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㈠ How to understand blockchain

Nowadays, science and technology are developing rapidly and the situation is turbulent. If you and I are a little lazy, we may be out. No, the new "hot internet celebrity" - blockchain is here. Since the beginning of this year, blockchain has become one of the hottest knowledge points in the technology world, and it has become increasingly dazzling in fields such as digital finance, Internet governance, and big data computing.

Blockchain technology also has broad application prospects in the military field and is very likely to quietly subvert future wars.

This is not Xiaole bragging. "In matters involving the three armed forces, nothing should be more important than secrecy." We must know that in the future information battlefield, confidentiality is the key to determining the outcome of a war. Because the blockchain system has many characteristics such as information independence, confidentiality and integrity, it can achieve the perfect combination of data storage and data encryption. After being attacked, it is also extremely resilient and can protect highly sensitive data, which is very helpful in winning the war.

According to the information collected by Xiaole, some countries are currently planning to build a blockchain information platform and have begun to study the application potential of blockchain in several scenarios such as military satellites and nuclear weapons; a certain International organizations are currently evaluating the performance of blockchain technology in military logistics, the Internet of Things and other fields.

If digital currencies such as Bitcoin are blockchain 1.0 applications, then the "smart contracts" that provide strong guarantees for the security of network transaction data are blockchain 2.0. There will be 3.0 in the future - from DAO (blockchain self-consistent organization), DAC (blockchain self-consistent company) to the blockchain society.

“Use informatization to cultivate new kinetic energy, use new kinetic energy to promote new development, and use new development to create new brilliance.” I believe that blockchain, the “new kinetic energy” of technology, will bring us more surprises: “ "With a machine in hand, I own the world", "trade autonomy", wider sharing, optimally adapted life model... Blockchain technology will create a more honest, convenient and efficient big data era.

Content source: People's Liberation Army Daily

㈡ Application aspects of blockchain

The main application scope of blockchain includes: digital currency, transaction settlement of financial assets, Digital government affairs, certificate storage and anti-counterfeiting data services and other fields. Blockchain is a database technology that links data blocks in an orderly manner. Each block is responsible for recording a file data and encrypting it to ensure that the data cannot be modified or forged.

Blockchain is essentially a distributed database system that uses cryptography technology for multi-party participation, joint maintenance, and continuous growth. It is also called a distributed shared ledger. Each page in the shared ledger is a block, and each block is filled with transaction records. The anonymity, decentralization, openness, transparency, and non-tamperability of blockchain technology make it highly favored by enterprises and has gained More extensive application attempts.

Blockchain application scope 1. Financial field

Blockchain can provide a trust mechanism and has the potential to change the financial infrastructure. Various financial assets such as equity, bonds, bills, warehouse receipts, fund shares, etc.It can be integrated into the blockchain technology system and become a digital asset on the chain, which can be stored, transferred and traded on the blockchain.

The decentralization of blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs and make financial transactions more convenient, intuitive and secure. The combination of blockchain technology and the financial industry will inevitably create more and more business models, service scenarios, business processes and financial products, thereby bringing more impact to the development of financial markets, financial institutions, financial services and financial formats. . With the improvement of blockchain technology and the combination of blockchain technology with other financial technologies, blockchain technology will gradually adapt to the application of large-scale financial scenarios.

2. Public service field

Traditional public services rely on limited data dimensions, and the information obtained may not be comprehensive enough and have a certain lag. The non-tamperable nature of the blockchain makes the digital certification on the chain highly credible. It can be used to establish new authentication mechanisms in the fields of property rights, notarization and public welfare, and improve the management level of public services.

Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain to meet the privacy protection of project participants and other relevant laws and regulations. Under the premise of requirements, public disclosure will be made conditionally to facilitate public and social supervision.

3. Information security field

Using the traceability and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain, we can ensure the authenticity of data sources and ensure the non-forgery of data. Blockchain technology will fundamentally change information Security issues of the propagation path.

Blockchain is reflected in the following three points in the field of information security:

User identity authentication protects data integrity and effectively prevents DDoS attacks

The distributed storage architecture of blockchain will make Hackers are at a loss as to what to do. Some companies have begun to develop a distributed Internet domain name system based on blockchain to eliminate the root cause of the current DNS registration shortcomings and make the network system cleaner and more transparent.

