最全区块链生态图谱下载,最全区块链生态图谱软件

请查看相关英文文档

㈠ What are the ecosystems of blockchain?

The development of cryptocurrency to this day has made “blockchain technology” popular, and the development of blockchain technology has become what everyone expects. In our country, both giant companies such as BATJ (Network, Alibaba, Tencent, JD.com) and "new emerging companies" such as Didi and OFO are actively exploring blockchain technology. Throughout the world, Walmart, Mastercard,
IBM, and giant automobile manufacturers are all trying to use blockchain technology to solve industry pain points. In addition, there are companies such as Japan's Kodak that are in decline and hope to fight a "turnaround" through blockchain.
What do these phenomena indicate? It shows that the blockchain technology has great commercial value, and everyone hopes to open up a new world in this unknown land. Therefore, with the development of blockchain technology this year, it is no longer just a simple underlying technology, but has formed a complete ecosystem. Below we will tell you about it from the two aspects of "currency circle" and "chain circle" Let’s talk about: What is the blockchain ecosystem like? Let’s take you to understand the whole picture of the blockchain industry.
Section 1: Currency Circle
In the currency circle, these terms are always important: project parties, exchanges, media, and mining machine manufacturers. Next, let’s take a detailed inventory of how Something happened.
1. Project Party
The project party in the currency circle can be understood this way: anyone who issues tokens is the project party. Note, it is a currency circle. There are also some project parties that do not issue coins, such as Alibaba, Tencent, and NetEase, which are also working on blockchain projects. They do not issue coins and only focus on technology. What about these project parties that do not issue coins? It mainly focuses on the role of blockchain in data security and supply chain, which we will mention later.
Going back to the topic of project parties in the currency circle, for example, the recently controversial Elastos and the previous Tron are all project parties in the currency circle, as well as the recently popular blockchain games. They also belong to the currency circle project side when it comes to earning tokens in games.
A subversive aspect of the currency circle project is that it combines the project and the token, directly replacing the equity with the token, and the token can be directly circulated. This is a very revolutionary feature that allows many initial projects to more easily raise funds. After financing, the feedback tokens can be circulated on digital currency trading platforms, and investors can also exit well.
This "financing-investment" approach seems to be another way to realize the circulation of equity listings and transactions in disguise.
So, it is this kind of model that makes the currency circle project team the place closest to money. It is easy for them to trap money. Of course, it is also easy for them to be tempted, or have planned for a long time, and run away after trapping money. road. The detailed process for project parties to issue tokens is generally as follows:
The first step is to make a token system, which is similar to making an app application. This is not very complicated, because Ethereum hasIt is open source, similar to Android and Apple systems, and developers can develop specific applications on it;
The second step is to write a white paper, which is similar to a business plan. A white paper is similar to a business plan and mainly includes The team situation, technical situation and other information of the project;
The third step is to find someone to endorse and find some influential industry figures to promote it;
The fourth step is to start promotion and marketing, find some areas The blockchain media promotes soft articles and solicits cooperation, which we will mention below;
The fifth step is to find financing;
The sixth step is to go to the exchange and the token begins to spread widely.
2. Exchange
After talking about the project side, let’s talk about the exchange. If the project party is a producer, then the things they produce must be sold and traded, right? The exchange is a trading place for project party tokens. If the project team's token is similar to a stock, then the exchange in the currency circle is similar to the secondary market of the stock market. It’s just that exchanges in the currency circle have more power. They have the right to review currency listings and can decide to list or delist currencies.
Of course, if the project team wants to list the currency, it has to pay a huge fee to the exchange for listing the currency. When investors trade in the exchange, they also need to pay handling fees or withdrawal fees. Each exchange has handling fee and withdrawal fee rules. Not all the same. In fact, listing fees, handling fees, and withdrawal fees constitute the profit model of cryptocurrency exchanges. Of course, in addition to these three profit models, the exchange’s profit models also include: “market maker” business to earn price differences, That is, the exchange creates liquidity through continuous buying and selling, acts as a market maker, and earns business spreads at the same time.
Currently, due to the increasingly fierce competition in the industry, listing fees and handling fees will become less and less, or even unnecessary, so regular profits will account for less and less, and other profits will appear. Model, for example: platform currency, leverage fee. Let’s talk about platform coins first. Platform coins are coins issued by exchanges: OKB and Binance Coin are platform coins. These platform coins issued by exchanges can be exchanged for BTC and ETH. At the same time, the increase in the value of the platform coins themselves can lay a solid foundation for the development of the exchange. For users, holding platform currency can enjoy benefits such as handling fee discounts, platform dividends, and special activities of the exchange. This is the platform currency. The leverage fee is the currency financing function on the platform, which supports margin trading and charges a certain percentage of handling fees to currency financing users.
The above mentioned are actually ecosystems built through the exchange’s own resource output. Now, exchanges are actively deploying the entire industry to obtain income, such as establishing capital, mining pools, wallets, incubators, engineering academies, funds, etc. We believe that if the exchange wants to develop in the long term, it must deploy the entire industry chain, find new hot spots in the industry, and build a complete ecosystem. Therefore, it must increase the proportion of strategic profits.
3. Blockchain Media
In the past two years when blockchain has been popular, not only have there been many project parties, but the media has also been like a rainstorm.Bamboo shoots are springing up, and there are currently about 200 well-known blockchain media outlets. The content on the blockchain media platform probably revolves around the following points: policies, hackers, exchanges, bosses, and project parties. In addition to text, the operation method of blockchain media also includes community activities, such as inviting “big guys” to join the group to share. In this way, high-quality content can be accumulated and some traffic can be earned at the same time.
Why must we mention blockchain media? It’s because there are actually some differences between blockchain media and the media in our impressions. What's the difference? The difference is that there are some interests between the blockchain media and the project parties and exchanges mentioned above. We just said that the project party is like a "producer" and the exchange is like a "sales market". Then, the role played by the media is like an "advertising platform". If a project wants to sell well, it needs publicity and advertising, so blockchain media plays such a role. Therefore, the investors of some blockchain media are now project parties and exchanges.
