区块链物理层包括哪些,区块链与物理

区块链是一种分布式数据库技术，它以物理层的形式存在于网络中，具有安全可靠、可信赖的特点。那么，区块链物理层包括哪些内容呢？

首先，区块链物理层的基础是节点网络。节点网络是指区块链系统中的各个节点之间的物理连接，它们可以通过网络进行沟通，实现数据的传输和共享。比特币的节点网络是由不同的计算机组成的，它们可以通过网络互相沟通，实现数据的传输和共享。

其次，区块链物理层还包括硬件层。硬件层是指区块链系统中节点所使用的硬件，如服务器、硬盘、内存等，这些硬件设备可以支持区块链系统的运行，并且可以支持数据的存储和传输。

此外，区块链物理层还包括网络层。网络层是指区块链系统中节点之间的网络连接，它们可以通过网络实现数据的传输和共享。比特币的网络层是由不同的节点之间的物理连接组成的，它们可以通过网络实现数据的传输和共享。

最后，区块链物理层还包括安全层。安全层是指区块链系统中的安全措施，它们可以防止数据的篡改和滥用。比特币的安全层是由不同的加密算法和数字签名组成的，它们可以防止数据的篡改和滥用。

总之，区块链物理层包括节点网络、硬件层、网络层和安全层，它们共同构成了区块链系统的物理层，为区块链系统提供了基础支持。

由此可见，区块链与物理是密不可分的，物理层的技术可以为区块链系统提供安全可靠的基础，从而保证了区块链的可信赖性和安全性。未来，随着区块链技术的发展，物理层的技术也将不断发展，为区块链系统提供更多的安全保障。

1. Is it difficult to develop a public blockchain chain? How many domestic companies can do it?

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption New application models of computer technology such as algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

The biggest problem if such technology is to be put into application is the "impossible triangle problem"

That is, it cannot achieve scalability (Scalability) and decentralization (Decentralization) at the same time. ), security (Security), you can only get two of the three.

Most of the public chain projects currently on the market are difficult to put into use on a large scale.

2. Is Zhongji Lingyun a liar?

No.
Zhongji Lingyun Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Zhongji Lingyun") is a subsidiary of Beijing Wanxiang Xinyuan Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Xinyuan Technology", GEM stock code: 300472), Cao Jie, It is a high-tech Internet company jointly established by Li Min, Mei Yiduo and others, focusing on cloud computing and big data. Xinyuan Technology is committed to providing industrial intelligence products and services to global manufacturing companies. Zhongji Lingyun is a strategic investment project of Xinyuan Technology in the fields of data centers, cloud computing and big data.
Zhongji Lingyun has first-class core technologies and top strategic planning, management and operation teams in the fields of data center, cloud computing, big data, Internet of Things, blockchain and artificial intelligence. Through top-level design and system resource integration, core products and services such as Zhongji Quantum Cloud, Zhongji Taiji Cloud, Zhongji Colorful Cloud, Zhongji Youyun, and Zhongji Guardian will be injected into selected IDCs across the country and even around the world. IDC is upgraded to create a VDC that meets the needs of customers' digital development. It implements interconnection and data integration at the physical layer, network layer, system layer, application layer and data layer to complete the global VDC construction and allow each customer to have its own VDC engine.

3. What is blockchain, what is consensus, and what is currency circle

Blockchain is an encrypted information transmission with distributed accounting and decentralization as its core. Distributed accounting means the right to exist that cannot be destroyed, and decentralization means the right to independent transmission that cannot be tampered with. The two together are defined by Qingquan as "indestructible."

However, the blockchain has weak links, and it is heavily dependent on the network for its existence. Not just on a delivery level, but also on a recording level. The core layer of the blockchain is the physical layer, which is parasitic on the Internet system. If one day the Internet all over the world is forcibly suspended, thenThe independent system of blockchain will also fall into a state of suspended animation.

However, this kind of suspended animation is not real death, but requires some kind of systematic key to activate. Is there such a systematic key now? some.

Consensus comes from cognition.

Anyone with a little common sense in economics knows one thing clearly: legal currency is worthless! In fact, from the beginning of the forced decoupling of the British pound from the metal standard to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the legal currency of any country in the world is de facto valueless. The so-called purchasing power of legal currency is guaranteed by administrative coercion, but this administrative coercion is often abused. Therefore, the Guanjin volume we once saw in textbooks is returning to the world's economic tide, starting from the US dollar. The practical significance of QDI quantitative easing to the "appropriate easing" of China's monetary policy is that the money printing machine is working overtime.

