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A. Blockchain has officially entered the 3.0 era, and real estate, supply chain, etc. will become key areas of application

With the continuous development of blockchain, the application coverage of blockchain The scope of blockchain is getting wider and wider. With the improvement of scalability and efficiency, the application scope of blockchain will go beyond finance and expand to fields such as logistics, real estate and the Internet of Things, becoming a bottom-level protocol in the future society. This also This means that the blockchain will enter the 3.0 era.

The blockchain 1.0 era is represented by BTC (decentralized concept), which plays more of a distributed accounting role, such as BTC, Ripple, BCH, Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc. It is more used for digital currency accounting. Of course, the development in the first stage is not perfect. Bitcoin still has many problems that need to be solved, such as expansion, lightning payments, hard forks, etc.

With further completion, the blockchain has entered the 2.0 era, represented by ETH (smart contract), entering the contract stage.

Blockchain 2.0 represented by ETH is a great progress, but there are still many problems, such as channel congestion, slow transaction speed, and fork risk. High handling fees and so on. For example, after the popular CryptoKitties were launched on the Ethereum platform, they occupied about 25% of the Ethereum network at its peak, causing congestion on the entire Ethereum network and seriously affecting the experience of other Ethereum users. . The current development is a transition process from the first stage to the second stage.

After bidding farewell to the 1.0 and 2.0 eras, thanks to the continuous development of technology, blockchain has become more practical. This also means that the blockchain will completely break away from the financial attributes of the start-up period and enter practical application scenarios in all walks of life with its decentralization and other characteristics.

This also means that the blockchain has officially opened its 3.0 era - the era of comprehensive application. The blockchain industry structure in the 3.0 era is also more complex. Today I will give you a brief analysis.

The blockchain industry in the 3.0 era is divided into three levels: basic layer, service layer and application layer.

(1), Basic layer

The corresponding upstream, middle and downstream of the industrial chain include: upstream underlying technology and infrastructure (core technology, equipment, underlying platform deployment method), the midstream service layer mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology; the downstream application layer includes finance, supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, government enterprises, services, social applications, etc.

Hardware, technology and infrastructure manufacturers mainly provideChips, mining machines, mining pools, hard drives, routers and other infrastructure necessary for blockchain applications.

The underlying platform deployment methods can be divided into public chain, alliance chain, and private chain.

The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Based on the underlying core technology components, it provides different functions for different application scenarios, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

The base layer provides the underlying blockchain or distributed ledger technology framework, mainly including Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, FISCO BCOS, etc.

(2) Service layer

The service layer refers to the BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) platform. The main domestic BaaS platforms are Ant Blockchain BaaS platform, Tencent Cloud TBaaS, Ping An One Account BaaS platform, etc.

It mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology, and provides smart contracts, information security, data services and other products based on the underlying technology. services to improve the convenience and scalability of developers developing applications at the platform layer.

Application and service vendors are responsible for the research and development of general blockchain technology and technology expansion platforms, digital currency education and storage platform construction, etc., and provide technology for the industry application layer. support.

(3) Application layer

The application layer is represented by core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Refers to the end user or service provider of blockchain. The main application scenarios of blockchain now include cross-border payment, anti-counterfeiting traceability, and supply chain. Finance, trade finance, electronic bills, ABS, etc.

Service objects are divided into two categories: B-side (initial stage): blockchain + (finance, supply chain management, copyright protection, education); C-side (first to land): blockchain+ (sharing economy, pan-entertainment).

The downstream blockchain application field is the combination of blockchain technology and existing industries. Now, Many industries have begun the application era of blockchain 3.0.

(1) Blockchain + supply chain

Blockchain + supply chain realityThe entire product information process is now traceable. The traceability and anti-counterfeiting system of the traditional supply chain has shortcomings such as opaque information, easy data tampering, poor security and relative closure. However, using blockchain technology and Internet of Things technology, the information on the raw material purchasing process, production process and circulation process of goods can be processed. Integration and traceability can truly realize the full-process authentic traceability across brands, channels, retailers, and consumers, down to each item and code, significantly improving user trust experience.