The recent period has been a bear market, and many blockchain media have laid off large-scale layoffs. The reason is simply a shortage of projects and insufficient funds. Therefore, if blockchain media simply relies on investment from project parties and exchanges, as well as advertising revenue, it is actually far from enough. When the bear market comes and project parties and exchanges are affected, then the media will inevitably face a very serious situation. Brutal winter. Therefore, many blockchain media are now also issuing tokens to project parties (the most typical ones are content communities such as Bihu and Biche, which both belong to a media platform and issue tokens to project parties), or some Blockchain media is doing business such as wallets and selling mining machines and renting computing power.
However, we believe that blockchain media, as a media, still plays a role in guiding public opinion after all. Therefore, it is still necessary to return to the essence and be a place to transmit industry value information, rather than a place to pile up advertisements. Therefore, blockchain media should still keep up with the development of technology to achieve its own survival and development, relying on the advantages of blockchain technology and based on the consensus mechanism in the token system to achieve a reasonable distribution of interests in the media industry. In this aspect, there may be some room for imagination.
4. Mining machine manufacturers
Bitcoin mining is ultimately a competition for computing power. Whoever has stronger computing power has a greater chance of mining Bitcoin. Therefore, in the entire business system of the currency circle, mining machine manufacturers are an existence that cannot be ignored. Let’s look at a piece of data and we’ll know: In the blockchain industry on the Hurun Report 2018, the richest person is Mr. Zhan Ketuan, a partner from the mining machine manufacturer Bitmain. In addition, according to the prospectus, Bitmain’s net profit in the first half of the year was US$743 million, an increase of nearly 8 times year-on-year. It once occupied more than 70% of the global Bitcoin mining machine market share and became the leader in the mining machine industry. Not only mining machines, Bitmain still occupies a near-monopoly position in mining pools (that is, a cooperative mining model): as of now, the top six mining pools in the world account for 79.2% of the computing power.
Another company that researches mining machine chips - "Canaan", after inventing China's first Bitcoin mining machine, began to engage in research on chips in the fields of blockchain and artificial intelligence. In just a few years In 2008, it also became an internationally renowned chip company.
In fact, as early as 2012, the United States announced that it would release a butterfly mining machine. However, this matter was later considered by many people to be a scam, because the butterfly mining machine was delayed for several years before being released. In the past few years, It has also made the research and development of mining machines in other countries very frightened, and they are all scrambling for time. In a sense, the butterfly mining machine can be regarded as driving the prosperity of the mining machine industry. So, by 2013, mining machines have entered a season of blooming, and a large number of ASIC mining machines have been proposed: either announced research and development, or announced pre-sale, or in the form of spot goods, appeared: roasted cat mining machine, Pigeon mining machine, TMR mining machine, Biter mining machine, Rand Mining Bureau, Little Bee mining machine, Avalon original factory and various OEMs, Garden mining machine, Smart mining machine, etc... maybe Everyone has never heard of these mining machines, because they are basically dead. The remaining ones, Bitmain, Canaan, and Yibang, have become mining machine giants.
However, as a derivative industry under the prosperity of the cryptocurrency market, the price of mining machines is closely related to the cryptocurrency market: in the bull market, mining machines are often in short supply, and miners pay several times higher prices to buy from "scalpers" It is not uncommon to buy mining machines. At this time, mining machine manufacturers have entered a bonus period. But in a bear market, mining machine manufacturers will also be affected by some adverse effects. Miners' enthusiasm for mining wanes, and some manufacturers have to lower the price of mining machines to recover costs. For example, when Bitcoin plummeted in March this year, a certain model of mining machine sold by Huaqiangbei was sold at a price reduction of 5,000 yuan. The price dropped from about 19,000 yuan per unit to
14,000 yuan.
[Summary]
At this point, we can find that whether it is the project party, the exchange, the media, or the mining machine, it can be said to be a relationship in which “one prospers, one loses, and both suffer”. In the bull market, the project party gets financing to issue tokens, and then goes to the exchange. The exchange earns the token listing fees and transaction fees. The increase in the token net worth can also allow the project party to make another profit, and then find the media to advertise, and the media earns Advertising fees, then the currency price will be high, the enthusiasm of miners will be high, and the mining machines will be sold well. But in the bear market, it is completely the opposite sign. Everyone is facing a cold winter, so this is a relationship of "one prosperes, one loses, and both suffer".
The currency circle is introduced here first, let’s introduce the chain circle next.
Section 2 Chain Circle
Chain circle refers to the circle that focuses on blockchain technology. Compared with the currency circle, the chain circle is quite low-key. However, without the technical support of the chain circle, the currency circle cannot exist. Therefore, the chain circle is often ignored, but in fact it is very important. The implementation of future blockchain scenarios will also rely on the technology of the chain circle as a support.
At present, the chain circle project mainly focuses on the aspect of data security in the supply chain. We mentioned at the beginning that Wal-Mart, Mastercard, IBM, and those giant automobile manufacturers are trying to use blockchain technology to solve some industry pain points involving data security, such as: the circulation safety of fresh food, vaccines Security, transaction data security, copyright protection, etc.
In terms of supply chain, the most typical example is the express delivery industry. SF Express is currently trying to use blockchain technology to solve pharmaceutical logistics safety. In addition, Alibaba is actively deploying blockchain in Xiongan New Area; Tencent, Internet, NetEase, and JD.com have developed a number of online games based on blockchain. Although these projects are not yet very mature, they have enriched the blockchain The business model provides some relatively broad imagination space.
When it comes to imagination, for the blockchain community, it actually mainly revolves around the topic of "Blockchain+": Blockchain+Finance, Blockchain+Insurance, Blockchain+Agriculture, Blockchain + entertainment, blockchain + artificial intelligence, blockchain + and any other industry... To put it bluntly, it is the implementation of blockchain scenarios. Turning these imaginations into reality is like spreading the Internet to thousands of households. The same as the household.
[Summary]
Blockchain, the underlying technology, was actually a currency system at first, serving Bitcoin. However, as it develops today, this technology has evolved into an idea of ​​change and innovation. Or methods, these ideas and methods are indeed solutions to some pain points in the current Internet era.