However, the money supply is subject to an offer from the total supply and demand of society. Within the scope of this offer, the face value of the currency is still guaranteed. Once it deviates from the For this offer, the currency needs a "reservoir". I once said that the concepts of the U.S. stock market and China's real estate market are the same in the economic sense. Of course, there are also those who dare not spend money.

Legal currency must be devalued. This concept involves more advanced economic knowledge, and even thirty chapters cannot be completed here. Depreciation within a certain range is beneficial to the development of human society, but this certain range is often abused. This comes from the weakness of legal currency itself - administrative coercion. But administrative coercion cannot defeat human nature.

Therefore, since the emergence of the blockchain, people with foresight have begun to try to defeat the depreciation of legal currency by assigning value to the blockchain. As a result, we have also seen that from that piece of pizza until now, we are still seeking to assign value to the blockchain.

Is this all the consensus is? no.

In the process of the development of blockchain technology, various algorithm differences have emerged, such as sharding, encryption, storage, running speed and network carriers, which are the coins we see now. This phenomenon is essentially a "split of consensus", but there is no way around it, because although BTC is the originator, it does not meet our needs for the blockchain in terms of value assignment. He is too slow, too old and too young to withstand the impact of legal currency. In the economic sense, BTC is now defined as a luxury product rather than a digital currency, because when studying the match between its value projection curve and the economic tide, it was found that it is surprisingly similar to luxury goods.

The currency circle is the bud formed by the mutual dissolution of blockchain development assignments and legal currency. In essence, the existence of the currency circle is the inevitable amplification of blockchain consensus. The currency circle is not the whole of the blockchain, it is just a flower. We still expect the fruit.

What is our ideal blockchain application?

When the utility of legal currency is unbalanced due to some kind of force majeure, we can use the independent system established by the blockchain for value exchange. But it is a pity that the utility of legal currency is not unbalanced, but this value exchange system has entered the economic cycle prematurely. The most notorious one is the dark web, and there is also the "money laundering" that haunts us all the time. This gives the currency The circle was shrouded in a layer of sadness.

It must be pointed out that even the above-mentioned value exchange is not the value exchange defined by Qingquan, but the consensus of the blockchain is used to act as a medium for legal currency interoperability. Blockchain The background color is far from this.

The real blockchain should be a useful supplement and adjustment in the normal legal currency economic cycle system, and should also be a replacement when the normal legal currency economic cycle system fails. Although we don’t want to think about it that much, I really don’t want to see the situation of carrying a big bag of banknotes in exchange for two pounds of potatoes.

However, is the current currency circle ready for this? not yet! The current currency circle only believes in the four-year cycle but has abandoned the original appearance of the blockchain. Some people even use these coins, these technologies, and these consensuses as tools of deception and fraud. This is the tragedy of the entire human society!

Talking about trading, there have been countless cases of getting rich in the currency circle, so much so that it has given Leecai the illusion that "maybe that person will be me". Playing with spot products, I can't stand the loneliness and it is slow to make money, and playing with contracts is even more difficult. Needless to say, it is the same as gambling. Anyone who has been trading in this circle for huge profits has never seen anyone not losing money.

#BTC[超话]# #欧易OKEx# #digital currency#

4. Since 1993, people Through what is on the Internet

Since 1993, people have been able to see text, pictures, and hear sounds on the Internet, making the online world more beautiful and colorful. This is mainly due to " www World Wide Web".

World Wide Web WWW is the abbreviation of World Wide Web, also known as Web, 3W, etc. WWW is a combination of client/server information discovery technology and hypertext technology. The WWW server organizes information into hypertext with pictures and text through Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), and uses links to jump from one site to another. In this way, we completely get rid of the previous query tools that can only follow specific paths.Find the limits of information step by step.

The World Wide Web allows people around the world to communicate with each other on an unprecedented scale. People who are far apart, or even people of different generations, can develop close relationships or sublimate each other's ideological realm through the Internet. The advantage of digital storage is that information resources on the Internet can be queried more efficiently than consulting libraries or physical books. Information can be obtained more quickly than by looking for it personally, or by mail, telephone, telegraph, or other means of communication.