4. Internet of Things field

Blockchain + Internet of Things can allow each device on the Internet of Things to operate independently, and the information generated by the entire network can be protected through smart contracts in the blockchain.

Security: Traditional IoT devices are highly vulnerable to attacks, data loss and maintenance costs are high. Typical information security risk issues for IoT devices include low firmware versions, lack of security patches, permission loopholes, too many device network ports, and unencrypted information transmission. The blockchain's consensus mechanism for network-wide node verification, asymmetric encryption technology and distributed data storage will significantly reduce the risk of hacker attacks.

Trustability: The traditional Internet of Things is managed and controlled by a centralized cloud server. Due to the security of the device and the opacity of the centralized server, it is difficult to effectively protect user privacy data. The blockchain is a distributed account book. Each block is interconnected and has its own independent working ability, ensuring that the information on the chain will not be tampered with at will. Distributed ledgers can therefore provide trust, ownership records, transparency and communication support for the Internet of Things.

Effectiveness: Limited by cloud services and maintenance costs, the Internet of Things is difficult to achieve large-scale commercial use. The traditional Internet of Things realizes communication between things through centralized cloud servers. The disadvantage of this model is that as the number of access devices increases, the server faces more load, requiring enterprises to invest a lot of money to maintain the normal operation of the IoT system.

Blockchain technology can directly realize point-to-point transactions, omitting the labor expenditure of other intermediaries or personnel, which can effectively reduce the costs incurred by third-party services and maximize benefits.

5. Supply chain field

The supply chain consists of many participating entities, with a large amount of interaction and collaboration. Information is discretely stored in their own systems, lacking transparency. The lack of smooth information makes it difficult for various participating entities to accurately understand the real-time status and existing problems of related matters, affecting the collaborative efficiency of the supply chain. When disputes arise between parties, it is time-consuming and laborious to provide evidence and pursue accountability.

Blockchain can make data open and transparent among various entities, thereby forming a complete, smooth, and non-tamperable information flow throughout the entire supply chain. This can ensure that all entities promptly discover problems arising during the operation of the supply chain system and find targeted solutions, thus improving the overall efficiency of supply chain management.

6. Automotive Industry

Last year announced a partnership using blockchain to build a proof of concept to streamline the car rental process and build it into a “click, sign up, and drive” process. Future customers choose what they want The rented car enters the public ledger of the blockchain; then, sitting in the driver's seat, the customer signs the rental agreement and insurance policy, and the blockchain updates the information simultaneously. This is not an imagination, for car sales and car registration Said, this type of process may also develop into reality.

7. Stock Trading

For many years, many companies have worked to make the process of buying, selling, and trading stocks easy. Emerging Blockchain Chain startups believe that blockchain technology can make this process more secure and automated than any previous solution. At the same time, blockchain startup Chain is working with Nasdaq to enable private companies through blockchain. Equity transfer

8. Government management

Government information, project bidding and other information are open and transparent. Government work is usually subject to public attention and supervision. Since blockchain technology can ensure the transparency and immutability of information, it is very important to the government. The implementation of transparent management plays a great role. There is a certain degree of information opacity in government project bidding, and enterprises also have the risk of information leakage during the sealed bidding process. Blockchain can ensure that bidding information cannot be tampered with and can ensure the transparency of information nature, forming a common trust among competitors who do not trust each other. It can also arrange subsequent smart contracts through the blockchain to ensure the construction progress of the project and prevent the growth of corruption to a certain extent.

There are many more applications of blockchain technology, and this is just a fulcrum of blockchain applications. In the future, blockchain technology will be applied in various places

㈢ How to judge Bitcoin andThe network effect of blockchain

Finally I saw someone separate the blockchain from Bitcoin.

In fact, Bitcoin and blockchain are not the same thing at all, and many people only understand it chivalrously.

Excerpted from a 36K article that talks about this point. I think it is very objective.

In Bitcoin and blockchain, "network effects" are a misunderstood concept because its inherent elements are difficult to clearly characterize. The inherent factors of network effects are multi-dimensional, and not so many people can directly experience large network effects. As consumers, we are more of just users of this network effect. We think that network effects can be understood from the outside, but this is not enough to judge whether network effects exist.

