区块链节点投票是什么意思,区块链节点投票方案

请查看相关英文文档

A. Alpha proposed that blockchain should solve the problem of "exchange dependence"

Alpha, executive director of the FBDEC Blockchain Developer Foundation, pointed out:
< br />"Digital currency needs to solve the problem of exchange dependence"

Digital currency transactions based on peer-to-peer rely too much on exchanges to realize their value. Without exchanges, they are just a lot of nothing. The digital and distributed records of value can only rely on gambling on exchanges to realize their value. In this case, Coin has no other value support at all. It is just the value formed by the multiple parties of the transaction "betting on a future currency price increase" network.

Alpha calls this phenomenon:

Exchange dependence problem

(The first proposer in the world is: Alpha)< br />
1. When the number of gambler transactions on the exchange increases, the currency price will rise.

2. When trading gamblers trade less, the currency price will fall.

3. The currency price rises indefinitely while the fiat currency remains unchanged.

4. Payment for physical products and wealth gained from mining: rely on exchanges to realize value.

5. Cutting leeks to attack, repeated.

There are two ways to get rid of dependence on exchanges: (This article only explains the first one, and the second one is a commercial secret)

The first one: in the block Chain consensus layer, incentive layer, application layer development:

Blockchain B2B, B2C, O2O, blockchain mall allows everyone to "free upload" and "offline products", "choose "Coins you accept" and "push to social networks"

This kind of free blockchain mall can lock Coins in the distributed blockchain network through "multi-node voting". Both parties to the transaction can jointly designate multiple referee nodes.

If the seller delivers the goods, information is sent to the entire network

If the buyer receives the goods, the referee node must make a judgment.

If the transaction is completed, the referee node will obtain a part of the Coin

This process is a bit like Alipay, the only difference is:

Alipay can use funds Accounting uses funds currently being traded, which creates another risk for buyers and sellers (such asIf Alipay goes bankrupt, the trading system will collapse)

The blockchain network "freezes funds" through a distributed network

Then each time it passes the designated "referee node vote", in "Mining" is formed during the voting process to build a more powerful and secure transaction network. (This is a transaction network that cannot be closed, and everyone will conduct transactions based on consensus. No one can divert funds to do other things before the transaction is completed.)

Even more clever is:< br />
While the blockchain mall can freely upload products, people can value their own products through the day's transaction prices formed by "digital exchange transactions". Choose any Coin you accept (no matter who issued it, as long as it accepts the consensus)

If you issue a new Coin and most people reach a consensus and accept payment, it is also feasible.

The development of blockchain needs to get rid of "exchange dependence". This is also the application that I will develop and contribute to the world for free. Provide the world with more powerful tools to promote the "development, education, and application" of blockchain.

In the next time, Alpha will develop this blockchain mall and contribute it to everyone. We look forward to cooperating with everyone.

B. Which voting software now uses blockchain technology?

I have also used some voting software, but I didn’t check what technology the software uses. See the one above. The introduction feels pretty good, I will learn more about blockchain related things later.

C. Three common consensus mechanisms in blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed ledger system built on P2P network and participated by nodes. Its biggest feature is "decentralization" change". That is to say, in the blockchain system, there is no need to establish trust between users, between users and institutions, and between institutions. Transactions can be realized by relying only on the blockchain protocol system.

But how to ensure the accuracy, authority, and reliability of the ledger? Why do nodes on the blockchain network participate in accounting? What should I do if the node is fake? How to prevent the ledger from being tampered with? How to ensure data consistency between nodes? …These are the problems that blockchain needs to solve when establishing “decentralized” transactions, resulting in the consensus mechanism.

The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification and confirmation of transactions in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; when there is a disagreement, without central control, several Nodes participate in decision-making to reach a consensus, that is, there is no trust basis for each other.How to establish a trusting relationship between basic individuals.

Blockchain technology uses a set of consensus-based mathematical algorithms to establish a "trust" network between machines, thereby creating new credit through technical endorsement rather than centralized credit institutions.

