区块链社区管理员是干嘛的,区块链社区是干嘛的

区块链技术在过去几年里迅速发展，越来越多的人认识到它的重要性，也有越来越多的人加入区块链社区。而区块链社区管理员就是这个社区的坚实后盾，扮演着至关重要的角色。

首先，区块链社区管理员负责社区的运营管理，包括宣传、活动等，以及社区成员的管理。他们要及时跟踪社区的发展情况，并及时掌握社区动态，定期发布社区新闻，为社区成员提供各种服务，推动社区发展。

其次，区块链社区管理员还负责社区的技术支持，他们要及时解答社区成员的技术问题，解决社区成员的技术问题，为社区成员提供技术支持，以及及时发布技术新闻，帮助成员了解最新的技术动态。

最后，区块链社区管理员还负责社区的治理，他们要制定合理的社区规则，确保社区秩序，以及及时处理社区成员的投诉和纠纷，保护社区成员的合法权益，维护社区的正常运营。

总之，区块链社区管理员是社区发展的支柱，他们的工作起到至关重要的作用。

那么，区块链社区是干嘛的呢？

首先，区块链社区是一个交流的平台，在这里，成员可以通过讨论交流，分享自己的经验，获取最新的行业动态，从而提高自身的专业水平。

其次，区块链社区也是一个创新的平台，在这里，成员可以一起探讨区块链技术的发展前景，提出新的创意，探索新的应用场景，从而推动区块链技术的发展。

最后，区块链社区还是一个学习的平台，在这里，成员可以参与各种线上线下的课程，了解最新的技术，和行业大咖交流，从而提高自身的专业素养。

总之，区块链社区是一个充满活力的社区，是推动区块链技术发展的重要力量。

请查看相关英文文档

A. Are there any development prospects for blockchain community operations?

The prospects for blockchain community operations are very good. Mainly reflected in the following points.

First, the popularity of blockchain has not diminished in 2018. It can be as big as BAT or as small as a technology company. They all jumped into the blockchain.

Second, all blockchain projects require communities and communities to operate and fission users. According to reports, there is currently a shortage of more than 6,000 community operations personnel in large company blockchain projects.

Third, what is the future of blockchain projects? Some companies serving the blockchain will have very good development prospects.

So there are very good prospects for blockchain operations.

B. The most comprehensive coverage! Sorting out the direction of Web3.0 venture capital and talent demand

1. Web3.0 key entrepreneurship/investment directions

Web3 will be a huge paradigm change, which breeds many entrepreneurship and investments Opportunities, such as:

1. Blockchain

Web3 needs blockchain technology to support the vision of users fully owning information digital assets. Blockchain as the underlying technology will be The biggest entrepreneurial opportunity in the Web3 field, it is no exaggeration to say that the market size of the public blockchain chain will exceed that of all current Internet companies, because Google and Facebook are logically just application apps running on these public protocols, as All Internet companies need to run on the TCP/IP protocol. In the future, all social networks and information searches will run on the underlying blockchain protocol.

Representative companies: Ethereum, Solana, Avalanche, NEAR, Polkadot, Cosmos.

2. Decentralized identity system

Today’s Internet companies own everything of users. Users are forced to register their own accounts with every company. The valuation of companies is based on ownership. How many users and how much advertising revenue is generated using user data. In the Web3 era, users will completely own their own information, and owning their own information starts with owning their own identity.

In the technical architecture of Web3, users will pay operating fees for access and use of the website, so they should have the rights to their own data. In the future, everyone will have a domain name and a webpage located on the decentralized IPFS.

Theoretically, there is no need for multiple coexisting DID systems in Web3.0. However, for various reasons, different blockchain ecosystems have different DID systems, and a unified DID system will not appear in the short term.

In this case, one can be compatible and integrated with mostDigital DID standard identity aggregation projects will bring great convenience to users. The identity aggregation project supports connecting users' DID identity information across multiple ecosystems, helping users view, manage and aggregate identity information on different blockchain networks. At the same time, identity aggregation projects can also be combined with data index projects, application projects, etc. to further play a role.

Representative company: ENS.

3. Storage and access of distributed data

In the Web3 era, users have their own data and need to pay for data storage. For example, NFTs purchased by users need to be stored somewhere where they can be permanently accessed. In addition, convenient access requires the provision of data transfer and indexing services.

Representative companies: Filecoin, Arweave, The Graph, Livepeer, ByteTorrent.

4. Communication protocol

Due to technical limitations, different application scenarios will require different blockchain technologies. Different blockchains need to communicate with each other and are located in a Smart contracts on a blockchain may need to call contracts on another blockchain, and digital assets located on one blockchain may need to be loaned to another blockchain.

Representative companies: XCMP, EPNS, XMTP.

5. Resource allocation optimization protocol

With the advent of the cloud computing era and digital information technology deeply changing industry and agriculture, more assets are digitally reflected, and various tokens represent It not only includes computing resources and storage resources, but may also represent digital assets and assets in the physical world. Finance, as a scientific theory of value exchange across time and space, will be applied to distributed network collaboration.

Decentralization and personal ownership of digital assets in the Web3 world require the collaboration of network resources.

Representative companies: Uniswap, Compound, AAVE

6. Social network protocol

In the Web3 era, since there are no intermediaries, decentralized users need more An open social network protocol is used to contact users. The user's identity value does not have the intermediary Facebook, and it is more necessary for the user to build a social network to reflect his own value.