(2), Blockchain + Internet of Things

Build an information exchange network in the era of Internet of Everything. As the number of devices in the Internet of Things grows, the distributed nature of the blockchain provides a way for self-governance of the Internet of Things, which can help devices in the Internet of Things understand each other and understand the correlation between different devices, thereby realizing the distribution of the Internet of Things. type control.

(3), Blockchain + Medical

Ensure the safe sharing of medical data. Using blockchain technology to mathematically encrypt medical data can effectively prevent risks such as malicious modification of medical data. The medical data sharing and exchange system developed using blockchain technology uploads encrypted medical data, allowing data to be shared and circulated quickly, efficiently and securely between patients and medical institutions, effectively simplifying the management of medical data. Call process to provide data guarantee for accurate diagnosis of illness.

(4) Blockchain + Real Estate

There are many potential application scenarios of blockchain in the real estate industry. Common ones include: Real estate transactions. Pain points in the process of buying and selling property include: lack of transparency during and after the transaction, reams of paperwork, potential for fraud, errors in public records, and that’s just to name a few. Blockchain provides a way to achieve the need for paperless and fast transactions. In addition, real estate blockchain applications can help record, trace and transfer title deeds, deeds, liens, etc., and also provide a platform for financial companies, title companies and mortgage companies. Blockchain technology strives to securely preserve files while enhancing transparency and reducing costs. In addition, blockchain is also applied in the field of construction engineering, and many companies are applying this technology in the current urban renewal boom. For example, Shenzhen's Lanfang Chain has proposed a package of solutions including blockchain + urban renewal/construction engineering/real estate development based on blockchain, which comprehensively serves many fields in the real estate industry. Currently, its official website and mobile applications are online.

In addition, blockchain has already had many applications in supply chain finance, stock trading, banking, etc., so I won’t go into details here.

As one of the important contents of my country’s 14th Five-Year Plan,Officials have long proposed to accelerate the development of blockchain technology and industrial innovation, and actively promote the integrated development of blockchain and economy and society.

The key to achieving the above two developments lies in the following two points:

1. Breakthrough in the core technology of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology is currently the technology with the smallest gap between my country and Europe and the United States. Officials particularly emphasize that in this emerging field, my country must be at the forefront of theory, occupy the commanding heights of innovation, and gain new industrial advantages. It is necessary to promote collaborative research, accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies, and provide safe and controllable technical support for the development of blockchain applications.

At present, most of the blockchain technology is still in the conceptual hype stage, and many business scenarios use blockchain purely for the sake of blockchain. So far, no one in our country has been able to solve core technical dilemmas such as the ternary paradox on a global scale. Therefore, we must return to basic theories and core technologies and achieve major breakthroughs through long-term and concentrated research.

In fact, the official has put forward very high requirements for the theoretical technology and subsequent application development of blockchain technology. Do a good job in basic theoretical research on blockchain, Focusing on conquering a number of key core technologies and truly shouldering the burden of technology research and development is the key to the current development of blockchain.

2. Enhance international voice and rule-making power.

Different from previous information technologies, blockchain technology is highly scalable, or aggressive. Its rules or right to speak determine its scope of influence, because every business on the chain is Individuals or institutions must obey the rules set by the blockchain, whether at home or abroad. For example, everyone must obey the rules of Windows when using the Windows system, but Windows only stipulates the rules for information interaction for users, which is acceptable to us, while the blockchain stipulates industry governance rules. With its distributed characteristics, the governance rules of the blockchain can quickly transcend national borders and geographical restrictions.

In order to achieve the above two points, we must strengthen the construction of the talent team, establish and improve the talent training system, create various forms of high-level talent training platforms, and cultivate a A group of leading figures and a high-level innovation team.

Blockchain, as an architectural innovation technology, has a huge demand for comprehensive talents, requiring practitioners to master a variety of professional and technical knowledge involving cryptography, information science, basic mathematics, etc. To develop blockchain, we must strengthen the construction of a talent team with deep cross-integration of disciplines, and establish a talent cultivation system in a forward-looking and systematic manner from the aspects of basic research, applied research and development, and industrial integration.

