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『一』Is blockchain legal?

Legal analysis: Blockchain is legal. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.

Legal basis: Article 123 of the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China: Civil subjects enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with the law. Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by obligees in accordance with the law with respect to the following objects: (1) Works; (2) Inventions, utility models, and designs; (3) Trademarks; (4) Geographical indications; (5) Trade secrets; 6) Integrated circuit layout design; (7) New plant varieties; (8) Other objects specified by law.

『二』What is the country’s policy on blockchain

Currently, the country has a recognized attitude towards blockchain technology and supports the research and development of independent blockchain technology. Encouraged, the country’s expectations for the blockchain industry are to be supported by specific implementation and application values. The future expectation for blockchain is that blockchain will become a breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies. And blockchain is legal. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of being unforgeable, leaving traces throughout the process, traceable, open and transparent, and collectively maintained.
1. The composition of the blockchain system:
1. Data layer
2. Network layer
3. Consensus layer
4. Incentive layer
5. Contract layer
6. Application layer
2. Types of blockchain
1. Public blockchain
2. Industry blockchain
3. Private blockchain
3. Blockchain Features
1. Decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes self-verification, transmission and management of information through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
2. Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.
Legal basis:
"Civil Code of the People's Republic of China"
Article 123 Civil subjects enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with the law. Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by obligees in accordance with the law with respect to the following objects:
(1) Works;
(2) Inventions, utility models, and designs;
(3) Trademarks;
( 4) Geographical indications;
(5) Trade secrets;
(6) Integrated circuit layout design;
(7) New plant varieties;
(8) Other objects stipulated by law

『三』 The world’s most famous blockchain game What are there

Blockchain games should be games produced by Tencent and developed and produced by Tianmei Studio.

『四』 Is blockchain investment true or false

Legal objectivity:

Article 123 of the "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" states that civil subjects enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with the law. Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by obligees in accordance with the law with respect to the following objects: (1) works; (2) inventions, utility models, and designs; (3) trademarks; (4) geographical indications; (5) trade secrets; 6) Integrated circuit layout design; (7) New plant varieties; (8) Other objects specified by law.

Legal subjectivity:

Blockchain technology itself is not a scam, but it does not rule out that some people use blockchain as a cover to commit scams. Several problems exist in blockchain: 1. The problem of excessive blockchain size. With the development of blockchain, the volume of blockchain data stored by nodes will become larger and larger, and the storage and computing burden will become increasingly large. The heavier. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the size of its complete data currently reaches about 71GB. If a user uses the Bitcoin Core client to synchronize data, it may not be possible to complete the synchronization for three days and three nights. Moreover, the data of the blockchain The volume is still increasing, which brings a great threshold to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. 2. The problem of blockchain data confirmation time. The current blockchain system, especially the financial blockchain system, has the problem of long data confirmation time. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the current confirmation time of a Bitcoin transaction takes about 10 minutes. In the case of 6 confirmations, you need to wait for about 1 hour. Of course, for credit card transactions, the confirmation time is 2 to 3 days. Bitcoin has made great progress, but it is still far from the ideal state. 3. Dealing with the problem of transaction frequency The blockchain system faces the problem of too low transaction frequency. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the average size of each transaction is about 250 bytes. If the block size is limited to 1MB, the number of transactions that can be accommodated is 4,000. Calculated at the rate of one block every 10 minutes, 144 blocks can be generated every day. Yunzhou can accommodate 576,000 transactions. Divided by the number of seconds per day, 86,400, the Bitcoin blockchain can process up to 6.67 transactions per second. trade. Currently, the actual daily transaction volume on the Bitcoin blockchain is close to the system bottleneck (picture). If the expansion problem is not resolved, it may cause congestion and delays in a large number of transactions. Average number of transactions in Bitcoin blocks (Source: Block Yuan) In comparison, Paypal's overall number of transactions in the third quarter of 2013 was 729 million, with an average of 93.75 transactions per second. Information from the official website of VISA, the world's largest payment card, shows that VisaNet achieved a processing capacity of 47,000 transactions per second in a 2013 test. Bitcoin Blockchain Vs.From the perspective of transaction processing frequency, Alipay and other major payment networks are more like a newborn baby. Of course, this was also an early deliberate design by Satoshi Nakamoto. The Bitcoin block size was limited to 1MB to avoid the malicious behavior of rogue miners and have a negative impact on people. Bitcoin blockchain payment The reason why the Internet has grown to be worth billions of dollars today is that it is decentralized. 4. The development of blockchain is restricted by the current system. On the one hand, the decentralized and autonomous characteristics of blockchain dilute the concept of national supervision and have an impact on the current system. For example, digital currencies represented by Bitcoin not only pose a challenge to the country's right to issue currency, but also affect the transmission effect of monetary policy, weakening the central bank's ability to regulate the economy, causing monetary authorities to remain cautious about the development of digital currencies. On the other hand, regulatory authorities also lack full understanding and expectations of this new technology, and the establishment of laws and systems may lag behind, resulting in a lack of necessary institutional norms and legal protection for economic activities related to the use of blockchain, which inadvertently increases reduce the risks of market entities. 5. The integration cost of blockchain technology and existing systems is relatively high. For any innovation, existing institutions must ensure that it can not only create economic benefits, but also comply with regulatory requirements and connect with traditional infrastructure. Especially when deploying a new basic system, the cost of time, manpower, and material resources is very large, and the resistance encountered within existing traditional organizations is also not small. Of course, the existence of problems cannot hinder the development of blockchain. The proposal and in-depth research of technologies such as simple payment verification, side chain, and lightning network protocols have provided ideas for solving the above problems.

