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谷歌区块链框架是什么,谷歌区块链框架怎么用

发布时间:2023-12-06-01:32:00 来源:网络 区块链知识 区块   框架

谷歌区块链框架是什么,谷歌区块链框架怎么用

随着区块链技术的发展,谷歌也在努力投入这一领域,推出了谷歌区块链框架,它是一个开源的区块链开发框架,旨在帮助开发者更轻松地开发和部署区块链应用程序。

谷歌区块链框架是一个全面的区块链开发平台,提供了一系列工具、SDK和库,可以帮助开发者更轻松地构建和部署区块链应用程序。它可以帮助开发者更快地实现区块链应用程序的开发和部署,并减少开发者的成本。

谷歌区块链框架提供了一系列的功能,可以帮助开发者更轻松地开发和部署区块链应用程序。其中,谷歌区块链框架的核心功能是Ethereum智能合约开发和部署,可以让开发者更轻松地开发和部署智能合约,从而更快地实现应用程序的开发和部署。此外,谷歌区块链框架还提供了包括网络管理、API服务、账户管理、交易管理、智能合约管理等功能,可以帮助开发者更轻松地开发和部署区块链应用程序。

谷歌区块链框架的使用非常简单,只需要安装谷歌区块链框架的SDK,即可使用谷歌区块链框架开发和部署区块链应用程序。谷歌区块链框架还提供了一系列的文档和示例代码,可以帮助开发者更快地掌握谷歌区块链框架的使用。

总之,谷歌区块链框架是一个强大的区块链开发平台,可以帮助开发者更轻松地开发和部署区块链应用程序,并且使用起来非常简单,可以节省开发者的成本。


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Ⅰ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain, you need to understand the blocks In order to understand the blockchain, we have to study the brief history of the technological development of the blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for the emergence of the blockchain, and infer the future of the blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge whether C wins, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain On, this is just a node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, that isIt is 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger. This is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, from the earliest military andScientific research extends to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers,, and will not affect the transmission of information on the entire Internet.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is established by the American National Institute of Standards and TechnologyA member of the defined family of cryptographic functions.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture, Alibaba, Sina, AmazonXun, many Internet giants such as the Internet have a centralized B/S architecture. To put it simply, data is placed on giant servers. We ordinary users access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.Procedure.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives the goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner., smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects cannot use blockchain.It will be difficult. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared, with multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, with the evolution of organisms, these ganglia gradually merged.When we evolved into higher organisms, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons for interaction.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

II Blockchain technology concept

Blockchain technology concept

Blockchain technology concept, nowadays, blockchain has become the concern of most people In the field of blockchain, many companies have already studied this technology in depth, but there are still people who don’t know much about it. Below I will share an article about the concept of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology concept 1

Basic concepts and working principles of blockchain

1. Basic concepts

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point New application models of computer technologies such as transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information, prevent counterfeiting, and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. fake pointsCloth ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

2. Working principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:

1. Distributed The ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.

Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. For data, traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure the consistency of storage, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both recognition andIt is also a means to prevent tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data. Some predefined rules and terms can be automatically executed. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information, including medical information and risk occurrence information, is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to implement automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

3. Others

The Internet exchanges information, and the blockchain exchanges value. Human history and the history of the Internet can be understood in eight words: if they are divided for a long time, they must be combined. For a long time, they must be combined. In the era of long-term separation, all network information is scattered on the Internet. It is very difficult for everyone to mine information. At this time, platforms such as Google and Facebook will appear. , the only thing it does is recombine all our information. In the Internet era, what the monopoly giants reorganize is information, rather than generating their own information. The information generated is entirely our own. Once the information is reorganized, a new monopoly giant will emerge, so it will be an era of long-lasting separation. Now, due to the emergence of blockchain technology, it has entered an era of integration and division. It is a new multi-centralization. After the new multi-centralization, new value will be generated. These data will be in our own hands, and personal data will generate value. It belongs to oneself. This is the most exciting era of this era.

What is the value of blockchain? A low-cost mechanism to establish trust, establish data rights, and resolve data property rights.