Representative companies: Context, CyberConnect, DESO, RSS3

7. NFT

In addition to digital artwork, NFT’s greater role should be a programming unit.

If we talk about smart contractsIt is a class in object-oriented programming, then NFT is a Singleton in object-oriented programming.

8. Wallet

Just as the user interface of Web1.0 and Web2.0 is a browser, the wallet will be the browser of Web3.0, hosting the management of user information and access to DApps function.

Representative companies: Argent, MetaMask

9. Shared network

The debate about whether the Internet is centralized has never stopped, and whether the network should be neutral No conclusion. But with the development of mobile devices and sensors, we have the opportunity to build a shared wireless network. Just like the P2P network, the users of the network are also the service providers of the network. Different from P2P, the emergence of tokens can provide settlement between users and providers.

Representative companies: Helium, DIPNET

10. Content Creation Economy

In the Web3 era, users have their own creative content and their own readers, and will no longer rely on platforms A charging model that distributes traffic and advertising fees.

Representative company: Mirror

11. On-chain data analysis

Accurate data analysis can reconstruct the business model of blockchain projects. In this In the process, technologies such as DID and privacy computing will play an important role in privacy protection and other aspects.

As the number of blockchain users increases, the volume of data on the chain increases exponentially. These data play an important role in analyzing user portraits. Accurate data can provide reliable data input for other projects, thereby completing the industrial restructuring and upgrading of other projects.

Through accurate data analysis, effective data such as on-chain credit can be obtained, thereby expanding different application scenarios. Take DeFi projects as an example. Currently, many DeFi projects use mortgage lending instead of credit lending, and low fund utilization has always been a problem that plagues many DeFi projects.

If there is accurate on-chain data as input, credit will be introduced into the chain based on past data, and the indexing and aggregation of user-related data such as identity, credit, user portraits, etc. in the Web3.0 system will be provided. , accurately screening users, then credit loans or unsecured loans can be implemented for users with higher credit, greatly improving the utilization rate of user funds.

12. Privacy enhancement technology

Currently, users do not pay enough attention to identity and account information on the blockchain. They leave more and more public information on the chain, which can be accessed by everyone without permission, posing security risks.

In Web3.0, people will be more aware of data and privacy protection, and users no longer want to sacrifice privacy for convenience. The current model cannot meet the privacy protection needs of Web3.0. Especially after the rise of DeFi, many users do not want their transactions on the chain to be monitored by others.

Privacy enhancement technology can solve the confidentiality and privacy protection issues of transaction information and restrict unauthorized users from accessing transaction information. Privacy-enhancing technologies enable secure sharing, aggregation and analysis of data without compromising security and privacy.

13. Web2 and Web3.0 middleware

At present, a large number of users are still concentrated on centralized platforms, and they have become sticky and formed user habits for these platforms. Middleware projects can serve as a bridge to help users migrate from Web2 to Web3.0. By developing a series of tools on the Web2 platform, users can send encrypted information and digital currencies on a familiar platform, lowering the threshold for users to use Web3.0 projects.

2. Key employment directions of Web3.0

1. Network maintainers

Whether it is the POW or POS era, network operation and maintenance will be more distributed type of device/node. Regarding network maintainers, Bitcoin miners, Ethereum miners, and Filecoin miners are the most well-known. Network maintainers shoulder the important task of maintaining infrastructure security and fairness, and will play a role in the next generation of Internet, Internet of Things, edge computing, and 5G.

2. Community Manager (Moderator)

Community manager Moderator, referred to as MOD, is an essential profession in Web3.0 and is required by NFT, Gamefi, Defi, and DAO projects. Relevant personnel manage the community. MOD is usually held by the most active community members, but it is not ruled out that the project party recruits through outsourcing. MOD has become the most competitive profession in the industry because of the opportunity to participate in the profit sharing of early teams.

3. Artists

Since the development of NFT, hundreds of artists and studios such as Beeples, Yuga Labs, Fang Lijun, etc. have released NFT works. Among them, NFTs sold by top artists and celebrities are very popular. NFT skips traditional middlemen such as galleries and auction houses and provides artists with new ways to monetize.

4. Metaverse Architects

Since the development of virtual world projects such as Sandbox, Decentraland and Crypto Voxel, companies in the real world have builtThe demand for setting up virtual headquarters is growing day by day. Metaverse architect has also become a cutting-edge profession.

5. Game Designer

Virtual world projects such as Sandbox, Decentraland and Crypto Voxel are essentially UGC platforms. Game designers can not only create their own NFTs on the platform, but also participate in the design of maps, levels and battle modes in games within the platform, and have their own voxel games.

Six. Game Players

In some chain game industries, gold miners and gold mining guilds have become a very important part of the ecosystem. Since chain games are classified into different categories, some are more money-oriented and some are more game-oriented, their game player groups are also very different. Axie Infinity players need to purchase relatively expensive game assets to make gold, so the guild pays and players contribute, which became an early P2E model. In Sandbox and Skyweaver, only players with smooth operation and rich experience can obtain gold rewards.

7. Defi/Cefi miners

Defi/Cefi miners refer to groups that flexibly allocate funds to Defi protocols/centralized exchanges to earn income. They often have insight into Defi product models and security, and can discover new protocols with the highest profitability immediately, commonly known as head-mining. The behavior of Defi/Cefi miners has gone far beyond personal investment and requires systematic research and keen industry acumen.