When we discuss the ecosystem of Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies, the topic of “network effects” always comes up. Many people misunderstand this and even claim that Bitcoin’s network effect is the most powerful because of its liquidity and ongoing mining activity. So, let’s back up and look at what exactly “network effects” are.

As far as I know, the venture capital institution USV has the most complete summary of "network effects":

Scale: must be large;

Interconnected Interoperability: In a network, various groups or systems must have interoperability (this is a basic requirement);

User participation: at least every day (or every week), with a certain rate (30%) users will come back and reuse;

User experience: must be unique, original, and be able to create some new value when users use it;

Network effect: when new users are added, The value of the service obtained by each original user will increase, and the value of the network itself can further increase;

Defensive: As the service itself grows, the value brought by new users increases, and the entry threshold It will also gradually strengthen;

Profitability: When the entire network matures and operates, one or several parts can become a sustainable economic foundation.

What is the network effect ecosystem?

In order to correctly evaluate network effects, we need to look at this ecosystem from three dimensions:

1. Network effect standards;

2. Components of the ecosystem;

3. Participants and actors.

However, if you want to create more network effects, you also need to consider:

The number of apps and services

Number of users using the app

Total market capitalization

Number of developers

Security

Ability to scale

Dependability

Marketing

If you evaluate Bitcoin correctly, you will find that it is still leading as a cryptocurrency, and its consistency is Steadily improving, the blockchain platform is alsoDevelop gradually. But there are still many blind spots in its future, such as its ability to scale and the number of daily active users. It is too early to judge the network effects of Bitcoin and blockchain.

Don’t forget:

Without users, there are no network effects.

㈣ What is blockchain

In the simplest terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger.

To understand what this means, we first have to look at its opposite: a centralized ledger. Because blockchain technology started with finance, we will also introduce it below using banks as an example.

The following is our process for using bank debit card transactions:

You can swipe your card to purchase goods in stores.

The merchant sends a statement to your bank for the agreed upon amount.

Your bank will verify that you may have authorized the purchase.

The bank sends the money to the merchant.

Finally, the bank records this information in its ledger.

There’s a lot of technology involved here, but that’s basically it. The last step is important - the bank records all transactions made by the customer. This ledger goes all the way back to the first transaction the bank made.

This ledger is kept, maintained and regulated by the bank. You can read it in your online bank account, but you can't change it. The bank has complete control. If it decides to make a change, there's nothing you can do about it.

Crucially, if hackers were able to access a bank’s ledger, that could cause a lot of problems. They can change the account balance to make it look like certain transactions never occurred, etc.

This is why distributed ledgers are so cool.

Blockchain Network Visualization

If a bank operates on a distributed ledger, each member of the bank will have a copy of the ledger, and whenever any member of the bank When they make a purchase, they tell every other member of the bank.

Each member will validate the transaction and add it to the ledger (the added records are called "blocks"). This has some important benefits, as there is no centralized authority that can manipulate records. Hackers accessing one ledger won't be a big problem because other ledgers can easily verify it.

On the other hand, it requires a lot of work. In short, the second system is blockchain (at least in financial scenarios).

As mentioned above, blockchain is a decentralized list of transactions. If I send Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins, I send a message to everyone in the network saying "I am sending Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins" and they all record the transaction.

The future of blockchain, how will it change our lives?

One thing that is important about blockchain is that it is a public resource and no one really owns it because everyone owns it.

Blockchain is not just science fiction. We don’t need to understand the mechanism behind this technology, but you do need to understand that it may completely change our lives in the next 20 years.

This may sound bold, but remember, 20 years ago we were browsing the Internet on Netscape, using state-of-the-art Motorola flip phones, and buying our first DVD players. At that time, if we imagined that a computer could be held in our hands and that we could buy cars, make payments, and watch movies, it would have been considered a fantasy.

Although the impact of blockchain may not be as obvious as the Internet, nor as tangible as mobile phones, blockchain will effectively solve many worries in daily life. Such as intermediaries cheating people, transaction delays, etc. In our current lives, middlemen are everywhere and we take them for granted as a part of life. If one day these intermediaries cease to exist, you will find that the world will become a different place.