At present, blockchain technology continues to develop, including the current development of single chains to multi-chains, and the technology can be further expanded. I think there may still be disruptions in the future, especially in transactions and other aspects. , especially many disruptive scenarios for existing industries.

The essence of blockchain is to establish trusted information exchange on untrustworthy networks.

One Belt, One Road + One Chain. The bigger thing about blockchain is not to create trust, but to allow trust to be transmitted losslessly, reducing the friction cost of society as a whole, thereby improving the overall efficiency.

The blockchain itself is still in its infancy.In the initial stage, it includes the information transmission and encryption of the blockchain. Quantum encryption and other encryption appear in this process. In fact, attacks on the encryption algorithm used in the blockchain itself also occur from time to time. Including blockchain is also a recognition of assets, a recognition of digital assets, but now many of us use cryptographic algorithms, or as the key for us to decrypt, but if you forget the password, it is very likely that your current assets will be lost. If you lose them, you won't be able to get back your original assets. Therefore, there are still some hidden dangers in asset management, including information transmission and some security aspects. Of course, from a technical perspective, the processing speed of our blockchain itself, or its scalability, is because from the perspective of the working mechanism, the entire ledger must be copied to all participants, so in the blockchain Its operational efficiency and scalability are still relatively limited. We feel that these still need further development in terms of technology.

The underlying technologies of the blockchain platform also form blockchain wallets, blockchain browsers, node elections, mining machines, mining pools, development components, development modules, technical communities and project communities. and a series of ecosystems. The perfection of these ecosystems directly determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the underlying platform of the blockchain.

4. Mundell’s Impossible Triangle

It is impossible to achieve the ultimate in decentralization, efficiency, and security at the same time.

Blockchain technology concept 2

The essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting technology, as opposed to centralized accounting technology, which is widely used in our current lives. exist. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity and anti-counterfeiting of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

The popular understanding of blockchain technology is: connecting the front, back, left and right blocks of "things" into a chain using one technology, but each block pieceThe original data cannot be tampered with, and it is a "linked module" technology in the field of the Internet of Things that allows participants to trust. The application of blockchain technology is inseparable from the Internet and the Internet of Things. It is based on the integration and interaction of the two, but allows participants to remain independent, decentralized, and work together. With this set of value chain co-construction and sharing, technology.

Characteristics of blockchain: decentralization, openness, autonomy, information cannot be tampered with, and anonymity.

Blockchain is a network that can deliver value. The demand for a network that can deliver value is an important reason for the emergence of blockchain technology. Blockchain emerged driven by the need to protect information with ownership or other value. Through public and private key cryptography, distributed storage and other technical means, blockchain ensures on the one hand the efficient transmission of valuable information, and on the other hand ensures that this information will not be easily copied and tampered with during the transmission process.

Understand the connotation of blockchain from the inevitability of its birth. Blockchain is a distributed accounting technology that solves the shortcomings of centralized accounting and solves the problem of distributed consistency. It is also The connected Internet is upgraded to a value network that ensures the safe and efficient transmission of valuable information.

Blockchain Technology Concept 3

Blockchain: Blockchain is like a globally unique account book, or database, which records the history of all transactions in the network.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): It allows you to write more powerful programs on Ethereum and script programs on Bitcoin. It is also sometimes used to refer to the Ethereum blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts and everything.

Node: You can run a node to read and write to the Ethereum blockchain, that is, using the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Full nodes require downloading the entire blockchain. Light nodes are still under development.

Miner: Mining, that is, the node that processes blocks on the blockchain. You can see some of the currently active Ethereum miners on this page: stats.ethdev.com.

Proof of Work: Miners are always competing to solve some mathematical problem. The first one to solve the problem (calculate the next block) will be rewarded with Ether coins. All nodes then update their own blockchain. All miners who want to figure out the next block have an incentive to stay in sync with other nodes and maintain the same blockchain, so the entire network can always reach consensus. (Note: Ethereum is planning to move to a proof-of-stake system (POS) without miners, but that is outside the scope of this article.)