㈡ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralization solved the low-cost and high-efficiency transmission of information.The issue she did not address was the credibility of the information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously resolve the conflict between its own economic interests and global economic needs). Therefore, in 2009, the Governor of the Central Bank of China, Zhou Ogawa called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code-"Bitcoin" online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks. The rules of the competition were to correctly record the accounting and at the same time solve the SHA256 problem. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism), he can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
The second step: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
The third step: Each miner node must Compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block by solving the SHA256 puzzle, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);< br>Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;< br>Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the accounting of the block (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed to be legal.block accounting rights, so there is no reward), if there is no error, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a legal accounting block single chain, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system ——Blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next owner, and then the entire network's "miners" "Time stamp the account and form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of the chain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some inherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot be adjusted at any time As the market situation changes, it will inevitably rise and fall sharply;
Mining is high-carbon. Only less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of blocks of less than ten minutes, and more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition have the computing power. Waste;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organizing DAC system, the operating costs of the accounting and issuance functions are too high high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The entire network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and randomlyThe emergence of the Internet has eliminated the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the more successful second-generation currency NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging", which just records The probability of winning the account rights is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the Proof of Stake mechanism (PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that uses “trusted gateways” to conduct block operations. The credibility of chain accounting is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society, especially in At present, some of China's central credit institutions, such as the "Red Cross", are in a "collapse" situation. Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. The following are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets, smooths the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expands public credit, and accelerates value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Built on the blockchain Intellectual property protection system, accounting for the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establishing a global advertising market;
Whether blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies by emerging economies along the Belt and Road;
Block Chain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system;
Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Blockchain can develop Develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of a global decentralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.