The World Wide Web is the most profound and widespread communication medium in human history. It can interconnect its users with other groups of people scattered around the globe, far more numerous than can be reached through physical contact or all other communication media that already exist combined.

Today, the Internet is a household name, mobile Internet is at its peak, and satellite Internet is also rising. These networks, like transportation, electricity, gas, tap water, etc., are indispensable infrastructure for human society. If earlier infrastructure transferred matter and energy, then the Internet, mobile Internet, and satellite Internet transferred information, so they are called information infrastructure. Unlike matter and energy, information is naturally permeable, knowledgeable and intelligent, and its marginal cost of production and transmission is much smaller than that of matter and energy. Therefore, its role in promoting the development of human society is much greater than that of matter and energy.

In the new infrastructure launched by our country in response to the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the global economy, information infrastructure such as 5G, Internet of Things, Industrial Internet, and Satellite Internet, as well as related intelligent transportation and smart energy and other infrastructure have become the main construction content. The inclusion of satellite Internet in the scope of new infrastructure has excited people in my country's satellite communications industry. The entire industry seems to suddenly have a sense of becoming the master. There is no doubt that the inclusion of satellite Internet in the scope of new infrastructure is a good thing for the development of satellite communications in my country. At this moment, to know where the content of the new infrastructure comes from, it is necessary to review the brief history of the development of the Internet, mobile Internet, and satellite Internet. Because, review the past and learn the new.

2. The Internet dominates the world
When it comes to the Internet, we have to take it literally. The Internet originated in the United States, and its English name is Internet. It was originally transliterated into Internet in my country. Literally, the Internet is a combination of Internet and net, which means a network that is connected to each other. The Internet began in 1969 when the U.S. ARPA (Defense Research Projects Agency) launched a network interconnection research project for military communications purposes, connecting major computers. In that era, PSTN (Public Telephone Network), X.25 (Public Data Network) and DDN (Public Digital Data Network), as well as private networks of companies such as IBM's DEC, were all business networks serving specific fields and were heterogeneous with each other. , cannot communicate with each other. ARPA network interconnection research project plans to develop a protocol family with TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) as the core. Its purpose is to connect various heterogeneous networks to each other and realize interconnection between computers. Therefore, the early Internet was also called the computer network.

TCP/IP is simplified from the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) seven-layer protocol, which is divided into five layers: physical, link, network, transport and application. . The physical layer realizes the transmission of signals on various media, and channel coding and modulation and demodulation are the main technologies; the link layer realizes point-to-point transmission between network nodes, and synchronization and error correction are the main technologies; network The layer implements the delivery of data packets from the source to the destination, with routing and switching being the main technologies; the transport layer implements end-to-end conversation and confirmation; the application layer provides interfaces and interfaces for various applications. IP and TCP correspond to the network and transport layers respectively, and IP is the backbone of the Internet protocol family.

The nodes in the Internet are known as routers, which use IP protocols to connect various heterogeneous networks together. End-user data is encapsulated into uniformly formatted IP packets, which include globally unique IP addresses. IP data packets are encapsulated on various network protocols, and routers perform routing and relay transmission of data packets. This process is vividly called IP over everything, and everything refers to various heterogeneous networks.

In the early days, routers had to deal with various network protocols such as X.25, FrameRelay, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), and ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Because there are not many people using it and the amount of data processed is not large, ordinary routers can handle it very well. In 1993, the Clinton administration in the United States proposed the National Information Infrastructure (NII) or Information Highway plan, and people's awareness of the importance of information networks has increased unprecedentedly. The Internet stood out because of its strong openness and inclusiveness, and soon surpassed the carefully designed networks such as ISDN and ATM in the telecommunications industry. The popularity of the WWW (World Wide Web) based on HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), packetization of voice and video, and IP packet transmission have enriched the applications of the Internet, and also caused the amount of data on the Internet to increase exponentially, which has a great impact on the original data of the Internet. Both transmission and switching modes have had a huge impact.