Ethereum: Abbreviation ETH. A true digital currency that you can buy and use. Here is a chart from one of the exchanges where Ethereum can be traded. At the time of writing, 1 Ether is worth 65 cents.

Gas: Executing programs and saving data on Ethereum consumes a certain amount of Ethereum. Gas is converted from Ethereum.. This mechanism is used to ensure efficiency.

DApp: The Ethereum community calls applications based on smart contracts decentralized applications (Decentralized App). The goal of DApp is (or should be) to have a friendly interface for your smart contracts, plus some extras, such as IPFS, a decentralized network that can store and read data, not from the Ethereum team but in a similar spirit ). DApp can run on a centralized server that can interact with Ethereum nodes, or it can run on any Ethereum equal node. (Take a minute to think about this: Unlike ordinary websites, DApps cannot run on ordinary servers. They need to submit transactions to the blockchain and read important data from the blockchain rather than a centralized database. Compared to typical users When logging into the system, the user may be represented as a wallet address and other user data is stored locally. Many things will be structured differently from current web applications.)

Ethereum client, smart contract language

p>

Writing and deploying smart contracts does not require you to run an Ethereum node. Browser-based IDEs and APIs are listed below. But if you are just learning, you should still run an Ethereum node to understand the basic components, and running a node is not difficult.

Clients available for running Ethereum nodes

Ethereum has many client implementations in different languages, that is, multiple methods of interacting with the Ethereum network, , including C++, Go, Python, Java, Haskell, etc. Why do we need so many implementations? Different implementations can meet different needs. For example, the goal of Haskell implementation is to be mathematically verifiable, to make Ethereum more secure, and to enrich the entire ecosystem.

At the time of writing this article, I am using the client geth (go-ethereum) implemented in the Go language. At other times, I also use a tool called testrpc, which uses the Python client pyethereum. Later examples will use these tools.

About mining: Mining is fun, a bit like caring for your houseplant, but also a way to learn about the entire system. Although the current price of Ethereum may not even cover the electricity bill, who knows in the future. People are creating many cool DApps that may make Ethereum more and more popular.

Interactive console: Once the client is running, you can synchronize the blockchain, create a wallet, and send and receive Ethereum. One way to use geth is through the Javascript console. In addition, you can use cURL-like commands to interact with the client through JSON RPC. The goal of this article is to take you through the process of DApp development, so I won’t go into details about this. but we shouldRemember these command line tools are great for debugging, configuring nodes, and using wallets.

Running the node on the test network: If you run the geth client on the official network, it will take quite a while to download the entire blockchain and synchronize with the network. You can determine if synchronization has occurred by comparing the last block number printed in the node logs with the latest block listed on stats.ethdev.com. ) Another problem is that running smart contracts on the official network requires real Ethereum. Running the node on the test network does not have this problem. At this time, there is no need to synchronize the entire blockchain. Just create your own private chain, which saves time for development.

Testrpc: Use geth to create a test network. Another faster way to create a test network is to use testrpc. Testrpc can help you create a bunch of test accounts with funds at startup. It also runs faster and is therefore better suited for development and testing. You can start with testrpc, and then as the contract slowly takes shape, move to the test network created by geth - the startup method is very simple, you only need to specify a networkid: geth --networkid "12345". Here is the code repository for testrpc, we will talk about it again below.

Next, let’s talk about the available programming languages, and then we can start the real programming. Solidity is the programming language used to write smart contracts.

There are several languages ​​to choose from when writing smart contracts: Solidity, which is somewhat similar to Javascript, has a file extension of .sol. Serpent, which is similar to Python, has a file name ending in .se. There is also a Lisp-like LLL. Serpent has been popular for a while, but now the most popular and stable one is Solidity, so just use Solidity. I heard you like Python? Use Solidity.

solc compiler: After writing the smart contract with Solidity, you need to use solc to compile it. It is a component from a C++ client implementation. Again, different implementations complement each other. Here is how to install it. If you don't want to install solc, you can also use a browser-based compiler, such as Solidity real-time compiler or Cosmo. The programming sections below will assume you have solc installed.

web3.js API. After the Solidity contract is compiled and sent to the network, you can use Ethereum's web3.js JavaScript API to call it and build web applications that can interact with it.