Imagine that by 2040, blockchain may become a mature and widely used technology. When one day you can't live without the blockchain just like you can't live without the Internet now, you will be surprised to find that this decentralized accounting technology has simplified the complexity and become a part of your lifestyle

5 How to identify and prevent online financial "blockchain, virtual currency" fraud and pyramid schemes

According to incomplete statistics, there are more than a thousand MLM platforms in my country that use the blockchain concept. It can be said that from the "highbrow" to "the mud and sand", this kind of "old wine in a new pot" online fraud MLM has been enduring for a long time and is thought-provoking.

To sum up, these blockchain frauds are nothing more than these two common methods:

One is to "sell dog meat under the false pretenses" and conduct pyramid schemes in the name of "virtual currency" The truth. For example, for the FT coin on the Fcoin exchange, investors feel that this trading dividend model can be maintained. However, once no new people enter the market to buy it, it will be enough to cause it to collapse.

The other is the so-called "export to domestic sales". For example, in the "OneCoin" case involving a total amount of 1.6 billion yuan, the organization's MLM website and marketing model were established by a Bulgarian organization, and the server was located in Denmark. After my country banned ICOs and closed domestic virtual currency exchanges in accordance with the law, fraud organizations continued to defraud under the slogan of "export to domestic sales".

㈥ A popular explanation of what is blockchain

A popular explanation of what is blockchain

A popular explanation of what is blockchain , Blockchain is a hot topic nowadays, and its development speed in China is getting faster and faster, but many people still don’t know what blockchain is? I will tell you all about it belowAn easy-to-understand explanation of what blockchain is!

Popular explanation of what blockchain is 1

Generally speaking, blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database. The advantage of this distributed ledger is that buyers and sellers can trade directly. There is no need for any intermediary, everyone has a backup, even if your copy is lost, it will not be affected.

Suppose you have a ledger at home, and your parents give you your salary and ask you to record it in the ledger. You misappropriated more than ten yuan privately because of your greed, and no one else knew about it. But the way to solve the problem with blockchain is to keep accounts with the whole family. Not only you are keeping accounts, but your father, mother, brother, sister, younger brother, sister, etc. are all keeping accounts. They can all see the general ledger, and you It cannot be changed, and neither can others.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Blockchain technology has been widely used in different industries. Such as product traceability, copyright protection and transactions, payment and settlement, Internet of Things, digital marketing, medical care, etc.

Popular explanation of what blockchain is 2

Common questions in blockchain engineer interviews

What do you think the block in blockchain technology means?

The blockchain consists of information about all financial transactions. A block is nothing more than a list of records. When these lists are combined together, they are called a blockchain. For example, if an organization has 100 ledgers, their combination is called a blockchain, and a single ledger will be considered a single block.

Why is blockchain a trustworthy approach?

There are many reasons to trust blockchain. The first reason is that it is compatible with other business applications because it is open source. Secondly, it is secure because it was developed for online transactions, so the developers pay special attention to its data synchronization while keeping it safe. Because the type of business it holds is unrelated, it is easy to consider distinguishing chains when choosing.

How much do you know about blockchain?

This is a technology that was actually designed for Bitcoin and later heavily promoted for the multiple benefits of monitoring and recording all financial transactions on the network. This is a trusted method that is currently being used by many organizations. Since everything is secure and open source, it is easy to gain trust in the long run.

Utilizing blockchain in an organization, if there are specific technical requirements for that network?

No specific conditions of use. However, the network must be a peer-to-peer network under the relevant protocol. It literally just validates new blocks and helps organizations stay in sync without having to invest in third-party applications.

What is encryption? What is its role in blockchain?

Data securityEverything is always very important. Encryption is basically a way to help organizations keep their data secure. In this technique, data is encoded or altered to some extent by the sender before being sent to the network. Only the receiver can know how to decode it. This practice is very useful in blockchain because it increases the overall security and authenticity of the block and helps ensure that the block is secure.

What types of records can be saved on the blockchain? Are there any restrictions?

There are no restrictions on any type of records in the blockchain approach. Currently, many organizations around the world are using this approach, and the fact is that medical transaction records, organization-related events, administrative activities, transaction processing, identity management, document records are all common record types that can use blockchain. And record keeping is not limited to these applications..

