区块链底层技术是什么,区块链底层技术专利数量最多的国家是

区块链作为一项新兴的技术，在最近几年受到广泛关注，它的底层技术也在不断发展和改进。区块链底层技术是用来支持区块链网络的技术，它们包括分布式账本技术，共识机制，密码学，智能合约，计算机网络等。

区块链底层技术的发展也引发了一系列的专利申请，其中专利数量最多的国家是美国。美国在区块链技术方面的研究和发展，在各个领域都取得了很大的成就，例如金融服务，支付系统，网络安全，知识产权等。

美国的区块链技术研究和发展，得益于其先进的科技水平，全球最先进的研究机构，政府的支持和行业的发展。美国拥有世界上最先进的科学家，研究者和工程师，他们在区块链技术方面的发展，给美国带来了大量新的专利。

美国的区块链技术发展，也受到了全球各个国家的关注，他们纷纷投资研发，以求在区块链领域取得领先优势。美国拥有最多的区块链底层技术专利，这不仅说明了美国在区块链技术方面的研究和发展水平，也说明了美国在区块链技术方面的投资热情。美国的区块链技术发展，将为全球区块链行业的发展带来更多的惊喜。

A. What is blockchain

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Simply put, blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database.

The meaning of data storage:

Data storage is a temporary file generated during the processing of data flow Or the information you need to find during processing. Commonly used storage media are disks and tapes. How storage is organized varies depending on the storage medium. Data on the tape is only accessed in sequential file mode; on the disk, it can be accessed sequentially or directly according to the usage requirements.

The data storage method is closely related to the organization of data files. The key is to establish the corresponding relationship between the logical and physical order of the records and determine the storage address to improve the data access speed. Among the various connection methods between servers and storage, DAS was once considered an inefficient structure and inconvenient for data protection.

Direct-attached storage cannot be shared, so it often happens that a certain server has insufficient storage space, while other servers have a large amount of idle storage space that cannot be used.

B. What are the key points of the underlying technological innovation of the blockchain?

Hello, I am very honored to answer your questions here. The following are some of my opinions on this issue. If there are any mistakes, please point them out. 1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records .
2. Blockchain is an innovative application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm in the Internet era. In recent years, the development and application of blockchain have had a profound impact on technology. Innovation and industrial revolution are of great significance. This experience introduces relevant knowledge of blockchain technology.
3. Blockchain is a distributed ledger that can contain financial and/or non-financial transactions, replicated (distributed) across multiple systems in near real-time through a peer-to-peer network, and each participant "owns" the same Having a copy of the ledger and getting updates as any transactions are added, each participant helps determine the inherent "immutability" of all existing records, using cryptography and digital signatures to prove identity, authenticity and enforce read/ With write access, there are mechanisms that make it difficult to change the history and can easily detect someone trying to change it. Thank you very much for watching patiently. If it helps, please adopt it. I wish you a happy life! Thanks!

C. What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? What is blockchain?

1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), is also known as It is a distributed ledger technology, an InternetDatabase technology is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.

Explain in layman’s terms: If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the accounting information within a period of time. The fastest and best person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system.

2. Blockchain is a new application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. Each data block generated by the association contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(3) Extended reading on the underlying technology of blockchain 20:

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, It consists of incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms.

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the The basis of the chain's programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

D. Popular explanation of what blockchain is

Question 1: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principle of 10-point blockchain in plain language: Go Centralized distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can Conduct payment transactions directly without the involvement of a third party.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; the random number is the core of the transaction, and all miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number.The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation?
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to satisfy market participants. There is a demand for information, so intermediaries and centers are born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement and requireCredit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 2: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background,It is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology at the bottom of Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. It has attracted more and more attention and will form a huge new trend... >>

Question 3: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system.The transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network is recorded, and this data is shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query the history of each Bitcoin transaction. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", which is a new form of distributed artificial intelligence and will establish a new interface and shared interface between human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 4: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain refers to a technology that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. plan.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

Question 5: Explain in an easy-to-understand manner what blockchain is. Blockchain can be understood as a database system in a sense. The development of blockchain can be divided into 1.0 and 2.0
1.0 is represented by Bitcoin, and its main application is virtual currency or digital currency application. The blockchain at this time can only be used for simple digital currency transactions.
2.0 is represented by the now popular ethereum (Ethereum) and the upcoming hyperledger. The blockchain at this stage can not only meet the corresponding digital currency transactions, but also use smart contracts to customize currency or asset transactions. If we use the database analogy, the emergence of smart contracts can be understood as allowing users to define functions or stored procedures in the database and call and execute them.
Different from traditional databases, the blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism, p2p (network), hash and other specific elements, making it open, decentralized and non-tamperable. characteristic.