III What is the model architecture of blockchain

Currently, there is a wide range of blockchain training courses on the market, with various course contents and teaching formats.

Blockchain

1. Introduction to programming basics

Computer software and hardware basics, character sets and character encodings, HTMLCSS (including HTML5CSS3), ECMABOMDOM, jQuery, node.js, Ajax and Express

2. Go programming language

Go basic syntax, process control, functions and data, error handling, Go object-oriented programming, Go concurrent programming, Go Network programming, Go security programming, Go advanced programming (goroutine, channel), database MySQL, LevelDB

3, Blockchain 1.0 - Bitcoin Bitcoin

Bitcoin principle, Bitcoin system architecture, cryptographic algorithm (implemented in Go language), consensus algorithm (implemented in Go language), Bitcoin transaction principles and transaction scripts, Bitcoin RPC programming (implemented by node.js), Bitcoin Minhra coin source code analysis

4. Blockchain 2.0 - Ethereum

The working principle and infrastructure of Ethereum, basic concepts of Ethereum (account, transaction, Gas), Ethereum wallet Mist and Metamask, Ethereum Forex trading, ERC20 standard Token development and deployment, developing IDE with Ethereum as a bridge - remix-ide, smart contracts and Solidity, Solidity deployment, backup and calling, framework technology: truffle and web3, DApp development practice, Geth

5. Blockchain 3.0 - Fabric of Hyperledger

Hyperledger project introduction, Fabric deployment and usage, Fabric configuration management, Fabric architecture design, Fabric CA application and configuration, application development Actual combat.

IV Why does Google want to build its own blockchain?

Damn it, it turns out that it is a pile of dead rabbits. I coughed again, moved closer to the stove, and commented on the bad weather tonight

Ⅳ Google is forming a new business unit to focus on areas such as blockchain and digital currency payments

Tencent Technology News January 20 According to foreign media reports, Google is forming a blockchain and related technology team, led by a newly appointed executive.

It is reported that Shivakumar Venkataraman, Google's vice president of engineering, is currently running a department focused on "blockchain and other next-generation distributed computing and data storage technologies."

So far, Google has provided some cloud services to companies working on blockchain technology. But beyond that, Google doesn’t have the same level of competition as Meta or Twitter.Like its competitors, it has invested a lot of resources to expand business in blockchain and other related fields.

However, Google’s attitude seems to have changed recently.

On the same day, news broke that Google was reorganizing its payments business, appointing former PayPal executives to form a new one months after it stopped building a digital banking-like service. Department, and formulated a new business development route for industry partners.

Google Commerce President Bill Reddy said in an interview with foreign media that Google hopes to expand the application scope of its payment business to meet the needs of more consumers.

Bill Ready mentioned Google’s cryptocurrency ties in the interview, highlighting Google’s relationship with blockchain companies Coinbase and BitPay, which announced last year that their customers could Connect your own cryptocurrency debit card to the Google Pay app, and more use cases like this will appear in the future.

VI Set sail! Learn Token allows you to take off and get in touch with the new trend of blockchain

With the skyrocketing value of a series of digital currencies represented by Bitcoin around 2017, blockchain technology has quickly become a It has become one of the most popular cutting-edge technologies; at the same time, as blockchain technology becomes more and more popular, its application potential outside the field of digital currency issuance and operation has also been deeply explored. In the past two years, in-depth application development in other scientific and technological fields based on blockchain technology has emerged one after another, injecting unprecedented imagination space into the progress of scientific and technological society.

Learn Token (hereinafter referred to as LEARN) is developed by top multinational companies such as Google and Intel. The professional operation team of the Singapore Stock Exchange is responsible for daily operations and management; Blockchain technology innovates the existing IoT technology form, and uses the excellent properties of blockchain technology such as decentralized operation, non-tamperable information, and efficient information circulation to solve a series of pain points faced by traditional IoT technology, and then use "new" things Internet technology is used to reshape today’s digital world.