What is double spending?

This is one of the main issues related to digital currencies. In practice, this is a condition of passing a digital certificate, since the card can be used multiple times through a digital file that is often easily cloned. It only leads to inflation and the organization has to bear huge losses. A major technical goal of blockchain is to eliminate this approach as much as possible.

Explain the importance of blind signatures and how they are useful?

It is actually a form of digital signature, an important part of cryptography, where all information is blinded until it is actually considered or signed. This is a proven method often considered in different privacy-related agreements between the author and the signatory. Digital currency design is one of the most common examples.

What is key sharing? Are there any benefits to blockchain technology?

As we all know, security issues in digital transactions are very important. Key sharing is a similar approach. In blockchain technology, this is a method of dividing keys or personal information into different units and sending them to network users. The original information can only be merged if the participant who distributed the key agrees to be merged with other participants. It can provide various security-related benefits in blockchain technology.

What organizations can use blockchain technology?

This method can be considered as commercial class without strict upper limit. In fact, almost all businesses are doing or online financial transactions that require them to successfully complete the implementation process. Large enterprises, financial institutions, private enterprises, government departments, and even defense agencies can easily trust this technology.

What is the difference between a blockchain ledger and a general ledger?

First of all, the main difference is that blockchain is a digital ledger that can be easily decentralized. This method is far less likely to go wrong than a regular ledger. Normal books are written by hand or by hand, blockchain does all the tasks automatically. You just need to configure it the right way, and follow all guidelines.

What is a soft fork?

Blocks in the ledger are included in a way that builds the longest chain, i.e. the chain with the greatest cumulative difficulty. A fork is a situation where there are two candidate blocks competing to form the longest blockchain, and two miners discover a working problem and fail to synchronize with each other within a short period of time. Causes network fragmentation because some nodes get blocks from miner #1 and others get blocks from miner #2. Forks are usually resolved in one block because the probability of this happening again becomes very low as the next block comes out so soon there is a new longest chain that will be considered primary.

㈦ Zihang talks about currency: Newbies in the currency circle don’t even know what “blockchain” is

First of all, I believe that before everyone learns about blockchain, You’ve heard of Bitcoin first, right? Because we all know that the first people to hold Bitcoin made money!

But one point of view is wrong: What point of view? Many people believe that Bitcoin is the blockchain. In fact, Bitcoin is just a type of blockchain asset, and it is the earliest blockchain asset. The concept of blockchain comes from Bitcoin. The reason why Bitcoin can be so arrogant and exist independently without relying on any organizational structure is because the bottom layer is supported by blockchain technology.

Just like our mobile phones can run, the bottom layer is supported by Android or ios system. So what kind of technology is blockchain? Why is it so powerful? Can make Bitcoin so valuable! The English name of blockchain is block chain, and block means block. You can imagine that if you fall or bump into something, you may have bruises, right? The blocks in the blockchain contain some The data block of transaction information, something, may have a bruise, right? The block in the blockchain contains some data blocks of transaction information, and the chain in the blockchain connects the data blocks. , this is like a big ledger. Anyone who uses this blockchain ledger can directly query any transaction information arranged in order, and it is difficult to tamper with. So how does it do it?

Let’s give a simple example based on local materials: There are now a total of 100 readers, who are linked through the Internet to form a blockchain network system. Please pay attention! We are not reading this article now, but a blockchain network system. In this system, I ask one of the people, say this person is called panda, to borrow 10 yuan, and then panda transfers the 10 yuan to me in the network system. Then my account or wallet increased by 10 yuan. As for panda, who lent money to Bibi, his account lost 10 yuan. After this transaction is completed, other people in our blockchain network system will take a small notebook and record it after seeing it.In this case, my account increased by 10 yuan, and panda's account decreased by 10 yuan.

That’s not right, then what are you doing when you are full and have nothing to do? Why should we record these small and medium-sized "bad things"? It’s because the network system will pay wages to those who participate in recording. As long as she records it once, the system will automatically reward tokens that are common in the network system. As long as there is money, everyone is willing to do anything. In reality, there are actually countless individuals in a blockchain system, which means that our group not only has only 13 people, but they don’t know each other yet, but they can all communicate with each other on the system chain and record them in the blockchain in order. For this transaction in the network, if one day I want to default on the debt and no longer plan to pay back 10 yuan to panda, then I must convince more than 51% of the people in the blockchain network system to delete this record or tamper.