Different blockchain types require different consensus algorithms to ensure that the last block on the blockchain can reflect the status of the entire network at any time.

So far, the blockchain consensus mechanisms mainly include the following: POW workload proof, POS equity proof, DPOS authorized equity proof, Paxos, PBFT (Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance Algorithm), dBFT, DAG ( Directed acyclic graph)

Next, we will mainly talk about the principles and application scenarios of common POW, POS, and DPOS consensus mechanisms

Concept:

Proof of work was originally an economic term, referring to the measurement method set up by the system to achieve a certain goal. A simple understanding is a certificate to confirm that you have done a certain amount of work, and to prove that the corresponding amount of work has been completed by certifying the results of the work.

The proof-of-work mechanism has the advantage of complete decentralization. In a blockchain with a proof-of-work mechanism as the consensus, nodes can enter and exit freely and calculate the numerical solution of the random hash. The ability to compete for accounting rights and obtain correct numerical solutions to generate blocks is a concrete manifestation of node computing power.

Applications:

The most famous application of POW is Bitcoin. In the Bitcoin network, during the Block generation process, miners need to solve complex cryptographic mathematical problems to find a Block Hash that meets the requirements, consisting of N leading zeros. The number of zeros depends on the difficulty value of the network. During this period, a lot of trial calculations (workload) are required, and the calculation time depends on the hashing speed of the machine.

Finding a reasonable hash is a probabilistic event. When a node has n% of the computing power of the entire network, the node has an n/100 probability of finding the Block Hash. After the node successfully finds a satisfactory Hash value, it will immediately broadcast the packaged block to the entire network. The nodes in the network will verify it immediately after receiving the broadcast packaged block.

If the verification passes, it means that a node has successfully solved the puzzle, and it will no longer compete for the current block, but choose to accept the block, record it in its own ledger, and then proceed to the next block. Competitive guessing game of blocks. Only the fastest puzzle-solving block in the network will be added to the ledger, and other nodes will copy it, thus ensuring the uniqueness of the entire ledger.

If the node has any cheatingThis behavior will cause the network node to fail the verification and directly discard its packaged block. This block will not be recorded in the general ledger, and the cost of the cheating node will be in vain. Therefore, under the huge mining cost, it is also Allowing miners to voluntarily comply with the consensus protocol of the Bitcoin system ensures the security of the entire system.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advantages: The results can be verified quickly, the system bears a large number of nodes, and the cost of evil is high to ensure the conscious compliance of miners.

Disadvantages: It requires a large amount of algorithm consumption, and it takes a long time to reach consensus

Concept:

Proof of Stake mechanism (Proof of Stake), requirements A certifier provides ownership of a certain amount of cryptocurrency.

The way the proof-of-stake mechanism works is that when a new block is created, the miner needs to create a "coin rights" transaction, which will send some coins to the miners themselves according to a preset ratio. The proof-of-stake mechanism reduces the mining difficulty of nodes in equal proportions based on the proportion and time of tokens owned by each node based on the algorithm, thus speeding up the search for random numbers.

Application:

In 2012, a netizen with the pseudonym Sunny King launched Peercoin, which was the first application of the proof-of-stake mechanism in encrypted electronic currency. The biggest innovation of PPC is that its mining method mixes POW and POS methods, uses a proof-of-work mechanism to issue new coins, and uses a proof-of-stake mechanism to maintain network security.

In order to implement POS, Sunny King learned from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Coinbase and designed a special type of transaction called Coinstake.

The picture above shows how Coinstake works. Coin age refers to the holding period of the currency. If you own 10 coins and hold them for 10 days, then you have collected 100 days of coins. age. If you use these 10 coins, the coin age is consumed (destroyed).

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages: Shortens the time required to reach consensus and is more energy-saving than proof of work.