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can anyone explain it in simple terms? Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a ledger that records all transactions. It is decentralized. What is decentralization? For example, when you buy something on Taobao, you place an order and pay in Alipay. Alipay will not transfer the money to the seller until you receive the goods. Alipay is the third party in that center. Without it, it means decentralization, just like buying things offline. If you pay with one hand and get the goods with the other hand, there is no third party.
The blockchain itself is a series of cryptographically related data blocks generated.
Look carefully to see if it looks like a ledger. The pieces one by one are blocks, and connected together they are the blockchain.
Many companies are developing this technology, including ours, and its prospects are incredible. For details, you can go to our official website and hope to adopt it, thank you

Question 7: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. ToolBlockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are completely applied to the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become more and more aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, the blockchain Chain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application is by no means limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating.And continue to explore new application areas, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is valued highly by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 8: Easy to understand Explain clearly what is blockchain. The English name of blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of Bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on the digitization of assets and has launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 9: What is the so-called "blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a human being, so there will be various gaps that can be exploited. As long as it isThere are various possibilities depending on people and media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 10: What does blockchain mean? Regarding blockchain, I think you have already seen the concept on the Internet. Let me explain it based on my understanding!
First, let’s talk about its characteristics: 1. Openness and transparency 2. Decentralization 3. Anonymity 4. Information cannot be tampered with, eliminated 5. No trust cost
Blockchain is like a public ledger , everyone has the right to record and read, and everyone will jointly supervise to ensure its accuracy, and the recorded content will be permanently saved, and can only be added but not deleted! However, as the number of blocks continues to increase, costs will increase and efficiency will decrease. (I’m not sure whether technology can be used to make up for this. I hope someone who understands technology can point it out.)
Blockchain is divided into public chain, private chain, and alliance chain. Public chain: accessible to everyone, everyone has read and write permissions, completely open, transparent and decentralized. Private chain: Open to individuals or institutions, in which the owner of the private chain can set various permissions to make it partially centralized. Alliance chain: Open to specific organizations or groups, it is also "partially decentralized". According to the ledger at the beginning, members can view and transact, but cannot record and confirm bills, or require permission from the alliance. (The latter two do not have cost and efficiency issues)
Regarding blockchain, countries have begun to recruit talents in this area. For this, you can search online for "Central Bank Recruiting Digital Currency R&D Personnel". In addition, you can increase your understanding of blockchain by understanding its existing applications. What we usually refer to generally refers to public chains. Currently, those used abroad include Bitcoin, Ethereum and other domestic blockchains. Chain
1. Open and transparent: Every piece of data is verified by everyone and can be viewed by everyone at any time.
2. Decentralization: For example, when we shop on Taobao, we conduct transactions through the intermediary Taobao, and blockchain allows both supply and demand parties to directly contact each other for direct transactions through blockchain technology.
3. Anonymity: No personal privacy information is required to complete transactions on the blockchain, only your unique alphanumeric signature is required.
4. Information cannot be tampered with or deleted: Once the data has been verified and recorded, no one has the authority to modify it, let alone delete it!
5. No trust cost: The trust crisis in reality will not appear in the blockchain, and there is no need toYou trust the other party, and only if both of you have enough "digital assets" for the transaction can the transaction be carried out, and under the supervision of the entire network, the transaction will not break the contract. If you have no idea about the cost of trust, just think about how many intermediaries there are in your city, or just think about Jack Ma, and you will know how big the cost of trust is.
I am still learning more about blockchain. I am Li Ailin. If you have any questions, you can discuss and learn together!

E. The top 20 blockchain projects were unveiled at the China Hi-Tech Fair and achieved remarkable results in technological and industrial innovation and development

From November 11th to 15th, the 22nd China International High-tech Achievements The trade fair (hereinafter referred to as the "High-tech Fair") is officially held at the Shenzhen Convention and Exhibition Center, with a total exhibition area of ​​more than 140,000 square meters, more than 3,300 domestic and foreign exhibitors, nearly 10,000 projects participating in the exhibition, and more than 140 various activities.