If it were replaced by real-world computing power, it would be almost impossible and would require huge costs. This is the characteristic of blockchain technology - decentralized collaboration, transaction data is difficult to tamper with, and transaction information is transparent and queryable. Its main function is to solve two problems that are difficult to solve on the Internet - one is trust and the other is value transfer.

The so-called trust, according to the above scenario, is that I may default on the loan and take the money and run away; the value transfer is: my borrowing account should increase by 10 yuan, while the panda account becomes -10 Yuan money exchange. Then we may have questions again, isn't Alipay and WeChat payment solved now? Wouldn’t it be enough to just confirm the account and transfer the money directly and send a red envelope? Yes, Alibaba and Tencent exist based on solving these two problems. but! Thinking about it from another perspective, if a mere blockchain technology can solve these two problems now, can huge and complex institutions like Alibaba and Tencent be abandoned?

Rebuilding a new network system to apply it to more fields is on the way.

Because, the final conclusion is: this technology builds the value of Bitcoin, then this technical logic can also be used in many other fields. Maybe one day you will be happy to discover - Huh? I am now using a product from a certain blockchain technology company! ? Just like many years ago, one day you unknowingly used QQ and started to learn to watch videos and play games online. Having said that, what does it mean that Bitcoin is an early asset of the blockchain? Why does it add value? According to the scenario mentioned above, the so-called tokens are the tokens issued by the system to everyone in the group by participating in accounting. These tokens are blockchain assets. (The behavior of everyone participating in bookkeeping is commonly known as mining.) Bitcoin itself is the value token of the Bitcoin blockchain network system

Then why is it Will it add value? Because its quantity is limited, from the network systemThe issuance quantity will be determined once upon completion of the establishment and will never be issued additionally.

So, in the future, the more people participate in accounting in a certain blockchain network, the number of people who get it will gradually decrease, and value-added will become inevitable. This is like Alibaba's early stocks. After the Alipay application is launched, the more people participate in using it, the more it is needed, and Alibaba's stocks will inevitably increase in value.

Of course, there are currently many projects applying blockchain technology, but most of them have not found a landing scenario. However, the more people believe that a project created using blockchain technology will be used in the future. If necessary, the price of the tokens of this project will be pushed up. Therefore, there are far more investment opportunities in blockchain assets than in the ordinary stock market. If you invest in a value project, then it may skyrocket to over 130,000 per Bitcoin a few years ago, to a little over 40,000 now. In other words, you don’t need to consider any investment opportunities in other varieties. A few years ago, if you bought Bitcoin with your eyes closed and then ignored it and just went about your own business, the return on this investment would be 100 times in one year.

Profit! How much is that right? The opportunities in this industry are far more than these. Almost all currencies will have the opportunity to rise or fall sharply, but this range of rise and fall is not like the 10% daily limit in stocks. Blockchain assets disappear from trading around the world 24 hours a day, and It is T+0, and there is no limit on the increase or decrease. The price of any variety is completely affected by the limit on the increase or decrease and the pursuit of funds. Most varieties have experienced an increase of more than 100% throughout the year. High This kind of investment opportunity is also difficult to find in other markets.

The currency circle is like Tai Chi. Only when a person is in a state of tranquility can he feel the opponent's strength and intention in the push hand for the first time. What I felt at the time was that only by clearing myself could I receive information to the greatest extent and fastest, and make correct judgments and responses. The same is true in the currency circle.

This material is for learning reference only and does not constitute buying or selling advice. Buy and sell based on it at your own risk!

㈧ What can blockchain technology bring to users when applied to network mutual aid platforms?