8. Blockchain-related development, product, and research positions.

Blockchain is the core infrastructure of Web3.0. Most of the current recruitment for Web3.0 in the market are basically related to blockchain. According to the "Blockchain Industry Talent Job Competency Requirements" document issued by the Talent Exchange Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology in 2019, blockchain talent positions can be divided into three types of job talents:

1) Core R&D Talent positions include:

——Blockchain underlying architect;

——Cryptographical algorithm engineer;

——Privacy protection R&D engineer;

——Consensus mechanism development engineer;

——SDK R&D engineer;

——Blockchain distributed network R&D engineer;

— —Blockchain virtual machine R&D engineer;

—Blockchain algorithm engineer;

2) Talents for practical technical positions include:

——Smart contract development engineer;

——Security R&D engineer

——Software security R&D engineer;

——Blockchain test engineer;

——Blockchain operation and maintenance engineer;

——Blockchain application architect;

——Application development engineer;

3) Talents for industry application positions include:

——Blockchain industry product manager;

—— Blockchain financial industry engineer;

——Blockchain supply chain financial industry engineer;

——Blockchain judicial industry engineer;

—— Blockchain government industry engineer;

——Blockchain copyright industry engineer;

——Blockchain Internet of Things industry engineer

Job ability The requirements are also very clear, divided into four categories: comprehensive ability, professional knowledge, technical skills, and engineering practice ability, and fully summarize the current mainstream recruitment job responsibilities in the market. We take the blockchain underlying architect as an example. Capabilities include:

In addition, popular smart contract development engineers need to have:

——Solid programming skills, proficiency in using Java, Node.js, JavaScript, Python and other programming languages;

- Familiar with common blockchain technology architecture and operating mechanisms, such as FISCO BCOS, etc.;

- Proficient in smart contract programming languages, such as Solidity, Go , Node.js, etc.;

- Master common blockchain platforms, and be able to write and optimize smart contracts based on relevant platforms;

Centralized platforms bring convenience to people There are also many problems. Today, the development momentum of Web3.0 has attracted the attention of many giant companies, and some companies, including Twitter and Reddit, are exploring integrating the concept of Web3.0 into their platforms. They explore and research from aspects such as the creator incentive economy, the improvement of centralized identity, and the ownership of data and content to shape the future of decentralized platforms.

In the future, Web3.0 will bring a different experience to users and will fundamentally change the relationship and interaction model between users and the Internet.

Information comes from the Internet

Edited and organized | Leading Element

C. Brief understanding of blockchain

Blockchain is An important concept of Bitcoin is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin, which is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is distributed cryptographically to ensure that it cannot be tampered with or forged. Account book.
In a word, it is a special distributed database.

A very important understanding is decentralization

In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. Any reading is parallel and transparent.
Blockchains have no administrators, and the blockchain format was first applied to Bitcoin as a solution for making databases secure without the need for trust from administrative agencies.
So how did he obtain anti-counterfeiting?

Blocks and Hash have a one-to-one correspondence. If someone modifies a block, the Hash of the block will change.
So he is the only one!
The machine that calculates Hash is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
The block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the Hash.
It takes about 1 billion calculations to count once.

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:
The first one is called distributed ledger, which means transaction accounting is done by Multiple nodes distributed in different places work together, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it. Different from traditional centralized accounting solutions, no node can record accounts independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single accounting person being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. On the other hand, since there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
The second one is called asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. This ensures data security and personal privacy.
The third one is called the consensus mechanism, which is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four differentDifferent consensus mechanisms are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
The last technical feature is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

A person signed by Satoshi Nakamoto proposed a revolutionary idea: let’s create a currency that is not controlled by the government or anyone else!
----The origin of Bitcoin.
Blockchain technology has extremely broad application prospects, especially in digital currency, cross-border payments, etc. in the financial field. Previously, it was reported that the People’s Bank of China is expected to become the first central bank to develop digital currency and carry out real-life applications.
35 Internet: The company and CICC Online have signed a letter of intent to cooperate and plan to jointly carry out Bitcoin projects, and blockchain technology is the core of Bitcoin.
Hundsun Electronics: is trying to establish a digital bill system based on the alliance chain using blockchain technology.
Feitian Integrity: The company once stated on the interactive platform that it currently has certain technical reserves and research in blockchain technology. The company will actively participate in digital currency and other blockchain technology industries in the future.
Wintime: On April 11, it was stated on the investor relations interactive platform that the company currently has technical reserves in this area, but it is in the initial stage.
Judging from the current situation, the vast majority of blockchain technology applications in my country’s listed companies are still in the research stage, and the implementation, promotion and application of projects have yet to be tested over time.

D. What does blockchain operation do

Well, I am a blockchain operator.

Yes, I am engaged in operational work in the blockchain technology industry, covering community operations, user operations, and content operations.

Are you a little confused that blockchain technology is developing steadily, but the blockchain industry seems to be ups and downs? Blockchain operations are also being explored in constant changes. Me too.

The following is my confession.

1.1. Neither sad nor happy, Token is not everything

When operating in the blockchain industry, prices are inevitable talking about. Ups and downs are common, and ups and downs are also a daily occurrence. If you don’t have a mentality of not being surprised, I’m afraid you won’t be able to withstand such changes when operating in the blockchain industry.

2.2. Work is still work, no change

What is operations? Compared with the early Internet industry, when most operations in the industry are still relatively shallow community operations, what we can do is better than the average level in the industry. Operations are still operations, and because this is the blockchain industry, the nature of operations will not change.