㈢ How to define blockchain and what are its application scenarios

Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. It’s a bit of a myth about blockchain technology!
in blockRegarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized database in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction".

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger (database) that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged. technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can haveIt can effectively solve the trust problem and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services and other fields.

Digital currency

After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.

Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.

my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.

Financial asset transaction settlement

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance has long procedures, high costs, and complex links. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channels. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Digital Government

Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline service processes. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting

Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Data services

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

The three words "blockchain"The Spring Festival that just passed was completely ignited, and the limelight overshadowed everything. Some people said that this is the arrival of a new era, and the past has become classics. Others said that everything is hype and is a bubble after all.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm., smart contracts and other new application models of computer technology. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.

Due to its advantages such as "decentralization", "distributed data storage", "traceability", "anti-tampering", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve data problems. By establishing a trustworthy data management environment, we can prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote the efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practice and exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions, and continues to empower public resource transaction management services.

Facilitate transaction data sharing and transaction witnessing

Facilitate transaction data Share

Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be entered repeatedly. It is difficult to verify the off-site performance provided by the bidders during the bid evaluation process. It is difficult to troubleshoot the same person repeatedly serving as project manager. Issues such as low cost of breach of trust. Establishing a cross-regional subject database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.

The distributed ledger feature based on the blockchain can effectively ensure the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, and can reduce the repeated entry of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the data circulation process on the chain. The authenticity of the bidders in the regional alliance is directly obtained from the on-chain data, making it impossible to hide the fake performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".

Blockchain-based transaction witness

"Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" ( The State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) pointed out the need to optimize services such as witnessing, venues, information, files, and expert extraction. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing intensity, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witness system is prone to data tampering, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.

Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to solidify and store the data generated in each transaction link, and accurately record the data generated through time stamp technology, summary algorithm, and electronic signature technology. Time, content, data source. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain, and unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files can be saved through the blockchain.Its summary information and original files are saved through distributed file storage services. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding companies

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving the problem of bidding deposit funds for bidding companies. Occupancy issues. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.

At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .

Promote financial services for bidding companies

The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.

Solving the financing problems of successful bidders

Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustained profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot provide these "proofs" at all. Difficulty and expensive financing have become problems faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. oneOn the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and finds high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.

Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data trustworthiness but also reduces the risk of corruption. The entire system relies on a centralized authority.

Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.

Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.

Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.

So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.

Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.

Decentralization solves problems.

What application scenarios can blockchain have?

In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day

However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.

What are the economic applications of blockchain?

The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.

Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time

The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management

Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development, allowing enterprises to develop faster and make more money.

Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since traffic fraud in digital advertising causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

What is blockchain

If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. Therefore, in the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place will be like a magical treasure land.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, the blockchain is a safe place, so, butBlockchain technology needs to be used wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.

㈣ HBA public chain: Create a public chain ecosystem covering blockchain + full-scenario applications

Since the development of blockchain technology, it has gradually been adopted by people and even The country pays attention to it. As a new application model based on computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms, the essence of blockchain is a decentralized data storage system that can be updated but cannot be tampered with.

The application of blockchain technology has extended to digital asset transactions, the Internet of Things, commodity traceability, digital culture, digital medicine, network security, medicine and health, etc., promoting social production and lifestyle. and major changes in production relations.