Blockchain technology is an important part of the future digital economy and has rich advantages for all walks of life. Although we have entered the 3.0 era, the vertical application of blockchain in various industries has just begun.

What do you think of the future of blockchain?

B. The blockchain industry is getting more and more attention. How can enterprises quickly learn about blockchain?

Enterprises need to make certain adjustments

In recent times, many people Everyone is discussing issues related to blockchain. Many people are very curious about this relatively unfamiliar term. Recently, many companies have also begun to study and apply blockchain technology, which also makes many people feel very confused. In order to answer related questions, we first need to know what blockchain is. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". and other characteristics. As an important concept of Bitcoin, blockchain is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of The information of secondary Bitcoin network transactions is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block. If enterprises want to learn and apply blockchain technology faster and more effectively, they must hire relevant professional talents and make certain rectifications to the company, because only in this way can blockchain technology be truly utilized in enterprises. and applications.

Three: Invest a certain amount of funds

As a new technological method, blockchain is very important for the research and development of blockchain. Therefore, it is important for enterprises to increase their investment in blockchain research and development. Capital investment in blockchain is very necessary, because only with the inflow of more funds can blockchain technology truly develop.

C. The road to listing | There are obstacles and a long road ahead

2018 is the tenth year of the birth of Bitcoin. This year is also the year when blockchain-related companies actively embrace A year in capital markets. Global blockchain giants are setting off the first round of listing craze. Under this craze, a large number of blockchain companies have shown their intention to go public.

The biggest role of blockchain in the securities market is to further promote the digitization of financial assets. In mature securities markets, securities realize the flow of assets in a transparent state under a regulatory environment. Generally speaking, enterprise listing refers to the first time a joint-stock company publicly solicits public invitations to the public.How shares are issued.

According to the relevant regulations promulgated by the China Securities Regulatory Commission, the subject qualifications that companies need to meet for listing on the main board include: the issuer should be a joint-stock company established in accordance with the law and legally existing, and the company's continuous operation period should be three years. Above, the company's registered capital has been paid in full, the company's production and operations comply with laws, administrative regulations and the company's articles of association, and comply with national industrial policies.

Generally speaking, blockchain technology is divided into three categories: private chain, alliance chain, and public chain; among them, the private chain only uses the general ledger technology of the blockchain for accounting and has exclusive access to the block. The write permission of the chain is a "centralized" blockchain; the alliance chain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes, allowing everyone to read, or only limited to participants, with "Partial decentralization" characteristics; public chains, represented by Bitcoin and Ethereum, are blockchains that can be read and participated by anyone in the world, and are "completely decentralized". For public chains, information is fully disclosed and digital assets can be traded in distributed networks, but the technology is difficult and faces problems such as hard forks and small transaction sizes; private chains are essentially centralized ledgers. This chain is not much different from other distributed storage solutions, and the data security and authenticity are questionable; while the alliance chain can upload and disclose information to the authorized participants according to the project, and the permissions are easy to control, but it cannot realize the transfer of digital assets in the distributed network. trade.

We often say that the biggest risk for blockchain practitioners is "policy risk". This risk is characterized by "instability". This instability is the characteristic of every new thing. A necessary stage.

Judging from the current situation, companies listed in the blockchain field (including those that may be listed in the future or have already been listed) mainly include three categories:

The first is chip development and mining Machine sales companies, such as Canaan, Yibang International and Bitmain; second, encrypted digital currency exchanges, such as Coinbase, which has recently been rumored to be listed next year, and Huobi, which was rumored a few days ago to be listed on a backdoor listing; The third is mining companies. Thanks to low electricity bills and loose policies, most of them are North American mining companies, such as HIVE Blockchain listed on the Toronto Exchange.

Overseas, according to investorideas reports, the blockchain company Blockchain Holdings has been approved to be listed on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE). The company was founded in 2010 and was formerly known as Khot I, according to information contained on the Canadian Securities Exchange (CSE) and Bloomberg's websitenfrastructure Holdings Ltd., its previous main business was providing road and bridge construction and maintenance services in Mongolia.