3.3. Although it is an exploration, there are still routines

In the process of operating in the blockchain industry, you will find that some operations still remain simple community operations or user operations. At this level, it cannot even be called user operations, but some operations can turn around and upgrade and iterate their own operation routines, have their own insights into the development of the industry, and explore their own blockchain operation methodology.

4.4. Professional level, top-notch ability

What is professionalism? On a ten-point scale, make it twelve points. If there are traces to be followed for operations in the classical Internet era and there are ways to go about the operation methodology, then the operations of the blockchain industry are based on the operations of the classical Internet. The changes in the blockchain industry are no less than the changes in the early days of the Internet, and even worse than the changes in the early days of mobile Internet, O2O and other products. What we need is not just professionalism in operations, but top-notch capabilities.

5.5. Figure out what you want

Most of those who enter the blockchain industry have taken a fancy to the infinite opportunities contained in this industry, even from scratch. Irrelevant industries directly crossed over. No matter what career background you had before becoming an operator in the blockchain industry, I believe this industry will bring you what you want. But the question is, before entering this industry, have you really figured out what you want?

6.6. Your core competitiveness and how to continue to improve

Whether operating in the classical Internet industry or operating in the blockchain industry, the core competitiveness should be continuously explored and strengthened And continuous improvement are what we must do. Since you are good at it, dig deeper. When there is not much difference at the starting line, dedication is the only key.

The development of a new thing still needs to go through many detours, and the development of an emerging industry will also inevitably go through many critical nodes.

You have to use your own skills to eat crabs, right?

E. Is Bihu a blockchain game

Bihu?

Bihu, right? This is what Zhihu means if you want to be a currency circle or blockchain person.

Bihu is not a game, it is a vertical community platform tailored for the currency circle. Through the incentive of token KEY, Bihu enables users to receive corresponding returns for their efforts. Bihu is an information distribution center for token investors and a platform for exchanges between “coin officials” and “coin friends”.

Token KEY incentives

Bihu introduces the blockchain token KEY, which represents the right to use the Bihu platform and weekly ecological functions. The positive behavior of users is encouraged through the token KEY, and users’ efforts on the Bihu platform will be rewarded accordingly. The incentive behavior of the current version of KEY is as follows.

Publish excellent content: that is, reward excellent posts, so that "content contribution" and "revenue gain" match, and incentive compatibility is achieved.

Discover excellent content: that is, rewards for discerning people. Excellent posts are determined by users’ likes and selections, and users who like them also receive KEY rewards.

Manage excellent theme sections: that is, reward community administrators. Different theme sections on Bihu are "shops" operated by different community management groups. Excellent theme sections will inevitably gain higher advertising value, and the management group will also Get a better share of ad revenue.

Uses of subsequent versions of KEY:

Paid viewing of advertisements: users earn coins by watching advertisements, and 75% of the Bihu platform’s advertising revenue will be evenly distributed to each advertisement viewer.

Paid private group: Paid private group is a way for opinion leaders to realize their knowledge and influence. Payment for private groups is realized through KEY.

Paid Q&A activities: Users can initiate real-time Q&A activities on the Bihu platform, and payment for the Q&A activities is realized through KEY.

In addition, there are paid private messages, privileges, rewards, the right to use surrounding ecosystems, users as stakeholders, etc.

Distribution of token KEY

The total amount of KEY is 100 billion and will never be issued additionally. The distribution of KEY consists of 4 parts: incentive pool, promotion operation pool, Bihu Foundation, and team options.

Incentive pool: accounting for 45% of the total, the number is 45 billion KEY, used to encourage users to publish excellent content and discover excellent content.

Promotion operation pool: accounting for 25% of the total, with a quantity of 25 billion KEY, used to develop new users, attract and motivate opinion leaders, and increase platform activity.

Bihu Foundation: accounting for 25% of the total, with a quantity of 25 billion KEY. The Bihu Foundation is a non-profit organization that holds KEY to ensure that Bihu’s technology development can be completed.

Team options: accounting for 5% of the total amount, amounting to 5 billion KEY, granted as options to Bihu’s development and operations team.

Incentive mechanism of Bihu token KEY

5 ways for users to obtain KEY

Real-name reward: Users who register and complete real-name authentication can obtain real-name reward KEY right to receive. The KEY rewards obtained by real-name registration are released in installments for a period of 2 years. They are released on average every day and are automatically received when users log in to the Bihu app for the first time every day.

Invitation rewards: Users who invite friends to register and complete real-name authentication can obtain the right to receive the invitation reward KEY. The rules for receiving KEY rewards through invitations are the same as those for real-name rewards.

Content rewards: Post high-quality articles or comments, and get high-quality content rewards KEY after being liked.

Like rewards: Users who have locked KEY can get like rewards by liking good articles. The more KEY a user locks, the earlier they like, the more rewards they will receive.

Coin locking rewards: Bihu rewards users who lock KEY on the platform according to a certain period, that is, users can obtain more KEY by locking KEY.

Necessary conditions for likes to be rewarded: energy

Energy is used for likes and dislikes, with a maximum of 100 points. After daily consumption, 100 points will be automatically restored the next day.

Each like or dislike consumes 10 energy points.

When the energy is less than 10 points, likes and dislikes will not affect the income of the article, and those who like it will not receive KEY rewards.

The energy is equivalent to the 10 bullets distributed by the Bihu platform to users every day. You can use these 10 bullets to discover good articles and like them to earn income. There are only 10 bullets, so you need to cherish them; of course, if you are allocated 10 bullets are wasted if they are useless and will not accumulate.