The top 20 blockchain companies made a collective appearance at the Hi-Tech Fair

On the morning of the 11th, the exhibition hall was crowded with visitors and professionals. Yang Jianjun, deputy director of the Electronic Information Department of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and Fan Shujian, deputy director of the Science and Technology Department, visited the booths of the top 20 blockchain projects during the tour and listened to the staff introductions to learn more about the latest progress of blockchain technology and its application in the industry. The actual situation of landing.

On October 24 last year, the country regarded blockchain as "an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies." Over the past year, blockchain technology and industry development have also opened a new era, with demonstration applications emerging one after another. Yu Jianing, Rotating Chairman of the Blockchain Professional Committee of the China Communications Industry Association and President of Huobi University, said that the top 20 blockchains displayed this time were selected by multiple recommendation institutions based on industry development and after several discussions and surveys. Representative blockchain design projects with forward-looking, growth and practicality, covering blockchain underlying technologies such as alliance chains and distributed storage, as well as blockchain’s applications in manufacturing, agriculture, public welfare, justice, consumption, finance, The implementation of entertainment and other physical industries.

For example, in the field of blockchain infrastructure, the project on the list is the "Blockchain Service Network (BSN)" jointly launched by the National Information Center, China Mobile Communications Group, etc., for deployment and operation areas A global public infrastructure network for blockchain applications can change the current high cost problem of blockchain application development and deployment. In the field of public welfare, the public welfare tracing platform "Public Welfare Searching Chain" launched by Tencent Blockchain and the "Spark Love" project to build a blockchain public welfare ecological mutual aid platform are both on the list.

At the same time, the one-stop "blockchain + industry" service platform "Huolian Blockchain Platform" independently developed by Huolian Technology has also entered the top 20 blockchains. According to the needs of enterprise-level customers According to business needs, select the corresponding smart contract function modules, combine them, and quickly deploy them to enter the blockchain world with zero threshold.

Yuan Ruijuan, COO of Spark Love, a project on the list, said that blockchain technology can improve the current pain points of the charity industry. Spark Love hopes to blockBlockchain technology and blockchain governance ideas are jointly applied to public welfare, and we actively promote the exploration of the "blockchain + public welfare" field. With the help of this exhibition at the Hi-Tech Fair, we hope that the public can understand the role of blockchain technology in public welfare practice management. The application helps the development of domestic public welfare undertakings.

It is reported that the 2020 Top 100 Innovative Design List and the "Academician Expert Recommendation Plan" were launched in October 2020. It is sponsored by relevant central units and local governments and is widely and continuously carried out across the entire industry across the country. Series of activities. China Communications Industry Association Blockchain Professional Committee, Huobi University and Huobi Labs participated in the selection of the top 20 blockchain technology and application design categories as recommendation institutions.

Blockchain application enters a new stage

Blockchain technology is leading a new round of global technological change and industrial change, becoming the "source power" of global technological innovation and model innovation. Yu Jianing said that only when technological innovation and financial innovation are deeply integrated with the real economy and promote the development of the real economy can the value of innovation be fully realized. Only when blockchain is truly implemented in industrial scenarios can its intrinsic value be demonstrated.

As blockchain technology has been elevated to the national strategic level, blockchain was officially included in the category of "new infrastructure" in the first half of this year. With the support of various policies, the underlying technology of my country's independent intellectual property rights has ushered in a leap forward, and alliance chains, distributed storage, public chains, industry chains, government affairs chains, and custody chains have fully blossomed. Industrial blockchain and chain reform have become social consensus.

"Blockchain applications are about to enter a big explosion era in 2021." Yu Jianing said that this is mainly due to three reasons: First, physical assets will be widely "on-chain", and physical assets and DeFi on the chain will The combination of (distributed finance) will further lead the way in empowering real industries with blockchain technology and digital finance; second, the digital renminbi will become a key tool for the digital transformation of enterprises, and the pilot will further drive the digital upgrade of the industry; third, data protection and digital identity The importance is highlighted. "New infrastructure" such as blockchain distributed storage will accelerate the historical process of identity digitization and digital assetization.

The Blockchain Professional Committee of the China Communications Industry Association is an affiliated organization of the China Communications Industry Association under the business guidance of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. It is the first national-level association in the blockchain industry organization in the country. As an industry educational institution focusing on blockchain applications and digital economic development, Huobi University has provided training for blockchain technology, market, operations and management talents. It is known as the "Whampoa Military Academy of the blockchain industry" and serves as a service for the region. The blockchain industry has cultivated a large number of innovative leading talents. Huobi Labs is committed to building a "blockchain innovation workshop" to provide funding, business, technology, market, human resources, legal, training and other related resources and services to innovative entrepreneurial teams that apply blockchain technology in the real economy.