LEARN will build itself into a global pan-business information management system and trading platform that is widely used in e-commerce, supply chain, logistics, AI development and other industry market conditions, and is committed to By establishing the technical logic of the underlying blockchain architecture and smart business model contracts, global product and service providers, logistics companies and other intermediate transaction links and consumers are seamlessly connected to create commodity information exchange and trade in the blockchain world. The system leads to the arrival of a new lifestyle, and uses LEARN tokens to bridge the gap between various aspects of the market and solve many pain points in the current commercial market. It is the blockchainA blockchain project with global application scenarios and a grand ideal blueprint under the guidance of the latest top-level architectural concepts.

On the basis of deep involvement in the consumer market, LEARN will vigorously explore the application potential of blockchain technology in securities, utility tokens, etc., and provide more start-ups across the country and even the world. A good financing and development environment, and unremitting efforts to promote the goal of global economic integration.

The application scenarios of LEARN are very rich, covering all aspects of life such as food, clothing, housing, transportation, food, drink, and entertainment. The launch of LEARN's various payment solutions, life service solutions and public service solutions can penetrate LEARN into all aspects of people's lives. Payment using the LEARN platform is very simple and convenient. Using LEARN Token as the medium and the LEARN ecological transaction system, a safe and fast payment model can be easily realized. By building a bridge between the "real world - the blockchain world - the real world", Application scenarios that are mainly online and supplemented by offline. Online, all merchants can join, and LEARN guarantees that it will always be free, including live broadcasts of Internet celebrities and merchants in various industries. LEARN is used for payment throughout the platform, and merchants are mortgage-free and inventory-free, and all services are provided by the platform; offline, covering various industries such as tourism, entertainment, hotels, and catering. Build application scenarios.

In order to encourage consumers to actively use the LEARN platform for e-commerce consumption and electronic payments, LEARN will provide certain point rewards based on the consumption amount to consumers who use the official mall. In addition, it will also launch Various small tasks with point rewards further increase the user stickiness of the mall. After the points reach a certain amount, they can be converted into Bitcoins and directly enter the public chain for circulation and appreciation.

LEARN plans to lead a number of member institutions to build a world-class distributed payment system and continuously promote the formation of the blockchain ecosystem. As the world's first and world-leading payment model, LEARN helps solve the security issues of mobile payments and the inefficiency of credit card payments. It also makes unique contributions to the open source and application of blockchain technology in the payment field. . LEARN comprehensively optimizes business security, performance, cost, policy, technical feasibility, operation and maintenance and governance from multiple dimensions based on the industry's special business needs, existing technical levels, laws and regulations, etc., and provides Future development provides opportunities.

Abel Bush

Master of Computer Science from MIT. During his schooling, he won many scholarships at various levels. Directly after graduation, he became the leader of Google's blockchain application development team. For many years, he has been committed to the in-depth development and practical promotion of blockchain technology. He is a top engineer in the blockchain field and leads LEA.Construction of the underlying architecture of the RN platform.

Kevin Louis

Winner of a double degree in computer science and management from the University of California, Berkeley, and director of the Facebook User Security Service Center. Working at Facebook made him fully aware of the importance of data security, and he actively used blockchain applications to achieve safe and efficient transmission of massive data.

Sunny Tommy

Graduated from Stanford University and has extensive experience in developing software, web application idioms and automation, spanning multiple fields and programming languages, and is very interested in learning He has a strong interest in using new technologies and has been responsible for the research and application of blockchain technology in multinational companies such as Google for a long time.

Brynden Tully

Graduated from Oxford University and is a top actuary in the UK. He has provided various types of data consulting services to many economic affairs organizations in the European Union. He currently serves as William Hill Asia Pacific. District Technical Director is the most staunch supporter of online gambling and blockchain gaming in the gaming industry. In recent years, he has actively participated in international blockchain R&D and cooperation and can provide LEARN with massive international network resources.

Baier Blomfield

Graduated from Moscow State University, he is a full-scale developer with comprehensive talents and has rich experience in the fields of software development, web application idioms and automation. Across multiple domains and programming languages. He has a strong interest in learning and using new technologies, and tries to apply them to some novel cases. He has also built responsive lookahead applications, APls and other systems.