Like/dislike rules

Like: Bihu encourages users to discover high-quality content and like it. Each like consumes 10 energy points and does not consume KEY. Likes without like/dislike weight or insufficient energy will not increase the revenue of the content, nor will they receive any revenue from likes.

Like/dislike weight: KEY locked by the user + KEY to be claimed by real name = weight of each like or dislike. The more KEY locked by the user, the greater the relative weight.

Like rewards: 50% of the article’s revenue will be awarded to the author, and the other 50% will be awarded to users who like the article. In order to reward discoverers of high-quality content, the earlier you like, the more you will earn, while the later you like, you will get very little. 7 days after the article is published, the system will settle the rewards according to the rules. After the article is settled, likes/dislikes will no longer affect earnings.

Dislike: Bihu encourages users to downvote spam articles, trolling comments, etc. to improve the quality of the community. Disliked articles will reduce revenue and popular ranking scores. Each downvote consumes 10 energy points. Consume KEY. Currently, you will not receive KEY rewards for clicking down.

Explanation of Bihu phenomena

After understanding the above Bihu game rules, it will be easier to explain various phenomena of Bihu.

Big V’s posts receive hundreds or thousands of likes in an instant, because there is a consensus that big V’s posts have higher revenue. Users who like big V’s articles can share 50% of the relatively high revenue. %, and the earlier you like, the higher the income, so there are robots to grab likes.

This phenomenon deviates a bit from the original intention of Bihu: "Good articles have good rewards!". The income from the same article published by a big V and ordinary users are very different. How to truly achieve "good articles have good rewards" !" Need to think deeply.

Big Vs can earn tens or even hundreds of dollars for a like, while ordinary users can earn a few cents/dollars for a like, because the income from likes is related to the weight of the likes, and locking KEY can By increasing the weight of likes, the KEYs locked by big Vs are generally several million, so the income from likes is high.

SoIf you have KEY in your wallet or trading platform, you can withdraw it to the Bihu app and lock it. You can increase the weight of likes to increase the income from likes.

Users who have registered with their real names will earn money by liking articles, because the KEY of the real-name registration reward (to be claimed) is calculated in the like weight, but the KEY of the invitation reward is not calculated in the like weight.

Likes consume energy. It costs 100 energy points every day. Each like consumes 10 points. After the energy is consumed, there will be no profit from further likes.

F. What is "Blockchain"

Blockchain is a With a public ledger, there is no centralized hardware or management organization. Anyone can automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily discover whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.

In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.

The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.

Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.

So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?

In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:

1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.

2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.

3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.

4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.

But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.

The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values ​​of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.

Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.

In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.

Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.

I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the use cases in which blockchain technology may be used.It does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.

Supplement

Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.

Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.

Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.

In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.

| What is Blockchain

Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.

It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:

Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.

Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified.Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system, the cost is extremely high. It can be considered that all the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has "trustless characteristics".

Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .

Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.

| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system

In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thus significantly reducing transaction costs. It has significantly improved efficiency and is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.

Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.

Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.

In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.

| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains

Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.

First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course notYes. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?

Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. There is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to an explosive growth of transaction information and will also bring information. Dramatic increase in storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.

Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.

As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.

(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hongyan Weiyu)

As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" came with Bitcoin is well known for its popularity. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don’t know about the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.

I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.

If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.

To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center, and all these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang is in powerThe excessive issuance of gold yuan notes at the end of the rule of law in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.

Golden Yuan Coupons

This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, making it very difficult to illegally modify the ledger through mathematical methods. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.

Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.

After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.

For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?

For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system

In layman’s terms, it is to play mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.

In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.

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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain using official terms. Some of them may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will use it below.Explain blockchain in vernacular, ensuring that everyone can understand it.

What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically mine coins for you when it is blowing. You can mine coins automatically while using the electric fan. When you use this electric fan, When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, the mined coins can be purchased and repaired. Although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.

And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.

Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.

The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain is impossible to change. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain work together. Agree to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.

At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.

The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .

1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.

2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can ask anyonenodes, write/read data, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:

Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.

(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. node, which is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)

(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting, and stamp the time Stamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)

(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)

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(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology) < /p>

(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.

Features

1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.

2. Close to zero trust cost.

The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.

3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.

If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.

The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.

According to my current understanding

1. BlockchainIt's an outlet.

Everyone is talking about blockchain. Whether they have read it or not, whether they understand it or not, many people are forwarding blockchain articles in their circle of friends. The only new WeChat group is Blockchain related groups.

Investors are talking, entrepreneurs are talking, almost every major Internet company is talking about it, government departments are taking a stand, and tens of thousands of vertical media focusing on blockchain are quickly born.

If you don’t join any currency circle or chain circle, you will be completely out. Even the well-known investment tycoon Zhu Xiaohu was unilaterally declared to belong to the old world by the rising star Chen Weixing.

2. Blockchain represents the story of sudden wealth.

Although ICO has been stopped by the national level, the most popular word-of-mouth about blockchain is still the increase in wealth by hundreds or thousands of times. Coins that were bought for a few cents or a few dollars are now worth dozens or hundreds of dollars. Everyone is talking about value-added stories.

There are Bitcoin and Ethereum. If you download a digital currency trading platform APP, the various currency codes composed of densely packed letters will feel like a stock exchange.