CSE faces all emerging growth companies, and pays more attention to the growth and prospects of companies to be listed, so the requirements for companies to be listed are lower. For example, the issuing company must have a minimum of 10 Canadian dollars. Ten thousand yuan of working capital is enough; its listing operation cycle is short; and it does not require "tangible net assets" for companies to be listed, etc. In addition, the cost of CSE is lower, both in terms of listing fees and post-listing maintenance fees.

As early as September 2013, the cryptocurrency exchange Allcoin was listed on the CSE. CSE launched an innovative securities clearing and settlement platform using blockchain technology in February 2018. The platform will enable companies to issue traditional equity and debt through tokenized securities, which will be issued through securities-type securities. Securities issuance is provided to investors, which is very consistent with the recent popularity of STO.



Fundamentally, the policy environment (including blockchain and digital currency policies and listing policies) and business compliance are a very important reason.

But from another perspective, almost all regulatory policies currently introduced in our country are aimed at illegal ICO and corresponding virtual currency transactions. As far as "blockchain" is concerned, the country has always It is releasing friendly signals and encouraging the research, development and implementation of blockchain.

Since domestic regulations have strict requirements for company listings, if blockchain projects want to be listed domestically in the future, they must work hard on their internal skills, pay attention to compliance, enhance corporate credit ratings and improve the quality of corporate governance.

D. As a leader in the blockchain industry, in what aspects does Qulian Technology play a leading role

As a leading enterprise in blockchain, Qulian Technology’s products have been widely used in finance , people's livelihood, government affairs, justice, energy, manufacturing and other key areas, it is the blockchain enterprise with the most abundant implementation scenarios in the industry. Since its establishment, Qulian Technology has adhered to independent innovation in core technologies. At present, Qulian Technology’s domestically produced and controllable core products include alliance blockchain platform, blockchain privacy computing platform, open source cross-chain technology platform and blockchain open service platform, etc., which meet the requirements of enterprise-level applications in terms of performance, permissions, security, Privacy, reliability, scalability, operation and maintenance and other commercial needs. Among them, the alliance blockchain platform is the alliance chain infrastructure with the fastest single-chain peak speed, the most supported nodes, and the largest storage capacity in the world. It is also the first blockchain core technology in China to pass the blockchain standard test of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology and the Academy of Information and Communications Technology. Platform, and in 2017-2020 China Academy of Information and Communications TechnologyRanked first in both blockchain functional and performance tests. Qulian Technology also actively promotes industry-university-research work, and jointly established the Zhejiang Provincial Blockchain Technology Research Institute, the first government-school-enterprise cooperation institution in the field of blockchain in China, together with the Cyberspace Administration of Zhejiang Provincial Committee and Zhejiang University. The university cooperated to establish the Zhejiang University Blockchain Research Center. Qulian Technology is far ahead in the industry in terms of company size, technical strength, cooperation cases, asset scale, social benefits, etc.

E. What is the future prospect of the blockchain industry?

Five major aspects of the growth potential of the blockchain industry promote the healthy development of technology

Basic overview analysis of blockchain

Blockchain technology, as a technical solution for collectively maintaining a reliable database in a decentralized manner, has the characteristics of decentralization, tamper-proof, and high scalability. It is becoming an emerging technology after big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and virtualization. After reality and other technologies, it is another emerging technology that will have a major impact on the future and is expected to promote mankind from the information Internet era to the value Internet era.

The United States, Japan and some countries and regions in the European Union have elevated the development of blockchain to an important national development strategy and vigorously promoted the research and development, application and promotion of blockchain technology. Our country also attaches great importance to blockchain technology innovation and industrial development. With the joint participation of IT and other companies, a large number of new companies, new products, new models, and new applications have emerged. Blockchain has been widely used in finance, government affairs, energy, and medical care. Applications in other industries are gradually unfolding, and it is becoming an important force driving technological product innovation and industrial transformation in various industries.

Blockchain development is divided into three stages, namely Blockchain 1.0 represented by Bitcoin and related financial infrastructure applications, and Blockchain 2.0 represented by smart contracts. , is currently gradually moving towards the blockchain 3.0 stage, which is based on blockchain technology and has in-depth application of more complex smart contracts.