The research and development of the HBA public chain began in February 2019. The core team is composed of early overseas blockchain participants and is jointly maintained by multiple decentralized distributed communities around the world. Innovatively proposes the 3R circular economy model (Rece, Renue, Racycle). The token uses the POC+POS mechanism to gradually reward everyone who contributes to the ecology. It will not generate a large number of tokens at no cost like other public chains, and is effective. It has cracked down on industry chaos and ensured fairness for every ecological participant.

HBA has realized a truly decentralized blockchain through a large amount of technology accumulation, developed source code, and established a complete blockchain browser. Users can query the generation of each block and the process of each transaction. It provides a truly fair and open environment in which no one can cheat and everyone can truly become a supervisor of the system.

The ecological application scenarios of the HBA public chain include digital identity, artificial intelligence, supply chain finance, DEFI platform, cross-chain payment, health care, food safety, and education. At present, the development of public chains, blockchain browsers, and decentralized exchanges has been completed. The HBA public chain will be tested on the mainnet in October 2020!

At the same time, in the ecology of the HBA public chain, there is also a group of self-organized evangelists and professional lecturers to serve the HBA member ecology and provide a one-stop service of "incubation, training, and market development" for the HBA ecological community. Serve.

Australian, holds senior management positions in multiple chambers of commerce. Started working on blockchain in 2013. In 2014, he applied for the first wallet retrieval patent. In 2015, he went to the government department to teach blockchain. , patent ranking fifth in the world. At the same time, he has his own financial management company in Australia and created the chain33 blockchain underlying architecture. He has a lot of technical reserves and applications, holds BCS and TELC qualification certificates, has published 4 works, and has millions of readers and fans.

In the medical field, we currently face two major challenges: First, the medical system is complex, involving pharmaceutical manufacturers, medical service providers, and patients, etc., so it is necessary to connect all parties and accurately transmit information; second, medical supply The chain lacks traceability. Blockchain technology has the potential to solve the above problems and create new medical models because of its traceability, without the need to coordinate parties, and its high accuracy and reliability.

HBA is based on blockchain technology and combines big data, artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies to cover medical, medical and other fields.Public chains in the fields of medicine, medical insurance, pension, medical equipment, biology, insurance, finance, government and society.

HBA has rich international medical experience in global new medical health. It can meet the health needs of various users with precise and efficient treatment methods and provide a variety of health-related linkage services. This is because they are very Understand the deficiencies in the current healthcare model. Integrate resources to build a new medical system to solve the problem of difficulty and high cost of medical treatment for the people, and use 5G technology to efficiently prevent doctor resources from being wasted. With the characteristics of "fast, convenient and accurate" intelligent technology, it provides people with "one-stop" medical and health service solutions.

IPFS, the Chinese name of the Interstellar File System, is a point-to-point distributed file system. It is a hypermedia transmission protocol based on content addressing, versioning, and point-to-point. Its purpose is to supplement or even replace the The traditional centralized storage HTTP protocol has been used for more than 20 years.

The advantages of IPFS are: efficiency, security, privacy, permanent storage, low cost, faster access, etc.

HBA’s block data is stored using the IPFS decentralized storage structure. All blocks have pointer references to the previous block to ensure that the data is not tampered with. The sha256 function is used to hash the data, the ecc asymmetric encryption algorithm is used for identity authentication, the aes encryption algorithm is used to encrypt the private key, and the Merkle number is used to verify and store transactions.

HBA public chain combines the advantages of blockchain for distributed storage, aiming to improve data security, privacy and users' control over their data. At the same time, users can receive token rewards by participating in providing storage space. .

1) Current status: Under development

2) February 2019: Code open source research and development

3) October 2020: Mainnet Tested online

As an emerging technology, blockchain covers decentralization, trustlessness, sharing economy, distributed computing, distributed storage and other aspects, and will comprehensively innovate existing social system.

HBA public chain has always insisted on advancing with the times, constantly learning new design concepts and development technologies, using the latest design concepts to serve customers and achieve a good user experience. The Internet of Things industry is booming, and only innovative technologies and models can last forever. We firmly believe that innovation is the eternal driving force for human progress. Technology has a starting point, but innovation has no end! Innovation, pragmatism and efficiency will be our eternal pursuit!