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it addresses this issue. There are four technological innovations:
The first one is called distributed ledger, which means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can Participate in monitoring the legality of transactions, and can also jointly testify for them. Different from traditional centralized accounting solutions, no node can record accounts independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single accounting person being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. On the other hand, since there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically, unless all nodes are destroyed, the accounts will not bewill be lost, thus ensuring the security of account data.
The second one is called symmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with the authorization of the data owner, thus Data security and personal privacy are guaranteed.
The third one is called the consensus mechanism, which is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
The last technical feature is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.
In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.
Policyholder Risk Management
In today's insurance operations, disputes between insurance companies and policyholders often occur. Either the policyholder provides false personal information to defraud the insurance, or the exemption clause is used when settling a claim. There are differences in the identification. The key to these problems lies in the lack of an authentic and credible data collection and storage method for the personal information of policyholders.
With the advancement of national systematic projects such as the digitization of medical information and personal credit reporting systems, more and more authoritative data sources appear. If these data can be introduced and stored on the blockchain, it will become Along with each person's digital identity, the data on this is authentic and trustworthy, cannot be tampered with, is synchronized in real time, and is valid for life, which will bring great benefits to the risk management of policyholders.
First, it is to connect the data between different companies and refer to each other, so as to timely discover information such as repeated insurance and historical claims, and timely identify high-risk users. Take the fraudulent accidental injury insurance claim of RMB 40 million in March this year as an example. Zhou from Yangzhou purchased insurance from more than ten life insurance companies, but was not discovered until manual underwriting. If every insurance information he applies for is recorded in the blockchain, it can be discovered quickly and measures can be taken in a timely manner.
Second, introducing data from different industries into the blockchain can improve the accuracy and efficiency of underwriting and claims verification. Give an example of critical illness insurance, if all the medical treatment records of the insured person, and even the medical treatment records of immediate family members, can be queried on the blockchain, we will have first-hand information about the current physical condition, disease history, and family medical history of the insured person, which can effectively prevent the occurrence of diseases. Insure.
Risk supervision of insurance companies
During the operation of insurance companies, risks occur from time to time due to various reasons. Regulatory agencies can only take measures to review beforehand or restrict afterward. However, as the front end of the insurance business becomes increasingly open and the companies participating in the insurance market become more and more diversified, the need for in-process supervision becomes increasingly prominent. In the author’s opinion, blockchain technology is one of the effective technical means for ongoing supervision. As long as the insurance company moves its daily operational processes to the blockchain and develops an accounting node (even a read-only accounting node) to the regulatory agency, the regulatory agency can observe all the business trends of the insurance company in real time. For example, capital flow and investment composition, product underwriting and compensation data, major personnel and management operations, etc. do not need to wait for insurance companies to declare afterwards, so that possible business risks and illegal operations can be discovered in a timely manner.
On this basis, regulatory agencies can also use big data technology to analyze and predict the national insurance market, timely discover and prevent possible systemic risks, or discover potential protection needs and trends, thereby Provide better protection for the people.
At present, there is the first network mutual aid platform for blockchain applications in China, Tongxin Huzhu. Network mutual aid applications developed based on the blockchain platform can maximize the absolute security of funds, protocols, and information, and improve risk control capabilities. , brings several major features:
1. Transparent fund flow
All fund flow details are recorded on the blockchain, and the data cannot be forged or tampered to ensure the authenticity and validity of the data. All regulatory units, the public The media and ordinary users can view and supervise at any time
2. Efficient execution of rules
All fund transfers are executed in accordance with public and non-tamperable smart contracts. Once determined, they can be executed accurately and anyone No intervention, no human misappropriation or intervention is possible, which improves the efficiency of rule execution
3. User information security
All personal sensitive information is highly encrypted and stored. Unless authorized by the user, others cannot access or steal it
>4. The service will never go down
The network mutual aid running on the public chain does not depend on whether a certain central server is online, and it can guarantee that the service provided will never go down

㈨ 360 Discovery Zone What are the epic vulnerabilities in the blockchain?

Recently, the Vulcan team of 360 Company discovered a series of high-risk security vulnerabilities in the blockchain platform EOS. It has been verified that some of these vulnerabilities can remotely execute arbitrary code on EOS nodes, that is, they can directly control and take over all nodes running on EOS through remote attacks.

In the early morning of May 29, 360 immediately reported this type of vulnerability to EOS officials and assisted them in repairing the security risks.. The person in charge of the EOS network stated that the EOS network will not be officially launched until these problems are fixed.