Disadvantages: Essentially, nodes in the network are still required to perform mining operations, and the authenticity of transfers is difficult to guarantee

Concept:

Authorized equity certificate Mechanism (Delegated Proof of Stake) is similar to board voting. This mechanism has a built-in real-time shareholder voting system, just like the system is convening a never-ending shareholders’ meeting at any time, where all shareholders vote on public decisions.Divisional decision-making.

While trying to solve the problems of traditional PoW and PoS mechanisms, authorized proof of equity can also offset the negative effects of centralization by implementing technological democracy. The decentralization of the blockchain established based on the DPoS mechanism relies on a certain number of representatives rather than all users. In such a blockchain, all nodes vote to elect a certain number of node representatives, who act on behalf of all nodes to confirm blocks and maintain the orderly operation of the system.

At the same time, all nodes in the blockchain have the power to remove and appoint representatives at any time. If necessary, all nodes can vote to disqualify the current node representatives and re-elect new representatives to achieve real-time democracy.

Application:

Bitshare is a type of cryptocurrency that uses the DPOS mechanism. By introducing the concept of witnesses, witnesses can generate blocks, and everyone who holds BitShares can vote for witnesses. Candidates who get the top N (N is usually defined as 101) candidates in the total number of consent votes can be elected as witnesses. The number of elected witnesses (N) must meet: at least half of the participating voters believe that N has been fully decentralized. .

The candidate list of witnesses is updated every maintenance cycle (1 day). The witnesses are then randomly arranged, and each witness has 2 seconds of permission time to generate a block in order. If the witness cannot generate a block in a given time slice, the block generation permission is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. . This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.

DPOS makes full use of the votes of shareholders to reach consensus in a fair and democratic way. The N witnesses they voted for can be regarded as N mining pools, and these N mining pools Each other's rights are completely equal. Shareholders can change these witnesses (mining pools) at any time by voting, as long as the computing power they provide is unstable, the computer is down, or they try to use their power to do evil.

Advantages and Disadvantages:

Advantages: Reduce the number of nodes participating in verification and accounting, thereby achieving second-level consensus verification

Disadvantages: Centrality Weaker, the security is weaker than POW, and the node agents are artificially selected, and the fairness is lower than POS. At the same time, the entire consensus mechanism still relies on the additional issuance of tokens to maintain the stability of the agent nodes.

D. Three major characteristics of blockchain

Compared with traditional centralized solutions, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:

1. The core idea of ​​the blockchain is to remove centralization

In the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and all nodes have the ability to useComputing power votes to ensure that the recognized result is the result recognized by more than half of the nodes. Even if it suffers a severe hacker attack, as long as the number of nodes controlled by the hacker does not exceed half of the total number of global nodes, the system will still be able to operate normally and the data will not be tampered with.

2. The biggest subversion of blockchain is the establishment of credit

Theoretically speaking, blockchain technology can make WeChat Pay and Alipay no longer Have existence value. "The Economist" gave a vivid metaphor to the blockchain: simply put, it is "a machine that creates trust." Blockchain allows people to collaborate without trusting each other and without a neutral central authority. Combating counterfeit currency and financial fraud will no longer be needed in the future.

3. The collective maintenance of blockchain can reduce costs

In a centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system rely on the operation, maintenance and operation of platforms such as data centers. , the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. While participating in the recording, each node also verifies the correctness of the recording results of other nodes, which improves maintenance efficiency and reduces costs.

E. What is the concept of blockchain

Concept: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

The essence of the blockchain is a distributed public ledger. Anyone can verify this ledger, but no single user can control it. Participants in a blockchain system jointly maintain a ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus.

The development of blockchain has gone through three stages:

1. Incubation period: 2009-2012, the economic form was dominated by Bitcoin and its industrial ecology.

2. Embryonic period: The period is from 2012 to 2015. Blockchain entered the public eye with Bitcoin, new wallet payment and remittance companies appeared, and the blockchain economy spread to the financial field. The underlying technology of blockchain continues to innovate. Blockchain technology is divorced from the Bitcoin system.