In order to cope with the above impact, the Internet has three important solutions. One is to run PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) on a large-capacity SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) optical fiber network to replace various low-speed business networks at the backbone, aggregation and access layers. The second is to introduce MPLS (Multi-Protocol) into routers. Tag switching) and other technologies to improve data processing speed. According to different application scenarios and business processing capabilities, routers are divided into backbone, aggregation and access routes. Additionally, there are home routers. The third is for variousPrioritize application data and provide carrier-grade services for voice and other applications. In addition, in the process of commercialization of the Internet, network access technologies have also been successively developed. xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) based on telephone twisted pair copper wires, and DOCSIS (Data over Cable Service Interface Specification) based on cable TV cables have all played important supporting roles. role, but were eventually replaced by WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) wireless networks and various PON (Passive Optical Networks) optical fiber networks.

At this point, the Internet has completed a magnificent turn. It no longer relies on others, but stands on its own, and realizes the integration of the telephone network and cable TV network in the three-network integration. The IP telephony, IPTV and OTTTV that people take for granted today are typical products of triple play integration. In terms of application form, they are like telephone networks and television networks, but their network structure is the Internet. This result is vividly called EverythingoverIP, where Everything refers to various contents and applications. Today, so-called Internet companies such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter abroad, as well as domestic networks, Alibaba, and Tencent, are actually engaged in Internet applications, such as e-commerce, social networks, etc., while the Internet in the physical sense is mainly in the hands of telecom operators. inside.

3. Mobile Internet conquers the city
It should be said that although wireless and microwave transmission also played a certain role, the Internet was initially developed based on wired networks. The goal of the Internet is network interconnection to unite computers around the world, and the goal of mobile networks is to enable communication anytime and anywhere. From the 1970s to the present, mobile communications have basically been updated every ten years. If the original 1G was an analog voice mobile communication system and had nothing to do with the Internet, then starting from 2G digital communication, every step of the development of mobile communications has been strongly influenced by the Internet, and eventually became an important part and application form of the Internet. , and has a strong tendency to catch up from behind.

The gradual integration of mobile communications into the Internet and the development of mobile Internet completed the transition during the 2G and 3G periods. The starting point was GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) in the 2G period. GPRS is a wireless packet switching technology introduced on the basis of GSM network voice circuit switching to provide end-to-end, wide-area wireless IP connections and data transmission. GPRS is the 2.5G technology that transitions from GSM network to 3G. It realizes the connection between mobile communications and the Internet. Its theoretical bandwidth can reach 171.2Kbps, but the actual bandwidth is about 40~100Kbps. On top of GPRS, WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) converts HTML data on the Internet into a simple WML (Wireless Markup Language) format to adapt to application scenarios where network speed and mobile phone intelligence were limited at that time.

After entering the 3G era, in order to meet the needs of smartphones such as Apple and various value-added applications,To meet the needs of future bandwidth growth, technologies such as HSDPA (High Speed ​​Downlink Packet Access) and HSUPA (High Speed ​​Uplink Packet Access) with higher speeds than GPRS and their enhanced version HSPA+ are beginning to appear one after another. HSPA+ has an uplink rate of 5.76Mbps and a downlink rate of 21Mbps or 28Mbps.
Unlike 2G and 3G, which transmit voice and data respectively through circuit and packet domains, 4G completely cancels the circuit domain and uses a unified packet domain to carry all services, which is processed through IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) For real-time services such as voice, VoLTE (Voice over Long Term Evolution) is a standard for transmitting voice over IP. It can be seen that 4G has transformed mobile communications into a real mobile Internet. Entering the 5G mobile Internet stage, its application areas have expanded from ordinary Internet applications to the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles and the Industrial Internet. Not only that, 5G also realizes the system integration of the Internet of Things, cloud computing, big data and blockchain technology, bringing the entire society into the era of artificial intelligence. The Internet in the era of artificial intelligence is more like the human brain. It has hearing, vision, and touch, can analyze, calculate, store, and judge, and may eventually have self-awareness.
4. Satellite Internet expands territory

Although the terrestrial Internet is very developed, it only covers 20% of the earth’s land area and 5.8% of the earth’s surface. To truly realize 5G’s vision of interconnection of everything and anytime access, we need to rely on satellite Internet that can provide truly global coverage.

