区块链原理与应用,区块链原理架构与应用 pdf

① What is the principle of blockchain

When I saw some answers arguing about the definition of blockchain, I suddenly realized that my answer explaining the principle was actually the answer to the question. For those who are interested in Bitcoin, there is no particularly clear and unique answer to the definition of blockchain in the industry. Here are some of the characteristics that a “blockchain” should have that I have summarized based on the papers I have read:

1. A data structure in the form of a "hash chain" (explained below) is used to save basic data

2. Multiple nodes participate in system operation (distributed)

3. Reach a consensus on the consistency of basic data through a certain protocol or algorithm (consensus protocol/algorithm).

Since Bitcoin is currently one of the most typical and influential applications of blockchain, after understanding how Bitcoin uses blockchain, you can then understand other various forms of blockchain applications. It will be much easier.

② You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously address its own economic interests and the global economy).conflict of needs), so in 2009, China’s central bank governor Zhou Xiaochuan called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code—“Bitcoin”—online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks. The rules of the competition were to correctly record the accounting and at the same time solve the SHA256 problem. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism), he can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
The second step: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
The third step: Each miner node must Compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block by solving the SHA256 puzzle, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);< br>Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;< br>Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward), there is no error Finally, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a single chain of legal accounting blocks, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next owner, and then the "miners" of the entire network stamp the time stamp to form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of the chain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some inherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot be adjusted at any time As the market situation changes, it will inevitably rise and fall sharply;
Mining is high-carbon. Only less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of blocks of less than ten minutes, and more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition have the computing power. Waste;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organizing DAC system, the operating costs of the accounting and issuance functions are too high high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that utilizes “trustworthy"trusted gateways" perform blockchain accounting, and their credibility is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, She combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness and hopes to develop a basic platform that can meet the construction of various blockchain systems in the future and can support various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. Development. Its system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Perhaps their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields :
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society. Especially in China, some central credit, such as the “Red Cross”, are in “collapse” situation, blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. Here are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets rise, smooth out the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expand public credit, and accelerate value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Establish an intellectual property protection system on the blockchain, keep accounts of the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establish Global advertising market;
Whether blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies in emerging economies along the Belt and Road Initiative;
Blockchain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system ;
Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Blockchain can develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of Global decentralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and management in the global market. The construction of decentralized organizations, etc., all provide a broad development prospect.

③ What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain

1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records .

Explained in layman’s terms: If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find records within a period of time. The person with the fastest and best accounting will keep the accounts, and then send this page of information in the ledger to everyone else in the entire system.

2. Blockchain is a distributed data storage , point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technology dispersionsnew application models of technology.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. Each data block generated by the association contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(3) Detailed explanation of the principle of blockchain ppt extended reading:

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, It consists of incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms.

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the The basis of the chain's programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

④ What are the technical principles of blockchain

The key points involved in blockchain technology include: decentralized, trustless, and collectively maintained ), reliable database (ReliableDatabase), timestamp (Timestamp), asymmetric encryption (AsymmetricCryptography), etc.

Blockchain technology redefines the way credit is generated in the network: In the system, participants do not need to know the background information of other people, nor do they need to rely on guarantees or guarantees from third-party institutions. Blockchain Technology ensures that the system records, transmits, and stores value transfer activities, and the final result must be credible.

(4) Detailed explanation of the principles of blockchain ppt extended reading

The source of the principles of blockchain technology can be summarized as a mathematical problem: the Byzantine Generals Problem. The Byzantine Generals Problem extends to Internet life, and its connotation can be summarized as: in the context of the Internet, when it is necessary to conduct value exchange activities with unfamiliar counterparties, how can people prevent themselves from being deceived by malicious saboteurs? Be confused and make wrong decisions.

Further extending the Byzantine Generals Problem into the technical field, its connotation can be summarized as: in the absence of a trusted central node and a trusted channel, what should the various nodes distributed in the network do? Reach a consensus. Blockchain technology solves the long-known Byzantine Generals Problem by providing a way to create a consensus network without trusting individual nodes.

⑤ Principle of Blockchain

Blockchain is a technologyTechnology, but it is not a single technology, but the result of the integration of multiple technologies, including cryptography, mathematics, economics, network science, etc. You can think of it as a distributed shared accounting technology, or as a database, but this database is jointly maintained by all nodes on the chain, and each node has a ledger, because all nodes The ledgers are consistent, different nodes can trust each other, and there is no doubt about the data, so everyone says that the blockchain has technically achieved trust. For detailed professional technology, you can consult some professional technology companies. For example: Jinbo Technology, which focuses on developing blockchain-related products, has a professional R&D team and complete after-sales service. You can call for consultation.

⑥ What is blockchain ppt

From an academic perspective, blockchain is a new application of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. model. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.
For example, if you are a woman, every time your boyfriend says something disgusting to you or promises to buy you something, you immediately record it and send it to all your best friends, classmates, Colleagues, as well as various groups and circles of friends, make it impossible for him to deny it anymore. This is called blockchain.
The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can achieve decentralized credit in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration, thus providing solutions to the problems of high cost, low efficiency and insecure data storage common in centralized institutions.
The application fields of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. , which has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.

⑦ How does a blockchain game realize on-chain acceleration technology?

Blockchain news, Bitcoin is to the blockchain what email is to the Internet. As we all know, for the first time in the history of human information dissemination and exchange, email has realized the function of sending data to anyone else in the world in a timely, free, and verifiable manner. Both the sender and the receiver can save a copy of the data sent in the email. . However, copies of email data retained by both parties also become an inherent flaw in online value transfers, since both parties own its value. Therefore, there must be a third-party institution that ensures that the value is not credited by double spending, for example, a bank, stock exchange, clearing center or notary. As an Internet protocol, Bitcoin allows transaction parties to transfer value to each other instantly and securely without the need for the existence of intermediary organizations such as credit third parties, thus reducing transaction costs and improving transaction efficiency. The editor now compiles a schematic diagram of the principles of blockchain technology and related technical principles for everyone.

Literally, a blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods.A complete distributed ledger system, each data block contains a large amount of transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information and generate the next block. These blocks are arranged one after another in the order of generation, and each block is a node.

The distinctive feature of the blockchain is that there is no third-party supervision as a central server, and the transaction information in the block cannot be changed. The information contained in a block can be a financial transaction or any other digital transaction, including documents. The success of the Internet business model that has long dominated the business world of human society relies on the role of credit-granting third-party financial institutions that process and mediate electronic transactions. The role of the credit-granting third party is to verify, protect and preserve transaction records.

Despite this, fraudulent online transactions still exist in large numbers, requiring mediation by a credit-granting third party, resulting in higher transaction costs. Bitcoin, based on blockchain technology, uses cryptographic proof rather than a credit third party, so that all parties willing to trade can achieve online transactions through the Internet.

Every transaction can be protected by a digital signature and sent to the recipient's "public key" that is digitally signed using the sender's "private key". Owners of Bitcoin, the cryptocurrency, need to prove ownership of their “private keys” in order to spend and trade online. The party receiving digital currency uses the sender's "public key" to verify the digital signature on the transaction, i.e., ownership of the other party's "private key".

Every transaction is broadcast to every node in the Bitcoin network and recorded in the public ledger after verification. Moreover, before each transaction is recorded in the public ledger, its validity needs to be verified. Therefore, the verification node needs to ensure two things before recording each transaction: namely,

(1 ) The consumer has signature authentication for his encrypted electronic currency;

(2) There is sufficient encrypted electronic currency in the consumer's account.

Figure 1 shows the transaction process and principle based on blockchain technology.

Hope this answer is helpful to you