区块链技术实现在线投票的方法,区块链 投票系统

⑴ Which voting software now uses blockchain technology?

I have also used some voting software, but I did not check what technology the software uses. See upstairs The introduction feels quite good, I will learn more about blockchain related things later.

⑵ What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest Internet topic at the moment? You don’t need to explain it to the editor to know that it is the blockchain. Blockchain technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), which solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to the second), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), the target hash value of the current block, and the Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt the data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balanceTo determine the amount of bookkeeping, the person who keeps the book will inevitably observe the details so that the rich will win, leading to the centralization of the bookkeeping power and reducing the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the randomness of the bookkeeping power based on the proof of rights. to avoid centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, then the differenceIt’s the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentives for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Normally, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content introduced to the core technology of blockchain.

⑶ Can the blockchain voting mechanism not use tokens?

Yes, you can choose not to use tokens, because the blockchain voting mechanism gives priority to the autonomous payment mode, so all currency types All meet the requirements.

⑷ What exactly is blockchain? Decrypt the concept of blockchain

⑸ The purpose of using Ethereum blockchain technology for voting in Moscow

p>

The first real milestone should be a local election, with the ultimate goal being a national election.

At a time when people’s trust in government institutions in Western countries is declining at an alarming rate, the Russian government under Putin is taking steps to try to strengthen people’s trust in its systems.

Russia’s democratic system has a long history, but the legacy of corruption left over from the collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent plunder from the Western world during the Yeltsin years are still a big problem.

Russia’s launch of this system coincides with “U.S. Special Counsel Mueller formally filed charges against 13 Russians and 3 Russian entities for interfering in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, causing a global sensation.” when. To anti-democratic forces, the incident made Mueller look even more like an exploitable fool.

While the bosses in Washington are still dissatisfied and complaining about the election results they do not like, Russia is moving to ensure that one of Joseph Stalin's most often quoted maxims-"The vote People decide nothing, those who count votes decide everything” does not apply to Russia.

⑹ What are the applications and successful examples of blockchain?

Blockchain can be applied to all walks of life. Taking e-commerce as an example, in order to solve the problem of counterfeit goods, Regarding pain points in logistics, integrity, supervision, etc., major companies and platforms are also showing off their skills and tricks. Blockchain is used as one of the more feasible means, so how does it solve these problems?

First, supervise the production process of goods. When visiting online stores, the biggest worry is buying fake products, especially overseas products. In addition, there is also the price problem caused by fake products. How to buy products at reasonable prices while ensuring the authenticity is really a headache. The transparency and irreversibility of blockchain technology allow consumers to check the production place, manufacturer, raw materials, etc. of goods at any time.

Second, trace and track the transportation of goods. A series of operational activities such as supply chain, inventory, and logistics involved in e-commerce will involve multiple intermediaries. The decentralized, non-tamperable, and traceable characteristics of blockchain make the entire process transparent, and any partner can You can check the inventory and payment status, which can effectively solve the "bullwhip effect" problem in the supply chain. (Bullwhip effect: refers to a phenomenon of demand variation amplification in the supply chain. The fundamental reason for its occurrence is the lack of communication and trust mechanisms between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain. Demand information is transmitted upwards along the supply chain. Keep misinterpreting.) At the same time, blockchain’s smart contracts can be used to regulate intermediaries, such as logistics and payment management partners. Simplify the huge management system to improve efficiency.

Third, guarantee product sales and after-sales service. At present, three-quarters of the transactions in China's e-commerce market are completed on the mobile terminal. Payment trust is a major problem that the platform needs to solve, and blockchain is known as a "trust machine." To give you an example, many websites Stores will fake orders or falsify data in order to get good reviews. Once the purchase information is uploaded to the chain, it cannot be tampered with to ensure authenticity. You can check the merchant's real transaction records to ensure whether the merchant is trustworthy.

Fourth, protect user privacy. The private key, public key, and encryption algorithm of the blockchain can solve this problem. Each user has his own independent address, and due to the anonymity of the blockchain, companies cannot publish or store user information and are protected from hackers. s attack.

For specific implementation, we take the two domestic e-commerce giants as examples. Alibaba has begun to introduce blockchain since 2016. First, Ant Financial launched blockchain technology to pay for charity donations, which was the first test of blockchain technology; in 2017, Ant Financial’s technology experiment The Office announced the opening of blockchain technology to support imported food safety and product authenticity traceability; in 2018, Cainiao and Tmall International announced the use of blockchain technology to track and verify the full logistics information of cross-border imported goods. These data include goods The country of origin, country of shipment, loading port, mode of transportation, import port, bonded warehouse inspection and quarantine order number, customs declaration number, etc.

Logistics and product traceability are indeed a good entry point for blockchain to enter the e-commerce field. As one of the domestic e-commerce giantsOf course, JD.com is not to be outdone. In 2017, JD.com announced the establishment of the "JD.com Quality Traceability Anti-Counterfeiting Alliance", uniting government departments at all levels to build a JD.com blockchain anti-counterfeiting traceability platform through the alliance chain; in December of the same year, it cooperated with Walmart and IBM , Tsinghua University’s National Engineering Laboratory of E-Commerce Transaction Technology jointly announced the establishment of China’s first safe food blockchain traceability alliance.

⑺ What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is the first country to apply blockchain technology to In the field of voting, it effectively solves the problem of trust in voting data, provides the most authentic and effective data to activists, and protects the rights and interests of real voting users. At the same time, it makes blockchain technology "people-friendly" and allows the general public to quickly perceive and enjoy the area in the field of life services. The convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmation, and the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to people's livelihood and business. , finance and other fields.