It should be said that the Internetization of satellite communication networks had begun before 2000. Among them, VSAT network and DVB-S (digital video broadcasting-satellite), DVB-RCS (digital video broadcasting-satellite) The combination of standards such as satellite return channel) is a key link. DVB-S was originally a set of technical standards for satellite digital video broadcasting developed by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), including source coding and channel coding and modulation. Later, with the advancement of satellite channel coding and modulation technology, ETSI successively proposed DVB-S2 and DVB-S2X standards, with a cycle of exactly ten years. DVB-RCS is a return channel standard proposed by ETSI to meet the development needs of satellite broadband communications. The DVB-S series and DVB-RCS standards are jointly supported by mainstream manufacturers of global VSAT network equipment, which makes the global VSAT network have a common open standard, thus laying a solid foundation for the IP of satellite communication networks and the development of satellite Internet. .

In the satellite Internet forward channel based on the DVB-S series and DVB-RCS standards, IP data packets are segmented using MPE (Multi-Protocol Encapsulation) and then loaded into MPEG2-TS (Transport stream) package. The IP data packets of the reverse channel can be packaged using ATM or MPE and then loaded into MPEG2-TS. Initially, the forward channel rate for this type of satellite InternetIt can reach 45Mbps, and the reverse channel rate can reach 2Mbps. With the introduction of large-capacity HTS (high-throughput satellite) and higher-efficiency channel coding and modulation technology, the forward channel and reverse channel rates have been increased by more than ten times. They fully meet the needs of consumer broadband access and mobile platforms. Bandwidth requirements for applications such as access, base station relay, and content delivery.

At present, satellite Internet mainly appears in the form of HTS, which have three forms: GEO (high orbit), MEO (medium orbit) and LEO (low orbit). Among them, the GEOHTS system has a long transmission delay and weak coverage in high-latitude areas. However, the system has a simple structure and can cover a wide area. It is suitable for applications such as airborne communications, maritime communications, consumer broadband access, video broadcasting and content delivery; LEOHTS is more complex, but has shorter latency and can achieve seamless global coverage. It is suitable for low-latency applications such as base station relays and the Internet of Things; MEOHTS is somewhere in between the previous two. In terms of GEO satellites, the capacities of the two in-orbit HTSs, Viasat-2 of North America's Viasat Company and Jupiter-2 of Hughes Company, have reached 300Gbps and 220Gbps respectively. The capacities of Viasat-3 and Jupiter-3 under construction will reach 1Tbps and 500Gbps respectively, while traditional The capacity of communication satellites is only about 1Gbps. In terms of MEO constellations, SES's O3b currently has 20 in orbit, and its main applications are relay and backhaul. In November 2017, O3b planned to add 30 satellites. In terms of LEO constellations, SpaceX LEO constellations are leading the way, with eventual plans to launch 42,000 satellites. Currently, SpaceX has completed seven launches using the 60-satellite technology. When the number of satellites reaches 800, it will have initial service capabilities. It is worth mentioning that the DVB-S series and DVB-RCS standards are mainly applicable to GEO satellites. For MEO and LEO satellites, due to changes in channel characteristics, more appropriate air interface standards and protocols are usually required, but the VSAT network is similar.

Satellite Internet is a natural extension of the Internet, especially the mobile Internet. In order to promote the integration of satellite Internet and 5G, international standardization organizations such as ITU, 3GPP, SaT5G (Satellite 5G Alliance) and CBA (C-Band Alliance) are conducting relevant research work. At the 2019 European Network and Communications Conference (EuCNC2019), SaT5G conducted a series of satellite 5G demonstrations:

1) MEC (Mobile Edge Computing) utilizing satellite and terrestrial networks: bit rate adaptation, chain path selection, enhanced video streaming transmission;
2) Video caching and live content distribution based on satellite multicast technology;
3) Aviation airborne communications based on MEO satellites;

4) 5G local content caching utilizing hybrid backhaul network and MEC;

5) Satellite network 5G video demonstration;

6) Hybrid 5G base station relay for expanded services for rural markets and large gathering events. Among them, airborne communications and rural broadband are the most attractive.

In May 2019, Telesat, the University of Surrey in the UK and Newtec in Belgium jointly conducted a LEO satellite 5G backhaul test. The round-trip latency was 18-40 milliseconds. The main applications include 8K streaming media transmission and web pages. Browsing and video communication. These test results show that satellite Internet and 5G have achieved comprehensive integration. Satellite Internet will show broad development space for the Internet and mobile Internet, play a unique role in universal services, and allow all members of mankind to enjoy the basic rights of Internet access and information services.