Strategic Cooperation Unit

Ⅶ Why Google wants to build its own blockchain

When Google builds its own blockchain, it naturally believes that blockchain is The development trend of the times, and only by grasping the trend can we remain invincible.
1. Blockchain is not just Bitcoin
Nowadays, Bitcoin seems to have been hacked, so people are not optimistic about blockchain.

In fact, blockchain is not the same as Bitcoin, the first application of blockchain. Although Bitcoin is a product of blockchain technology, it has strong financial attributes and needs to be treated separately. Never mind.
2. Heat Death of the Universe: The Trend of Blockchain

What we really need to judge now is whether the blockchain as a whole is a technological trend? In addition to understanding the role of blockchain in all walks of life, we should also know that judging trends, especially major trends, does not necessarily depend on how beneficial it is to human beings, but should be viewed from a broader perspective. look.

From the perspective of the universe, the final trend state of the universe is called heat death. In that state, the energy everywhere is equal, there is no more energy flow, and the universe becomes a dead place. It's cruel to say, but this is the possible future.

In order to achieve such a state, the universe has adopted various means, including allowing life to evolve. The evolution of life, to a certain extent, is a reaction to the heat engine, changing things from a disordered state to an orderly and more organized state. Such a state itself, not only cannot offset heat death, but also accelerates heat death. The production of silence, because the production of life itself requires a lot of energy.

If we look at the evolutionary history of life, we will find that life has developed from single-cell bodies to complex life organizations like humans, and its energy consumption trend is increasing, and energy consumption is The thermal agent creates the catalyst and vital thrust.

Judging from the current application of blockchain technology, in theory, blockchain requires more energy consumption. This is actually in line with the heat death trend of the universe. From a macro trend, the entire blockchain technology should be better developed.
3. Google’s precise grasp of trends

Coupled with Google’s precise grasp of trends, Google is involved in driverless technology, big data, and artificial intelligence. Therefore, it is imperative for Google to create its own blockchain. Because he also needs to accurately grasp the trend and use this to ensure his status as a giant.

Blockchain is relatively secure and effective in storing and retrieving business-critical data and content, making many companies flock to it. At the same time, enterprises will also be worried about the risk of having only one company manage their critical data and content. Therefore, more and more enterprises are advocating the decentralization of blockchain in order to effectively control the potential risks of data management. Precisely because online services on blockchain platforms continue to grow, technology giants like Google are feeling the threat of blockchain to traditional Internet businesses. Under this wave, if Google cannot defeat it, it will naturally choose to join. into it.

In the past ten years, it is difficult to imagine that Google would miss even a revolutionary technology. Cloud computing, neural networks, big data, artificial intelligence, augmented reality, self-driving cars, machine learning, and more—all are included in the company's designs and even applications. When it comes to blockchain, Google seems to be equally decisive.

CBInsights pointed out that Google has become the second largest corporate investor in the blockchain field, and its six investments cover a variety of private enterprise services (LedgerX) and commercial services. One of the possible reasons is that Google may want to profit from equity investments in blockchain startups while observing the development prospects of this industry.

Another potential reason for Google’s investment in blockchain may be that it hopes to integrate blockchain to strengthen its own business processes. This judgment has received some support, because Google has recently begun to develop blockchain-based cloud services.

It is expected that this new solution will not only provide a high level of security protection for personal data stored on cloud servers, but also help Google gain advantages over other companies that have already invested in the blockchain field. Comparative advantages of start-ups. In any case, as long as personal data may intersect with cryptocurrency, Google will never miss such an opportunity. Especially considering that most Internet users are now aware of the pseudo-anonymity of the Bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains, that all transactions and initiators can be tracked in the system, and that wallets are susceptible to third-party access, etc. Question, Google is definitely expected to use its late-mover advantage to gain a foothold in this field.

Currently, the distributed ledger used by anonymous cryptocurrencies such as Zcash and Monero has also been sanctioned in many states in the United States, and regulators regard originally privacy-oriented cryptocurrencies as A powerful money laundering tool that has even been linked to terrorist activities. Before talking about their own blockchain deployment plans, major Internet giants should first find the core problem—a challenge that cannot be solved without using blockchain. With this in mind, using blockchain to protect users’ personal data doesn’t seem feasible.