It is reported that some of the top 20 blockchain companies in this selection are also participating in the Big Data and Blockchain Industry Competition of the Innovation Nanshan 2020 "Entrepreneurship Star" Competition held this year.It has achieved outstanding results and is also a high-potential star project in the Huobi Labs Entrepreneurship Camp.

"Today is the year of great development and change in the digital economy. The popularization and application of blockchain will bring about a series of changes. New finance, new business, and new organizations are about to emerge. This time, we will bring blockchain The top 20 projects were unveiled at the China Hi-Tech Fair, hoping to demonstrate the current development results of blockchain technology to the outside world, help the public understand blockchain technology, and establish a broader mass base for promoting blockchain technology to empower the real economy." Yu Jia Ning said.

Attached: List of the top 20 blockchain technology and application design projects

This article is from China Net Finance

F. What is the blockchain technology area What exactly is a blockchain?

In a narrow sense, a blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and Cryptographically guaranteed untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

[Infrastructure]

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer composition. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Extended information:

[Blockchain core technology]

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it addresses this issue Four technological innovations:

1. Distributed ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they all Can participate in supervising the legality of transactions and can also jointly testify for them.

The uniqueness of blockchain's distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally stores The data is based on certainThe rules are divided into multiple copies for storage. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node.

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

Blockchain-Network

G. Blockchain underlying technology PK

Common blockchain underlying technology: Ethereum (Ethereum ), EOS, Fabirc, Fisco Bcos, CITA

Platform Introduction

1.Ethereum

Ethereum (Ethereum) was developed by Vitalik Buterin and Gavin Wood leads the development of a decentralized application platform that supports smart contracts. Ethereum provides Turing completenessscripting language, which greatly expands the application of blockchain technology. The project was launched with the release of a white paper at the end of 2013, and the genesis block was generated in July 2015. Expansion and upgrade will be carried out in the near future.

2. EOS

EOS is a blockchain application platform developed under the leadership of BM (Daniel Larimer) and was officially launched in June 2018. Its slogan is "decentralize everything" and aims to provide higher performance to the blockchain.

3. Fabric

Fabric is a product-level solution released by the open source Hyper ledger blockchain alliance that can be used to build applications, and has hundreds of A proof of concept project will be built. The official version was released in July 2017.

4. CITA

CITA is an enterprise-level blockchain product prototype independently developed by Crypt ape Technology, one of the founding members of the EEA (Enterprise Ethereum Alliance). CITA is designed with high reliability, high performance, high scalability and future adaptability as its design goals, and the open source version was released in July 2017.

5. BCOS

BCOS is a blockchain technology platform for enterprise-level application services jointly created by WeBank, Wanxiang Blockchain, and Matrix Elements. It is a distributed Business provides complete blockchain technology infrastructure and services. In July 2017, the first phase of BCOS was officially open sourced.

* Fabric has done the best in privacy protection, with a CA mechanism

International problems: cross-chain technology

In order to solve the problems of the traditional Internet world The problem of information islands. Blockchain uses the structure of a decentralized network to try to achieve information sharing to solve the problem of data islands. However, with the emergence of many blockchain applications, the blockchain chains are not interoperable, causing the blockchain to also face this "isolated chain" dilemma. It is not in line with the original intention of the blockchain.

How to implement multi-chain coexistence on the same blockchain platform based on business functions, privacy protection, data isolation, performance and capacity expansion needs, etc. How to implement information and business interaction between blockchain platforms with inconsistent identity access mechanisms, information standards, and business forms. It is expected to become an important direction of development.

Reprinted from [Chain World]: https://www.7234.cn/news/2316

H. What kind of technology is blockchain technology

Blockchain is a computer with distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc.New application models of technology. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin, like a database ledger that records all transaction records. This technology has gradually attracted the attention of the banking and financial industries because of its safety and convenience.
In April 2018, a group of scholars from Oxford University announced the establishment of the world’s first blockchain university, Woolf University.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is distributed cryptographically to ensure that it cannot be tampered with or forged. Account book.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access. A new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and manipulate data.

I. What are the tutorials on blockchain technology?

At present, the underlying technology platforms of blockchain such as Bitcoin blockchain, Ethereum, Hyperledger, Corda, Chain etc. Dark Horse Programmers is about to open a related course in Shenzhen. I heard that this course has been developed for more than two years and is very valuable