Eighteen

㈤ What are the ecosystems of blockchain

The application fields of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered, which has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger database. Its core is the essence of trust, that is, it still uses a ledger. There are records in the ledger that cannot be tampered with. To make it impossible to tamper with, its design is similar to traditional There are 2 differences in the ledger:
A signature is added to each record
Each device in the blockchain network maintains a complete and identical ledger
Another aspect of the blockchain One feature is that a copy of this general ledger is kept in each computer, and each copy is exactly the same. This ensures that if one ledger is destroyed (the disk is damaged or tampered with and becomes unavailable), the ledger will not be available on other machines. The ledger can still be used, ensuring that data will not be lost.
The above two points are the core technologies that enable blockchain to establish a trust relationship. It ensures that the data is reliable and cannot be tampered with. This revolutionary feature enables trust transfer between two strangers without the need for an intermediary agency. With participation, with this foundation, the entire "new institutional economics" will cease to exist, and even the trust companies derived from it will be replaced. This is probably why Alipay announced the introduction of blockchain technology in January 2017. , make a bold prediction that all Internet companies in the future will be built on the blockchain. It is conceivable that there are property rights chains, food safety chains, financial services chains, blockchain chains, etc.

㈥ Eight major ecosystems help Digital Life Chain DC become the most potential blockchain project

With the rapid development of the blockchain industry ecology, more and more projects have actually been implemented. In the future, blockchain technology will continue to accelerate its widespread application in industrial scenarios, deeply integrate with real economic industries, and form a number of "industrial blockchain" projects, which will become the application trend of blockchain technology.

In terms of market size, the scale of the global blockchain industry is growing rapidly, and application scenarios continue to expand. Thanks to its intermediation, good traceability, and difficulty in tampering, blockchain technology has profound transformation potential in finance, technology and other fields. Since 2013, blockchain application scenarios have continued to penetrate from digital currency and mining machine manufacturing to finance, supply chain, copyright, medical and other fields, providing sufficient impetus for the development of the blockchain industry. According to data, from 2013 to 2019, the global blockchain market showed steady growth as a whole, reaching US$122.26 billion in 2019.

DC’s Chinese name is Digital Life Chain, which is the world’s first pan-life digital service application platform.

DC is a full ecological platform based on and serving the life service industry. It mainly connects consumers and the life service industry to enable better communication between them and enable the service industry to serve consumers in a timely and efficient manner. The ultimate goal of blockchain technology is to meet people’s needs, so DC hopes to be closely involved in people’s daily livesRelated industries can embark on the fast track of blockchain development.

The DC platform is based on all the content of the industry application layer, including blockchain e-commerce, social platforms, charity, entertainment, real estate industry, tourism, electronic games, advertising precision marketing, and unifies them into society The life service platform is committed to combining blockchain technology with areas closely related to people's lives to ensure the creation of a platform for real industry implementation. Blockchain technology and digital currency wealth are no longer obscure and obscure in the clouds, but integrated into every aspect of people's lives.

In all subsequent ecosystems opened, DC will be used as a platform currency and a media currency for the payment and circulation of all ecological services, such as the payment of platform product purchase fees, the use of platform ecological functions (information release, Service fees for merchants and enterprise functions), payment for enjoyment consumption such as games, entertainment and travel, etc.

㈦ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, We have to study the brief history of blockchain technology development starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency in my pocket www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.htmlIt didn't take eight turns before it ran into their pockets.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge whether C wins, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owes A the account at 1 p.m.For 10 yuan, that is, when C and D change the account at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the time is irreversible and they can only record the time at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, which is inconsistent with the rules of the game.

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. Couple, Computer Center Director Leonard Posak and School of Business Computer Center Director Santi LeNa, they designed a networking device called a "multi-protocol router" and placed it in the Internet's communication lines to help data accurately and quickly reach the other end of the Internet thousands of kilometers away.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionallyThey are all peer-to-peer, both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto posted on the SourceForge websiteThe website released an application case of blockchain - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million Bitcoins. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to Cryptozoology Expert Hal Finney, this also became the first transaction in the history of Bitcoin. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown out at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads up. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: each “Bitcoin”, “altcoin” ifWhen a guessing game created using a hash algorithm generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as "pass" or "token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But can it be subverted?Whether to overwrite it or not depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device.Add friends to communicate with each other and pass on information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.