Related experiments may affect Google Adwords contextual advertising services. The advertising market has been one of the most dynamic growth industries in the past decade, and companies are currently competing for customers on the Internet. Clicks, pageviews and potential customers have become unavoidable and important parameters in any company's marketing activities. However, nowadays we often hear the claim that online marketing is becoming too ineffective. Considering the huge corporate advertising investment, the cost of attracting a user may have been as high as $6. Google and Facebook are monopolies in this field, accounting for 72% of the overall share - which also explains why both parties do not want to change the premises that have achieved their own advantages.

However, advertisers hoping to get price benefits may prioritize blockchain ad networks - and Google should continue to hold its own in this regard.

For example, Brandon Eich, the creator of the famous web browser Mozilla Firefox, announced his new project Brave. In this project, users can use the internal cryptocurrency to view highly relevant and interesting advertising content. Another example of using blockchain technology to distribute existing Google services comes from the start-up Ubex, which provides services to directly connect advertisers with website administrators to provide more attractive promotional conditions in a fully automated manner. This technology is expected to becomeA panacea for monopolies and spam, its neural networks will analyze user behavior, collect personal preferences and reduce the number of ads shown. According to the founder of Ubex, by combining blockchain, artificial intelligence, and the pay-for-results principle, the company will liberate the Internet from spam ads and achieve close to 100% customer conversion rates. This means that in the future, users will only see one ad in a single web session, and its content will be more relevant to their current purchase intentions.

In addition, analysis will also usher in new optimization methods. Currently, analytics are still entirely based on ad column clicks and conversion calculations. Once the new program goes live, the Internet community will no longer be harassed by intrusive spam, and brand owners will be able to save money by only undertaking high-success customer promotions. By introducing this kind of service to a multi-billion dollar market, the entire field is expected to achieve a major transformation similar to the Ethereum blockchain from "proof of work" to "proof of stake". However, does Google agree with this targeted advertising payment model that can only be achieved using blockchain? Although the answer is not clear, Google will have no other choice if it wants to stay ahead in the advertising field. Artem Chestnov, founder of Ubex, said in an interview:

“Google will move to the blockchain field faster than we imagined, even faster than Google’s management realizes. "They have no choice at all because they are currently lagging behind and will have to catch up through a series of serious acquisition efforts. We will see billions of dollars of M&A activity from multiple technology giants next year."

In addition, due to the ban on initial coin offerings and cryptocurrency advertising, the online advertising market may lose up to 74% of revenue starting from June this year. VItalik Buterin also recently conducted a poll to understand whether people would take this as a hint that "Google Square" is about to come out if he leaves Ethereum and switches to Google.

As a technical practitioner, let me share my opinion.

1. As a well-known popular technology, Google, as a technology giant, will definitely study it

2. As a technology giant, it will definitely build its own
>
3. At present, it is still in the stage of exploring implementation scenarios and technical experiments.

In other words, even technology giants have not found more application scenarios for blockchain

As an innovation leader, Google will not miss web3

1. Google has its own understanding of web3. Web3 cannot only have PoW, its value lies more in distributed computing and storage

2. Google has its own joint computing project, including learning, analysis, difference, etc., which is very suitable for decentralized network-wide consensus, and Google is the most powerful in designing this consensus algorithm
< br /> 3. Google is a data-driven company. For compliance reasons, it does not want to own data, but to use data. Therefore, the return of data rights advocated by web3 to individuals is in line with Google's interests and can greatly increase the scope of data utilization

4. Web3 is the next generation of Internet that everyone is optimistic about. Google also wants to repeat the success of the previous two generations and connect its business to web3 again

5. The current public The chain relies too much on finance-centered consensus such as Pow and PoS, which is not suitable for Google's computing network, so it must be developed by itself

6. Filecoin was once the only one in the web3 world that had the opportunity to become another Google and AWS Projects can be born at the wrong time, and the infrastructure converges with the PoW chain and cannot carry practical applications.

Ⅷ What blockchain technology application development platforms are currently available in China

The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), is also called distributed ledger technology. An Internet database technology characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.

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