『五』A hundred schools of thought contend | Cai Dong: The "Truman Show" hidden under blockchain technology

About Discussions on the application of blockchain have now frequently appeared in the public eye. However, when the technology itself is mature enough, what will happen if one day blockchain is truly used in all aspects of life? Imagine that one day, human beings’ entire lives from birth will be recorded on the chain. Will life on the chain be a beautiful credit society like the "Peachland World", or will it be like the movie "The Truman Show" that records life without distinction between right and wrong, making people want to escape?

In this issue of People's Digital FINTECH Hundreds of Controversies column, Mr. Cai Dong, Chief Information Officer of McDonald's (China) Co., Ltd., was invited to talk about whether we will inevitably become a movie from the maturity and application level of blockchain technology. Like Truman in the movie, he lives in the anxiety of being "surveilled" by the whole world all the time.

The 1998 movie "The Truman Show" tells the story of an ordinary little man who, without knowing it, The story of a man who was made into a famous TV star, but was completely deprived of his freedom, privacy and even dignity while the whole world watched him every moment, and became a victim of the mass entertainment industry. CountingIn the era of the digital economy, Truman's world is hidden in the technical characteristics of decentralization (many viewers), openness and transparency (the truth is revealed), and non-tampering (cannot be hidden) of the blockchain, revealing disturbing truths from time to time. face. In the process of application, will such technology have a huge and irreversible impact on social concepts and personal life? Are we inevitably going to be Truman?

Blockchain technology is considered to be the next generation of disruptive core technology after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet. Since blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, openness and transparency, and full traceability, it can be used to build an encrypted database that is shared by multiple parties, active in multiple places, cannot be tampered with, and has strict timing. Many people in the industry are optimistic about its development and believe that it will It is an upgrade and supplement to existing Internet technology and is expected to become the cornerstone of the digital economy era. However, from the perspective of practical progress, the difficulty of blockchain technology in the implementation process and its impact on current concepts, regulations and social systems have gradually revealed the hidden problems behind it.

I have returned to China since the end of 2015 and have carried out a very grand practice of digital transformation of physical businesses in Wanda Group, and I have a lot of emotions. First of all, we believe that blockchain technology itself is not yet mature, so we have participated in various standardization organizations and important international open source projects, and have conducted a lot of basic ecological cultivation and open source research and development work. For example, in 2016 and 2018, under the leadership of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, we compiled a blockchain white paper on the development of the blockchain technology industry with other leading enterprises, which can provide a relatively complete guide for enterprises on how to adopt blockchain technology according to local conditions, and help government agencies to judge and formulate regional Blockchain empowerment preferential policies.

From a technical level, although blockchain has the technical ability to record data and cannot be tampered with, copied or deleted, when applied to real life scenarios, A key problem must be solved: How to turn "atoms" in real-life scenarios into "bits" and then put them on the chain? If the authenticity of the data itself is doubtful, or even maliciously falsified by data observers, not only is it meaningless to put it on the blockchain, but its non-deletable nature will also produce meaningless occupation and even negative effects. For now, there is no universal standard for mapping the physical world and the digital world. Although physical businesses have long begun to use IoT technology to digitize the physical world and have achieved many benefits of digital transformation, there is also a lot of IoT data. example on the chain, but this is not enough. Blockchain technology, whether it is the premise of uploading the data itself or the hash value, is the core technical bottleneck of data completeness and system massive processing performance, which has led to no large-scale application so far.

From a social perspective, the decentralization, self-management, and collective maintenance characteristics of blockchain technology are bound to subvert people’s production and lifestyle and dilute the concepts of state and supervision. , impacting the current lawLegal arrangements. For these, the entire world completely lacks theoretical preparation and institutional discussion. Even for Bitcoin, the most mature blockchain application, different countries have different attitudes, which inevitably hinders the application and development of blockchain technology. For another example, the openness and transparency brought by blockchain technology can prevent some middlemen from making profit in the entertainment market and bring benefits to consumers of cultural products. It can also make copyright information open and transparent and stimulate active creation in the entire entertainment industry. , produce high-quality content, but it is difficult for users to change their habit of listening to music on centralized platforms in a short period of time. Vested interests in these fields will also be "taken away from the cake". For example, the traditional ticketing market will be challenged. , and may also lead to strong backlash from large companies.

