that the protocol is considering launching on a number of different networks. He also talked about expanding Aave’s lending market on Solana through EVM-compatible solutions Neon Labs, Avalanche and Optimistic Rollup solutions Arbitrum and Optimism as part of its multi-chain strategy.

Where do multi-chain aggregators come from?

Multi-chain or cross-chain aggregators determine the best way to enable transactions across blockchain ecosystems. As such, they ease the burden on existing blockchain users and remove some barriers to entry for new entrants.

An example of such an aggregator is Apeboard, which enables users to monitor their portfolios across different platforms. Apeboard supports 11 chains, including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Solana, and Terra. It's great for monitoring assets across multiple chains and tracking balances.

Also worth mentioning here is 1Inch, an exchange aggregator that scans DEXs to find the lowest cryptocurrency prices for traders. 1inch provides liquidity to 78 platforms including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polygon.

Popular multi-asset blockchains - Orbit Chain, Polkadot and Cosmos

When talking about the multi-chain future, it is important to discuss multi-asset blockchains, which use decentralization Inter-chain communication (IBC) stores, transmits and verifies information and assets that exist across the entire public blockchain. The most popular of them are Orbit Chain, Polkadot, and Cosmos.

Multiple possibilities for a multi-chain future

Currently blockchain is still defined and experienced by each of its components, which means that from a user's perspective, it lacks liquidity. Some have even compared it to the early days of the internet. Multi-chain technology will subvert this experience to the point where users may not even know which chain they are operating on. This change is critical to enabling blockchain to transition into a high-growth industry.

Multi-chain will support the adoption of blockchain in many sectors, especially finance and banking. Without this interoperability, transactions between banks using different blockchains would be extremely complex for everyone involved. But with a multi-chain approach, transferring data is not only simple, but also fast and secure.

Similarly, in supply chain management, blockchain interoperability can bring huge benefits. The properties of blockchain allow disconnected supply chain management systems to interoperate without high investment costs. Therefore, it makes sense to leverage these characteristics to transform supply chains.

Finally, an important benefit of interoperability is that different development teams that previously worked in silos can leverage each other's solutions, thereby driving innovation across the industry.

Why Ethereum may hold back multi-chains

Currently, the biggest development holding back multi-chain futures is the launch of ETH 2.0 - a network upgrade that will make the Ethereum network more scalable and security. To achieve this, Ethereum changed its consensus mechanism from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS). The upgrade could have a significant impact on Ethereum’s price, as its lower fees and faster transactions will open the network to a larger user base.

Ethereum already allows asset transfers on L2 aggregation - an off-chain transaction aggregator within Ethereum smart contracts. Their goal is to reduce fees and congestion by increasing the blockchain’s throughput. But they also offer many solutions when it comes to asset transfers.

It is widely believed that L2 solutions played an important role in bringing Ethereum to mainstream users. It is estimated that L2 can handle 2,000-4,000 transactions per second, which is very close to Visa's processing capabilities. As Layer 1 scales with Ethereum 2.0 and Layer 2, Ethereum will take advantage of some serious economic bandwidth.

In fact, if ETH 2.0 goes into full effect, developers may not see any reason to embrace multi-chains - Ethereum will provide them with everything they need.

4. In the era of digital economy, the innovative application scenarios of blockchain continue to expand

In the era of digital economy, blockchain as The new driving force for economic growth is leading a new round of global technological revolution.and industrial change. At present, blockchain is developing rapidly and penetrating into all areas of our country's economy, which not only strengthens the resource allocation capabilities of the digital economy, but is also of great significance for promoting high-quality economic development and improving the modernization of the national governance system and governance capabilities.

Blockchain is the new engine driving digital development

As the role of blockchain in the digital economy grows, its innovative applications continue to expand. According to the "China Mobile Internet Development Report (2021)", "There were nearly 2,000 blockchain projects across the country last year, and the blockchain market size exceeded 3.2 billion yuan."

China Academy of Information and Communications Technology Industrial Internet and Liu Yang, deputy chief engineer of the Internet of Things Research Institute, once said that blockchain is a trust infrastructure necessary for the development of economic activities. It provides inclusive public services for finance, agriculture, industry, energy and other industries and the public. It is also a Collaboration tools, transforming production relations, and integrating with the real economy will improve collaboration efficiency and reduce costs.

In fact, blockchain is called "the next generation of Internet-level technology" because of its disruptive innovation, and is considered the most revolutionary among strategic emerging technologies. In October 2019, blockchain was elevated to a national strategic level. In April 2020, blockchain was included in the new infrastructure and was listed as one of the seven "key digital economy industries" in the "14th Five-Year Plan". In the future, blockchain will usher in new opportunities for innovation and development.

However, Zhang Chao said that currently, data governance on the blockchain is still a huge challenge at a global level. First, data governance requires a clear regulatory subject, but in blockchains or distributed ledgers (or public chains) other than alliance chains, a relatively clear object may not be found as a regulatory subject; secondly, due to the The data on the chain cannot be easily tampered with, which means that during the data governance process, the rights of the data owner to modify and delete the data may not be fully protected.

Blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand

Driven by favorable policies and market demand, blockchain innovative application scenarios continue to expand. In recent years, in addition to the two major outbreak scenarios of finance and government affairs, there is even more promise in empowering the field of rule of law. On the one hand, the multi-faceted and multi-field application of "blockchain + rule of law" can effectively improve the efficiency of rule of law construction; on the other hand, blockchain technology can also help public prosecutors and law enforcement agencies crack new criminal cases.

Industry insiders believe that based on the analysis and tracking of massive on-chain data, blockchain technology provides governments, enterprises and users with on-chain data monitoring, transaction maps and on-chain address analysis. For suspected criminal activities such as virtual currency, the blockchain browser provides on-chain data tracking to combat virtual currency crimes, maintain national financial security, and provide "blockchain power" for the construction of Digital China.

5. What are the issues that need to be improved in blockchain applications

2018 is the first year of blockchain, but the world’s overall blockchain industry, except for the financial industry, is still in its infancy. The maturity of the blockchain industry requires technology, The integration of a series of factors such as market, supervision, and popularity. According to the current development momentum of blockchain, experts predict that large-scale implementation can be achieved within 3 to 5 years, and the real economy also has a new development model. The application of blockchain needs to be perfected what is the problem?

Accelerating the implementation of blockchain technology in industrial scenarios still needs to focus on

1. Quick matching of application scenarios.

Use Blockchain technology can effectively solve the pain points of the industry market. In the mainstream B2B transaction mode scenario of the market, it is easier to combine using blockchain technology. If the application scenario meets the conditions of high transaction frequency, fixed transaction scope, insufficient credit, etc., blockchain technology can be easily implemented This scenario. In the future, as the foundation of blockchain technology matures, it will gradually be applied to more transaction models.

2. The technology is further improved.

Blockchain technology is currently perfect Insufficient strength, 51% computing power attack problem, double-spending gap problem, high transaction costs, low TPS throughput, transaction block chain selection problems, excessive energy consumption of the POW consensus mechanism, hacker intrusions and other technical obstacles.

3. The industry mechanism is sound.

Accurately distinguish the relationship between centralization and decentralization. Decentralization means that the entire operating system can operate autonomously under the condition that there is no central agency management. Two strangers Under decentralized conditions, individuals can achieve trust and realize transaction facts at low cost and quickly. However, what is clear is that the ecosystem is not unmanaged, and the blockchain is still the information center and requires constant technical support. , repeated upgrades, there is a certain centralized mechanism behind it.