Statistical analysis of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of the year

Since 2016, the frequency and amount of investment and financing in my country’s blockchain field have increased dramatically. According to statistics from the "In-depth Analysis Report on Business Model Innovation and Investment Opportunities in the Blockchain Industry" released by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute, in the first half of 2018, the financing amount in the blockchain field was approximately 10.7 billion, a year-on-year growth rate of 1,426 billion compared with the same period in 2017. %; The number of investment and financing events in the blockchain field reached 205. It is expected that investment in the blockchain field will usher in another peak this year.

From the perspective of the distribution of investment and financing rounds in China’s blockchain field, early-stage investment rounds (before Series B) account for more than 95%. Many industry pioneers participate in the investment, and most companies are still in the process of investing. Horse racing and enclosure.

Blockchain investment and financing statistics and growth from 2014 to the first half of 2018

Data source: Compiled by Qianzhan Industry Research Institute

my country attaches great importance to the development and application of blockchain technology. Driven by multiple forces such as policy, technology, and market, the pace of blockchain innovation continues to accelerate, and it is closely related to cloud computing,Big data, Internet of Things and other technologies are deeply integrated, and the scope of exploration and application has also expanded from digital assets to supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, industrial Internet, social welfare, copyright protection and other fields.

Five major aspects strive to promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and promote the high-quality development of the digital economy

1. In-depth research and grasp of blockchain technology and industry development trends. Pay close attention to the latest trends in international development, jointly promote blockchain-related technology and industry research, promote the standardization of blockchain development industry behavior, and create a good development environment.

2. Strengthen the construction of core technical capabilities of blockchain.

Establish and improve a collaborative promotion mechanism among key enterprises, universities, and research institutions, guide IT enterprises to strengthen technical reserves, accelerate breakthroughs in key core technologies, and improve blockchain performance, efficiency, and security.

3. Support entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of blockchain

Encourage blockchain enterprises and user units to carry out cross-border integration, guide industry organizations to establish public service platforms, and support third-party institutions Carry out blockchain service evaluation and testing, promote rich industry applications of blockchain, and serve the transformation and upgrading of the real economy.

4. Actively build and improve the blockchain standard system

Accelerate the development and application promotion of key standards, and gradually build a complete standard system. Actively connect with international standards organizations such as ITU and ISO, substantially participate in more international standardization work, and actively contribute more "Chinese power."

5. Accelerate the improvement of the policy environment for blockchain development

Support qualified enterprises to carry out application innovation and model innovation, guide and encourage enterprises, universities and scientific research institutes to jointly cultivate blockchain Professional talents needed for chain development. Support qualified blockchain companies to enjoy the country’s preferential tax policies that support the development of the software industry and small and medium-sized enterprises.

The industry is small but has huge growth potential

The blockchain economy is currently on the eve of an explosion. It is widely used in the financial industry, and applications in other industries have also entered the exploration and research and development stage. It is expected that the direct market value of blockchain will increase from US$410 million to US$7.68 billion between 2017 and 2022, with a compound annual growth rate of 79.6%. It is expected that various blockchain-based extended businesses will reach US$100 billion in 2020.

Industrial application fields continue to expand

The financial industry is the first to apply blockchain technology, and many financial applications have been implemented; the medical industry is an important area of ​​blockchain application and can be more It is good to protect privacy and improve service quality and management efficiency; the demand for blockchain in social forensics is rising rapidly to solve certification problems caused by information asymmetry; the application of blockchain technology in other fields such as communications and supply chain is rapidly expanding .