3. Blockchain is not only a technology, but also a belief at the conceptual level.

The basic layer, application layer, and a lot of blockchain knowledge seem to have a lot to do with the hot artificial intelligence.

Many people say that blockchain technology is mature, but applications have barely found an entrance. We can all shout loudly: Artificial Intelligence +, but if you shout "Blockchain +" now, it's not enough and you will be laughed at. The application scenarios are still being explored.

As for the previous Internet, it was an Internet of confidence. With the addition of blockchain, it became an Internet of value.

Such similar concepts are people’s good expectations for blockchain technology to solve the trust problem. If it is so easy to implement, blockchain can subvert finance, e-commerce, and many intermediaries. But why has the Internet not been subverted for so many years and real estate still relies on intermediaries?

4. Blockchain already has a history, so don’t think it is too new.

Just as many people claim that artificial intelligence is so new that it is a joke, its history can be traced back to the 1950s.

The blockchain is marked by the birth of Bitcoin, which was 10 years ago. There is also a still mysterious founder, Satoshi Nakamoto, who seems to have a Japanese name, and some say he is from the United States. From the Security Bureau, I think it can also be interpreted as "Chinese people are inherently smart", of course the latter is just a joke.

The reason why it has become so popular is because of the skyrocketing price of various digital currencies in 2017, which skyrocketed thousands of times in a few months and days. How could there be such an amazing speed in the past?

5. Blockchain is a knowledge system.

To me, it’s just a chance to gain popularity, it’s wealth.Regardless of whether it is a game or a technology, we cannot ignore it or ignore it.

I started to make two columns to understand the blockchain from the perspective of characters, stories and characters. One is "Blockchain 100 People (Industry People)" and the other is "Blockchain 100 Investors". (Viewpoint)” Learn and spread at the same time.

As for related books, of course, I will accept them all as ordered. I can only be a follower of various trends and follow suit.

The biggest mistake is not how we criticize the blockchain, but to ignore it when we see it has a huge bubble and the crowd is enthusiastic about it. Stay away from it if you think you are noble.

The only way we have left is to be willing to be students, learn, and learn again.

Literal meaning: block, chain, using a chain to connect each block.

Blockchain = distributed data storage + point-to-point transmission + consensus mechanism + encryption algorithm

What is data storage? For example, a supermarket must have a ledger to record the entry and exit of various goods and transactions. This is storage.

What is distributed storage? It is the account book of this supermarket. Every employee has a copy. Every time there is something that needs to be recorded, it will be recorded in everyone's account book in a timely manner. Distributing each ledger (storage) to countless people (places) is distributed storage. (The supermarket employees here can be understood as blocks, and the ledger is the chain)

What is point-to-point transmission? In the same supermarket, there is no yogurt at the front desk. The shopping guide reports it to his superiors, and then reports it to his superiors.... Finally, he reports it to the warehouse. The warehouse records the accounting records in the ledger, and then transfers the goods to the front desk. As for point-to-point transmission, if there is no yogurt at the front desk, the shopping guide directly tells the warehouse, and the quantity sent by the warehouse to the shopping guide is recorded in the ledger. Everyone knows how many goods the warehouse has sent to the front desk. This is point-to-point transmission. There is no intermediate link, but the accounts can be made public for everyone who holds the ledger to see.

What is consensus mechanism? The consensus mechanism mainly includes two points. In a simple summary, the minority obeys the majority and everyone is equal. Similarly, the positions in this supermarket may be high or low, but everyone’s account books are indeed the same and equal. If someone makes a false account, then this person's account must be different from other people's accounts. At this time, it depends on whose account is remembered by more people. In theory, as long as the blockchain is large enough, then there is no need to make false accounts. Limit reduction! Because of the "minority obeys the majority" mechanism, if you want to make false accounts, then the number of false accounts you need to make must be at least greater than 50% of the total! On a network, if you need to change a piece of data, you must control at least 50% of the total number of computers to succeed.

Encryption algorithm This is easy to understand, that is, when you go to the warehouse to transfer goods, the system will protect your privacy very well. It will only record the time, location, and person with a certain number.I went to make yogurt, not the time, place, and Zhang San went to make yogurt. Taken together, this is the core component of the blockchain.

Personally, I think its main function is to decentralize and protect data from being tampered with! Decentralization and data protection are actually related. A supermarket only has one ledger, and any scheduling needs to go through the person who manages the ledger. If you need to make false accounts, you only need to control the person who manages the ledger. And if that supermarket uses blockchain technology, then he will make false accounts. If this is the case, you need to control more than 50% of the people who hold the total number of accounts of that supermarket. Obviously, controlling so many people will be almost impossible as the number of holders increases.

G. What is the current recommendation mechanism of the lobbying community?

Nowadays, there are many blockchain communities. So what does the recommendation mechanism for the lobbying community look like? Let me share it with you here:
1. The title and text must match and be healthy
For many communities, the biggest fear is that advertising will affect the community as a whole. experience. If healthiness is an important criterion for measuring an article, then matching the title with the main text is also an important factor.
2. It must be related to blockchain or Bitcoin
Because the lobbying community is not a public community, but a blockchain game Q&A community, it is required that the article must be related to blockchain and Bitcoin. Irrelevant questions are difficult to pass review, let alone recommendations?
3. Past articles and Q&A are of high health
If the articles and Q&A previously published by the author contain too much advertising content or spamming content, it will be officially recognized as a marketing account. In this case, it is difficult to get recommendations.
4. Actively seek recommendations from editors
If you feel that your content is relatively good but has not received recommendations, you can choose to actively push your articles to community administrators for recommendations.