In addition, the threats to personal privacy data that may be brought about by blockchain technology during its application are also worrying. As the digital economy develops in full swing and data is increasingly recognized as a factor of economic production, user data ownership has been repeatedly violated and privacy leaked. Giant Internet companies have gradually become data oligarchs, leading to global conflicts over data ownership and privacy protection. Intensifying. The reasonable use of user access, consumption and other behavioral data and user privacy data is an important challenge for modern civilization. It is not only a technical challenge, but also an ethical and compliance challenge. For example, if blockchain technology is applied to the field of biological big data and users' genetic sequencing data are uploaded to the chain, how can the sequencing data of many users be reasonably and legally used in the field of scientific research to reveal the mechanisms of diseases? To benefit future generations of mankind, how to prevent users’ genetic disease and cancer risk information from being leaked by others, which would have a fatal impact on the user’s personal emotional life and social evaluation? The implementation of blockchain technology in the future will inevitably involve choices about the fields it enters, as well as weighing moral and ethical issues.

We can foresee that in the future, more and more things and behaviors will be digitized through data on-chain, and then Be capitalized, but the original ownership of the data is always with the data owner, who is the owner of the data. While enjoying the online value-added circulation of the digital economy, it will also bring people more diverse economic activities in the real economy. But think about this kind of life, do you want to escape?

The theme of the next issue is "The World War of Digital Currency"

Viewpoint 1: Will digital currency rebuild the future monetary system?

Opinion 2: "Suppress the bandits" before the war, the encirclement and suppression of the currency circle is imminent

Who will be invited to debate in the next issue? Stay tuned! Readers are welcome to actively contribute articles to participate in the discussion. Please leave a message in the backend of the official account or submit your article to [email protected] Selected content will be announced in the next issue.

『Lu』What is NFT

NFT is the abbreviation of Non-Fungible Tokens, which means non-fungible tokens. It is relative to interchangeable tokens. of. Non-fungible tokens are also called non-fungible tokens.
What are fungible tokens? For example, tokens such as BTC and ETH are homogeneous tokens, so they are interchangeable with each other. In other words, your ETH and my ETH are essentially the same and have the same attributes. ,price. Non-fungible tokens, or non-fungible tokens, are unique, just like works of art, each one is different. They are not interchangeable, so they are called non-fungible tokens or non-fungible tokens.
Unlike BTC and ETH, which can be divided into 0.1 or 0.0002, the unit of NFT is always 1. The typical characteristics of NFT are uniqueness and scarcity.

The NFT market has begun to attract attention in the crypto field, mainly starting with CryptoKitties. Cryptokitties in 2017, as the first phenomenal encryption game application, took the lead in bringing NFT into the public eye. Each cryptokitty corresponds to an NFT token on the chain and has a unique ID and gene. The genes of different cats are different. After the combination, the cats represented by the new NFT tokens were auctioned on the market, and the most expensive cat sold for a sky-high price of hundreds of thousands.
NFT became popular due to Ethereum Cat in 2017, which created the protocol ERC721 on Ethereum, which is called the first NFT standard on Ethereum.

However, there is a problem with ERC721. Each smart contract can only issue one NFT asset. In scenarios with rich NFT assets, such as game props, it means deploying many smart contracts, which increases the consumption of network gas fees. . Later, the encryption project Enjin team proposed ERC1155 to improve ERC721, so that each contract can issue any kind of NFT assets. The ERC1155 standard is also officially recognized by ETH as one of the token standards on Ethereum.

In addition to CryptoKitties NFT, after more than two years of development, it has formed major scenarios such as game props, tokenized electronic tickets, collectibles, and crypto art. These scenarios have a common feature, which is that valuable things have irreplaceable differences and are very suitable for using NFT tokens to mark their digital ownership on the blockchain. Encrypted artworks are currently the fastest growing application market for NFTs. .

『撒』 What are the advantages of spinach tree compared with other blockchain games?

Hello, let me answer the question of the original poster. In fact, we can divide it into three points. Advantages of spinach.

1. Technology

Underlying processing speed: data processing capacity per second is as high as 2500TPS. With the help of sharding technology, it can reach hundreds of10,000 TPS, more suitable for commercial system applications in the entire industry.

On-chain data storage supports common data formats such as JSON, Text, and Hex. Each piece of data can reach a maximum of 64M. If it exceeds, off-chain file storage can be used. Nodes can choose whether to subscribe to store the data. data to prevent node data from being bloated.

Release digital assets quickly and develop Dapp quickly.

A variety of optional consensus confirmation mechanisms and more than 100 blockchain customization parameters.

Build a blockchain in three steps and develop hundreds of blockchain APIs.

Completely decentralized cross-chain digital asset trading.

With built-in smart contracts, cross-chain currency exchange is natively supported.

『8』 What changes will blockchain technology bring to our lives

Don’t promote blockchain technology too much. To put it bluntly, it is a distributed accounting system. It's not a new technology. If there were no Bitcoin, people might never pay attention