3. Development period: In 2016, industry applications began to be explored, and a large number of blockchain startups emerged. The popularity of ICO in 2017 brought unprecedented attention to blockchain.

(5) Extended reading on blockchain node voting:

Three special points of the three blockchains:

< p>1. The core idea of ​​blockchain is decentralization: in the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and all nodes have the ability to vote with computing power, thus ensuring The recognized result is the result recognized by more than half of the nodes. Even if it suffers a severe hacker attack, as long as the number of nodes controlled by the hacker does not exceed half of the total number of global nodes, the system will still be able to operate normally and the data will not be tampered with.

2. The biggest disruption of blockchain lies in the establishment of credit: in theory, blockchain technology can make WeChat Pay and Alipay no longer valuable. The Economist made a vivid metaphor for blockchain: simply put, it is “a machine that creates trust.” Blockchain allows people to collaborate without trusting each other and without a neutral central authority. Combating counterfeit currency and financial fraud will no longer be needed in the future.

3. The collective maintenance of blockchain can reduce costs: In a centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system rely on the operation, maintenance and operation of platforms such as data centers, and the cost of failure cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. While participating in the recording, each node also verifies the correctness of the recording results of other nodes, which improves maintenance efficiency and reduces costs.

In one sentence, blockchain touches money, trust and power, which are the fundamental foundations on which human beings rely for survival.

F. Consensus mechanism of blockchain

The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification and confirmation of transactions in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; For a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, we can think that the entire network can also reach a consensus on it. Beijing Muqi Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., a professional blockchain outsourcing development company, welcomes discussions for cooperation. Below we will look at several consensus mechanisms of blockchain, hoping to help everyone understand the basic technology of blockchain.

Due to the development of blockchain technology, everyone is no longer unfamiliar with the term consensus mechanism. With the development of technology, various innovative consensus mechanisms are also developing.

POW proof of work

Bitcoin uses the PoW proof of work mechanism, and later Ethereum used the PoW consensus mechanism. Pow is equivalent to calculating a difficult mathematical problem, which is to calculate the hash value of a new block, and the difficulty of the calculation will be adjusted every period of time. Although PoW is a consensus mechanism that is relatively recognized by everyone, calculations will consume a lot of energy and may pollute the environment.

POS Equity Proof

The probability of obtaining accounting rights is determined by the number and duration of holding Tokens. Compared with POW, POS avoids a large amount of resource waste caused by mining and shortens the time for each node to reach consensus. If the network environment is good, it can be achieved in milliseconds and has low requirements on node performance.

However, the shortcomings of POS are also obvious. Nodes holding more Tokens have a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. This will lead to the "Matthew Effect", where the rich will get richer, destroying the decentralization of the blockchain. Centralization.

DPOS Proof of Equity

The principle of DPOS Delegated Proof of Equity is the same as that of POS. The main difference is that DPOS Token holders can vote forAs a super node, the agent is responsible for producing blocks on the network and maintaining consensus rules. If these nodes fail to perform their duties, new nodes will be voted in. The same disadvantage also tends to be centralized.

POA Proof of Authority

POA nodes can reach consensus without communication, so it is extremely efficient. And it can also resist computing power attacks very well and has high security. But POA requires a centralized authoritative node to verify identity, which means it will harm the decentralization of the blockchain, which is also a compromise between decentralization and improved efficiency.

G. 2018-09-05 Xiaobai learns blockchain-21 super nodes

1. What is a super node

The so-called super node, It refers to the nodes in the EOS network that collect transaction information and package it into blocks. They can also be simply understood as the "miners" who package blocks.

2. Why are there 21 super nodes

We know that centralization has high efficiency but low security; decentralization has high security but low efficiency. . Therefore, the blockchain world has always wanted to find a balance between centralization and decentralization to take into account security and efficiency. EOS is based on this. In order to improve the efficiency of network operation, it responds by reducing nodes and uses voting to determine 21 nodes. In addition, there are 100 alternative node witnesses. These nodes may be the right ones in BM’s view. A good balance of efficiency and security.