F. What does BEECOOL founded by Zhu Pan do?

Zhu Pan, a representative of post-90s entrepreneurship, has a legendary life and must have legendary experiences. He dropped out of junior high school and relied on hacking skills to become a Kingsoft Network CTO, Hei Xue Manzi WeChatReceived tens of millions of dollars in financing, and received nearly a hundredfold return on investment in DeepBrain Chain.
From starting his first entrepreneurial project, the 4931 game trading platform, to using hacking techniques to defeat the investment tycoon Xue Manzi in order to obtain investment, and obtaining the first tens of millions of investments, Zhu Pan has always used his actual actions to explain The "entrepreneurial genius" is extraordinary. Afterwards, Zhu Pan also told the entrepreneurs that it was wrong to blackmail Mr. Xue on WeChat. He did it because he had no choice at the time, and everyone must not imitate it.
After Zhu Pan received this investment, he focused more on the development of the company's projects. His genius mind and super execution ability made the Hainan Mushroom Head Network Technology Co., Ltd. he founded
its 4931 game trading platform, Mushroom cloud billing and payment platform, etc. With 60 million+ users, the 4931 game trading platform has an annual transaction turnover of more than 2.3 billion yuan, and the Mushroom Cloud billing and payment platform has an annual transaction turnover of more than 60 billion yuan.
People often say that genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. Such impressive achievements are naturally inseparable from Zhu Pan's genius entrepreneurial mind and strong execution.
After entering the blockchain, Zhu Pan not only participated in investing in many projects, but also had an in-depth understanding of the core of the blockchain. He found that community is the soul of every blockchain project. Establish a community and create a complete community. Ecology is a link that cannot be skipped in the blockchain field, so he embarked on the entrepreneurial path again and founded BEECOOL, the first community management platform in the blockchain.
In an interview with NetEase Technology Director Yang Xiaqing, Zhu Pan mentioned that defining target groups, such as blockchain, strengthens identity. In fact, a community is a group of like-minded people who gather and connect to maintain the vitality and activity of the community. , the community needs a series of activities to gather users, strengthen user relationships, and at the same time constantly publicize the existence of the community to the outside world. The value of the community lies in its operation. Operations require a professional execution team, content production, event planning, new media operations, and customer service. And we need to create content that resonates, gather popularity and resonance, let everyone benefit from each other in the community, and create motivating benefits.
We will also use WeChat groups, QQ groups, Weibo, public accounts, online promotions, etc., to bring together users with common concerns. For example, we set up a blockchain communication group in the QQ group to let those looking for People who have a common sense of belonging join in and promote keywords on the Internet.
Up to now, BEECOOL, which was established less than a year ago, has nearly 10,000 communities, covering 200,000 users.
The strong community foundation has also made Zhu Pan more confident in the blockchain field. It is also the operating community that allows him to better understand the importance of the trust value of blockchain.
Members of the community must do something together to deepen and solidify each other's feelings, which is often said to "carry a gun and go to the countryside." The foundation of an excellent community is: getting the right people to do the right things together. Zhu Pan said so.
In addition to BEECOOL, Hainan Mushroom Head Network TechnologyCo., Ltd., Zhu Pan also teamed up with Du Jun, founder of Golden Finance, and Sun Zeyu, co-founder of Genesis Capital, to jointly launch a blockchain industrial park that will be located in the Internet Innovation and Entrepreneurship Park of Fuxing City, Haikou City, Hainan Province. He hopes to bring his entrepreneurial experience to And entrepreneurial experience, as well as entrepreneurial resources are given to more blockchain entrepreneurs, and they also do their part for the development of the Internet industry in their hometown and the development of the entire blockchain ecosystem.

G. The future development prospects of blockchain

1. Blockchain has become the forefront of global technological development and opened up a new track for international competition. Blockchain will become a new key infrastructure to further accelerate the development of the digital economy, lead a new round of global technological and industrial changes, and become the "source" of technological innovation and model innovation. The world's major developed countries will further pay attention to blockchain technology, intensively introduce relevant policy plans, increase industrial support and guidance, and enhance the competitiveness of their country's blockchain technology and industry.
2. The digital currency bubble gradually cools down. With the spread and popularization of the concept of blockchain technology, more and more people will realize that Bitcoin is not the same as blockchain, and various air coins will be gradually eliminated. Blockchain technology innovation will return to a more rational track. Technical features such as decentralization, multi-party collaboration, and anti-calculation tampering will be highly valued by relevant industries. Some industries with strong innovation capabilities will continue to emerge with blockchain applications that have been transformed based on industry characteristics.