EOS super node attack: virtual currency transactions are completely controlled

In the attack, the attacker will construct and publish a smart contract containing malicious code, EOS The super node will execute this malicious contract and trigger the security vulnerability in it. The attacker then uses the super node to package the malicious contract into a new block, which in turn causes all full nodes in the network (alternative super nodes, exchange deposit and withdrawal nodes, digital currency wallet server nodes, etc.) to be remotely controlled.

Since the attacker has completely controlled the node system, the attacker can "do whatever he wants", such as stealing the key of the EOS super node, controlling the virtual currency transactions of the EOS network; obtaining other financial information in the EOS network participating node system. and private data, such as digital currencies in exchanges, user keys stored in wallets, key user information and private data, etc.

What's more, attackers can turn nodes in the EOS network into members of the botnet, launch network attacks or become free "miners" to mine other digital currencies.

Source: Science and Technology News

㈩ What is blockchain

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus machine" in the definition of blockchain"System" comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will handle a data request (what qualifications are required); who will verify the result (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent the processor and Checkers collude with each other, etc.

When a "rule" is formulated, some people may like to be questioned. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive for people to Have interest and motivation to participate in data processing work. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. When we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currency later, we will start again.

When we When handing over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go find it) Litigation). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, the encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on the scene.

In the blockchain network , the data request we send will be encrypted into a string of characters that the receiver cannot understand based on cryptographic principles. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

The hash algorithm can quickly convert any type of data into a hash value. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Due to these characteristics, the person handling my data request can record the information for me, but they do not know that I Who or what I am doing.

So far, we have introduced how the decentralized network works. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a network. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call Is it a blockchain?

To understand this, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the processing of the blockchain system The basic rules and processes of information. When it comes to the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure". Like this:

Each ring in the picture can be seen as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, which is different from ordinary data storage: on a blockchain , the data in the latter block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we try to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.< p>Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, it can still be sure that the page numbers are marked The order of each page.

Within the blockchain, each block is marked with a page number, the content of the second page contains the content of the first page, and the content of the third page contains the content of the first and second pages. Content. The tenth page contains the content of the first nine pages.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This leads to the concept of blockchainAn important attribute: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to repay the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called ""Genesis block" (Genesis block), the genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to dig out this block. This also triggered discussions in the bitcointalk forum, Bitcoin's " "Believers" think of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although decentralized, token, Economy and other concepts, but Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail how blocks and chains work in the network. So, there is the blockchain (Block Chain).

This paper , later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documents became the "Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza. WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the U.S. government, relied on Bitcoin to miraculously survive, Satoshi Nakamoto's "delegation" and retirement, true and false appearances and refutation of rumors, and a series of legends, which combine the expectations, imaginations and expectations of future generations. Speculation has become a "Bible story."

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament", start a new sect, write the doctrine into a white paper, and describe their beliefs in the ten years after Bitcoin. Story. Just like the writing of 66 volumes of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million Yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price has been hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: Digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain store-of-value and hedging properties; digital currencies represented by Ethereum have become the "operational fuel" in their network systems; USDT, Libra Stable coins represented by DCEP have good payment properties due to their low volatility; central banks issued digital currencies represented by DCEP have replaced M0 to a certain extent, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to use digital currency when they have no cash and are disconnected from the Internet. No delay in receipts and payments.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and “biggest” application is digital currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.< p>So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and some of its corresponding characteristics: Traceable, public, anonymous, and tamper-proof. In theory, you can try to use blockchain to transform traditional scenarios where centralized databases are used to see if they are suitable.

Next, let’s talk about a few Industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can be proven through hash timestampsThe existence of a certain file or digital content at a specific time provides a perfect solution for forensic authentication, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc.

In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used through supply chain tracking In various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run, greatly streamlining service processes

The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts, and the workers only need to be in one department Through identity authentication and electronic signature, smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of blockchain technology in China. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting significantly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology,We can build a consortium chain network that covers core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers, and the bills can be transferred between suppliers after being digitized on the chain. Level suppliers can obtain financing of the corresponding amount with digital bill certificates.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have The corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-level suppliers and handed over to the second- and third-level suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid emergencies. Redemption pressure.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical cases of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS, jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, and Fab, a major contribution from IBM.ric, and the Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.