3. Benefits of becoming a super node

It is mentioned in the paper that EOS will issue an additional 5% of tokens to those who maintain nodes every year. What is the concept of this money? The total amount of EOS is one billion, 5% is 50 million; the current price of EOS is calculated at 40 RMB, and it is divided among 21 nodes. Each node still earns close to 100 million in annual income. Once the price of EOS soars, the future benefits of these super nodes will be immeasurable. In the face of such huge benefits, big bosses from all over the world will come to run for nodes to get a share of the pie.

4. The significance of super nodes to currency holders

In order to obtain votes, teams competing for super nodes either buy a large amount of EOS or offer more attractive rewards. When canvassing votes, some teams will use the proceeds to distribute dividends to everyone (BM does not support such vote buying), and some will provide other benefits. Secondly, voting must use EOS, which injects value relative to the EOS currency, making it a more valuable currency.

H. Blockchain Block Producing Node Incentive Scheme

All public blockchains have appropriate inflation. In Bitcoin and Ethereum, rewards are based on block production. EOS is inflation fixed.

Since Bitcoin and Ethereum are POW computing power competition areasBlocks, miners maintain the security of the system and receive transaction fees and block rewards.

EOS cannot adopt the Bitcoin plan because there are no handling fees in EOS. If the Bitcoin plan is followed, that is, the final total amount is constant, the reward is halved every few years, and the reward will be close to 0 in the future. , miners have no incentive to maintain the system.

EOS and ZIL, one mines the maximum value of a single node’s capabilities, and the other mines the network’s horizontal expansion capabilities. Two different designs and different philosophies are very representative, so the following mainly introduces EOS. and ZIL’s incentive package.

1. EOS

The block rewards of Bitcoin and Ethereum are easy to understand. The following focuses on the inflation model of EOS, the registration of block nodes and the receipt of rewards.

EOS’s block reward comes from inflation, with an annualized inflation rate of 5%. This 5% is used as producer rewards and proposal funds, of which producer rewards account for 1% and proposal funds account for 4%.

It is worth mentioning that among the producer rewards, the block-producing node is rewarded 0.25%, and all nodes that receive votes are rewarded the remaining 0.75%.

The starting point of Ethereum’s uncle block rewards is the same, which is to reward producers and motivate them to maintain the system.

If you want to become a producer, you need to register with the system first. After voting, the 21 nodes with the most votes will be selected.

If you want to receive rewards, you first need the consent of the majority of the current block-producing nodes. As eosio, distribute eos from eosio.token to three system accounts, namely eosio.saving. eosio.bpay and eosio.vpay respectively correspond to the proposal fund, block-producing node and vote-getting node in the inflation model.

Specific block-producing nodes can receive rewards by claimingrewards to the system.

2. Zilliqa

ABA adopts the sharding model, you can refer to Zilliqa’s incentive model.

ZIL's inflation model is similar to Bitcoin, that is, the total amount is constant, the block reward decays every 4 years, and after the block reward is issued, the transaction fee is used to incentivize the block nodes.

The incentive for ZIL to return blocks is the same as that of Bitcoin and Ethereum, that is, it will be returned after the block is produced.

The difference is that ZIL is divided into DS and shard. Every time a block is produced, the leaders of DS and shard can receive rewards.

In ZIL, DSThe incentives that the leader of the shard can receive are similar, but the DS leader has an advantage. If the total reward rent of the current block is m, and a total of n nodes can receive the reward, then in addition to disadvantages like shard The leader can receive m / n tokens, and can also receive additional m - n * (m / n) tokens, which is n times the decimal part of m / n.

I. What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is the first to apply blockchain technology nationwide In the field of voting, it effectively solves the problem of trust in voting data, provides the most authentic and effective data to activists, protects the rights and interests of real voting users, and at the same time makes blockchain technology "people-friendly" so that ordinary people can quickly perceive and enjoy it in the field of life services. The convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmation, and the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to people's livelihood and business. , finance and other fields.