H. Tutorials for getting started with blockchain

However, there are very few simple and easy-to-understand introductory articles. What exactly blockchain is and what makes it special is rarely explained.
Next, I will try to write a best-understood blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope that after reading this article, you will not only understand the blockchain, but also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
It should be noted that I am not an expert in this area. Although I have been paying attention to it for a long time, my detailed understanding of blockchain started at the beginning of this year. You are welcome to correct any errors or inaccuracies in the article.
1. The essence of blockchain
What is blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database.
First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
itsNow, anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network, and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
2. The biggest features of blockchain
Distributed databases are not a new invention, and there have been such products on the market for a long time. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature.
Blockchain has no administrator, it is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority.
It is precisely because it is unmanageable that blockchain can be uncontrollable. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them.
However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data is trustworthy? What if it is modified by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful thing about blockchain place.
3. Block
Blockchain is composed of blocks. Blocks are much like database records. Every time data is written, a block is created.
Each block contains two parts.
Head: records the characteristic values ​​of the current block
Body: actual data
The block header contains multiple characteristic values ​​of the current block.
Generation time
Hash of the actual data (i.e. block body)
Hash of the previous block
...
Here, you need to understand what a hash is , which is necessary to understand blockchain.
The so-called hashing means that the computer can calculate a characteristic value of the same length for any content. The hash length of the blockchain is 256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a 256-bit binary number will be calculated in the end. And it can be guaranteed that as long as the original content is different, the corresponding hash must be different.
For example, the hash of the string 123 is (hexadecimal), which is 256 bits when converted to binary, and only 123 can get this hash. (Theoretically, it is possible for other strings to get this hash, but the probability is extremely low and can be approximated as impossible.)
Therefore, there are two important inferences.
Corollary 1: The hash of each block is different, and the block can be identified by the hash.
Corollary 2: If the content of the block changes, its hash will definitely change.
4. The non-modifiable nature of Hash
Blocks and hashes have a one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block is calculated based on the block header (Head). That is to say, the characteristic values ​​​​of the block header are connected together in order to form a very long string, and then the hash is calculated on this string.
Hash = SHA256 (block header)
The above is the calculation formula of block hash. SHA256 is the hash algorithm of the blockchain. Note that this formula only contains the block header and not the block body. In other words, the hash is uniquely determined by the block header.
As mentioned before, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash of the current block body. , and the hash of the previous block. This means that if the content of the current block body changes, or the hash of the previous block changes, it will definitely cause the hash of the current block to change.
This point has great significance for blockchain. If someone modifies a block, the hash of the block changes. In order for subsequent blocks to still be connected to it (because the next block contains the hash of the previous block), the person must modify all subsequent blocks in sequence, otherwise the modified block will be removed from the blockchain . Due to the reasons mentioned later, hash calculation is very time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modify multiple blocks in a short period of time, unless someone controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network.
It is through this linkage mechanism that the blockchain ensures its own reliability. Once the data is written, it cannot be tampered with. This is just like history, what happened happened, and it can’t be changed from now on.
Each block is connected to the previous block, which is where the name blockchain comes from.
5. Mining
Since synchronization between nodes must be ensured, the adding speed of new blocks cannot be too fast. Just imagine, you have just synchronized a block and are preparing to generate the next block based on it, but at this time, another node generates a new block, and you have to give up half of the calculations and synchronize again. Because each block can only be followed by one block, you can only generate the next block after the latest block. So, you have no choice but to sync as soon as you hear the signal.
So, the inventor of the blockchain, Satoshi Nakamoto (this is a pseudonym, and his true identity is still unknown) deliberately made it difficult to add new blocks. His design is that on average, the entire network can generate a new block every 10 minutes, which is only six per hour.
This output speed is not achieved through commands, but by deliberately setting up massive calculations. In other words, only through an extremely large amount of calculations can the effective hash of the current block be obtained and the new block added to the blockchain. Because the amount of calculation is too large, it cannot be done quickly.
This process is called mining, because the difficulty of calculating a valid hash is like finding a grain of sand that meets the conditions among the sand in the world. The machine that calculates hashes is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
6. Difficulty coefficient
After reading this, you may have a question. People say that mining is difficult, but isn’t mining just about using a computer to calculate a hash? This is the strength of computers. How could it be? It becomes very difficult, why can’t it be calculated?
It turns out that not just any hash can be used, only hashes that meet the conditions will be accepted by the blockchain. This condition is particularly harsh.As a result, most hashes do not meet the requirements and must be recalculated.
It turns out that the block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the hash. For example, the difficulty coefficient of the 100,000th block is 14484.16236122.
The blockchain protocol stipulates that the target value (target) can be obtained by dividing the difficulty coefficient by a constant. Obviously, the greater the difficulty coefficient, the smaller the target value.
The validity of the hash is closely related to the target value. Only hashes smaller than the target value are valid, otherwise the hash is invalid and must be recalculated. Since the target value is very small, the chance that the hash is smaller than this value is extremely slim, and it may be calculated 1 billion times before it is considered a hit. This is the fundamental reason why mining is so slow.
As mentioned earlier, the hash of the current block is uniquely determined by the block header. If the hash of the same block needs to be calculated repeatedly, it means that the block header must keep changing, otherwise it is impossible to calculate different hashes. All feature values ​​in the block header are fixed. In order to make the block header change, Satoshi Nakamoto deliberately added a random item called Nonce.
Nonce is a random value. The role of the miner is actually to guess the value of Nonce so that the hash of the block header can be smaller than the target value so that it can be written to the blockchain. Nonce is very difficult to guess. At present, we can only use trial and error one by one through exhaustive methods. According to the protocol, Nonce is a 32-bit binary value, which can reach a maximum of 2.147 billion. The Nonce value of the 100,000th block is 274148111. It can be understood that the miner started from 0 and calculated 274 million times before obtaining a valid Nonce value so that the calculated hash can meet the conditions.
If you are lucky, you may find Nonce in a while. If you are unlucky, you may have calculated it 2.147 billion times without finding the Nonce, that is, it is impossible to calculate a hash that meets the conditions for the current block body. At this time, the protocol allows miners to change the block body and start a new calculation.
7. Dynamic adjustment of difficulty coefficient
As mentioned in the previous section, mining is random, and there is no guarantee that a block will be produced in exactly ten minutes. Sometimes it can be calculated in one minute, and sometimes it may take several hours. No result. Overall, with the improvement of hardware equipment and the increase in the number of mining machines, the computing speed will definitely become faster and faster.
In order to keep the output rate constant at ten minutes, Satoshi Nakamoto also designed a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the difficulty coefficient. He stipulated that the difficulty factor should be adjusted every two weeks (2016 blocks). If the average block generation speed in these two weeks is 9 minutes, it means that it is 10% faster than the legal speed, so the next difficulty factor will be increased by 10%; if the average block generation speed is 11 minutes, it means It is 10% slower than the legal speed, so the difficulty factor of the next step must be lowered by 10%.
The difficulty coefficient is adjusted higher and higher (the target value is getting smaller and smaller), resulting inMining is getting harder and harder.
8. Forks of the blockchain
Even if the blockchain is reliable, there is still an unresolved problem: if two people write data to the blockchain at the same time, that is to say, two people write data to the blockchain at the same time. Blocks join because they are connected to the previous block, forming a fork. Which block should be adopted at this time?
The current rule is that new nodes always adopt the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, it will look at which branch is behind the fork to reach 6 new blocks first (called six confirmations). Based on a block calculation of 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour.
Since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with the most computing power is the authentic blockchain.
9. Summary
Blockchain, as an unmanaged distributed database, has been running for 8 years since 2009 without major problems. This proves it works.
However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain also has its own price. The first is efficiency. You have to wait at least ten minutes to write data to the blockchain. All nodes synchronize the data, which requires more time. The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires miners to perform countless meaningless calculations. This is Very energy consuming.
Therefore, the applicable scenarios of blockchain are actually very limited.
There is no management authority that all members trust
The written data does not require real-time use
The benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
If the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is Better solution.
Currently, the largest application scenario (and possibly the only application scenario) of blockchain is the cryptocurrency represented by Bitcoin.

I. Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations

According to the relevant laws of our country, blockchain information service providers must provide services within ten working days from the date of provision of services. The registration procedures will be completed within the day through the Blockchain Information Service Registration and Management Department of the State Internet Information Office.
Blockchain filing means that according to the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations", information services provided to the public through Internet websites, applications, etc. based on blockchain technology or systems need to be registered and filed. The "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" were reviewed and approved by the Office of the State Internet Information Office and will come into effect on February 15, 2019.
Whether it is a public chain, a consortium chain, or a private chain, it is theoretically within the scope of registration; "information services" refer to blockchain media, market information, community and other services that are not based on blockchain technology or system operation. , does not fall within the scope of filing. Blockchain registration is only a registration of the subject’s blockchain information services and does not represent recognition of its institutions, products and services. No institution or individual may use it for any commercial purpose.
As long as it is an enterprise that provides information services to the public through Internet websites, applications, etc. based on blockchain technology or systems, including BaaS platforms,Metaverse, digital collections, and NFT services also belong to the blockchain and require blockchain information service registration.
Blockchain registration process:
1. Enter the official website of the registration system, register an account, fill in the basic information, and after the registration is completed, you can log in to the registration system with your mobile phone number.
2. After logging into the filing system, the applicant should gradually fill in the application subject information, person in charge information and service information according to the system guidance, upload the materials and pictures required by the filing system, and then submit.
3. Wait for the review by the Cyberspace Administration of China and receive a reply within twenty working days.
4. After passing the office review, obtain the registration number. Blockchain information service providers that have completed archiving should display their archiving number in conspicuous locations on their Internet websites, applications, etc.
Legal basis:
"Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations"
Article 11 Blockchain information service providers shall pass the National Internet Information Office District within ten working days from the date of providing services. The blockchain information service registration management system fills in the service provider's name, service category, service form, application field, server address and other information, and performs the registration procedures.
If a blockchain information service provider changes its service items, platform URL and other matters, it shall go through the change procedures within five working days from the date of change.
If a blockchain information service provider terminates its services, it shall go through the cancellation procedures thirty working days before terminating its services and make appropriate arrangements.
Article 12 After receiving the filing materials submitted by the filing party, the national and provincial, autonomous region, and municipality Internet Information Offices shall, if the materials are complete, file the filing within twenty working days, issue a filing number, and submit the filing through the National Internet The Blockchain Information Service Registration Management System of the Information Office publishes the registration information to the public; if the materials are incomplete, the registration will not be granted, and the filing party will be notified within 20 working days and the reasons will be explained.