区块链技术的去中心化本质是去除,区块链技术的去中心化是什么

区块链技术的去中心化本质是去除中心化控制，它改变了以往传统的中心化结构，改变了信息传播和交易的方式。本文将介绍区块链技术的去中心化概念，以及与之相关的三个关键词：去信任、自治网络和可信计算。

去信任：去信任是指在区块链网络中，不需要信任任何第三方，也不需要受到任何中心化机构的管控。去信任的原理是，通过分布式的节点网络，将数据分散存储，并在每个节点上进行加密，从而使数据具有不可篡改性，同时使得网络更加安全可靠。

自治网络：自治网络是指在区块链网络中，不需要任何中心化机构的控制，而是由网络中的参与者自行协商、自行决定网络的运作和发展方向。自治网络的实现原理是，通过共识机制，网络中的参与者可以通过协商、投票等方式，共同决定网络的运作和发展方向，从而使得网络具有更强的可持续性和可维护性。

可信计算：可信计算是指在区块链网络中，可以通过计算机算法，保证网络的安全性和可靠性。可信计算的实现原理是，通过分布式节点网络，将数据分散存储，并在每个节点上进行加密，从而使数据具有不可篡改性，同时使得网络更加安全可靠。同时，可信计算还可以提供强大的计算能力，实现复杂的数学计算，从而使得网络更加安全和可靠。

总之，区块链技术的去中心化本质是去除中心化控制，从而改变了以往传统的中心化结构，改变了信息传播和交易的方式，与之相关的三个关键词是去信任、自治网络和可信计算。去信任是指在区块链网络中，不需要信任任何第三方，也不需要受到任何中心化机构的管控；自治网络是指在区块链网络中，不需要任何中心化机构的控制，而是由网络中的参与者自行协商、自行决定网络的运作和发展方向；可信计算是指在区块链网络中，可以通过计算机算法，保证网络的安全性和可靠性。

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⑴ What effect does blockchain have on real life?

Blockchain is essentially a disintermediated database, which uses a blockchain data structure to verify A new distributed method that stores data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data. Infrastructure and computing methods. In layman's terms, blockchain is a distributed accounting technology, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, and node consensus mechanism. Although it sounds a bit obscure, it can actually bring tangible benefits to our daily lives:
First, blockchain technology can be used to establish a traceability mechanism for food and vegetables, completely eliminating source pollution of food and vegetables, and providing the common people with Safe and hygienic green food and vegetables allow everyone to buy and eat with confidence;
Second, blockchain technology can be used to store various ownership certificates and notes and transcripts, completely eliminating fake certificates, fake files, fake academic records, fake medical records, fake transcripts, etc. Fraudulent incidents occur;
Third, blockchain technology can be used to conduct community election voting, completely eliminating fake votes and truly achieving openness, fairness, and impartiality. Build a democratic community and achieve democratic governance.
In addition, blockchain technology can also be used in many aspects of daily life such as charity fundraising and commodity anti-counterfeiting.

⑵ What are the basic concepts of blockchain programming and development technology

With the continuous development of the Internet, the development and application of blockchain technology has also been put on the agenda. Today java Let’s take this course to learn about the basic concepts that need to be mastered in blockchain programming and development technology.

1. Blockchain technology

Chain data structure, the head of each block stores the link to The hash value of the previous node is connected in sequence.

Based on the P2P network, the distributed node consensus algorithm maintains and updates data to ensure that the data is "non-tamperable".

Use cryptography principles to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Automated scripts (smart contracts) to program and manipulate data.

Essentially it is a decentralized database, and what it ultimately wants to solve is the trust issue in Internet transmission.

2. Decentralization

The entire network is jointly participated and maintained by each node, and does not rely on central processing nodes , each node is a center.

Data storage and update are distributed and do not require intermediary or trust structure endorsement.

3. Private chain, public chain and alliance chain

Private chain:

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The qualifications for participating nodes are limited and controllable, reading and writingRestricted.

Weak centralization corrects the problem of trust among "teammates" (within the organization).

Public chain:

Open, anyone can read the data on the chain and participate in transactions.

Completely decentralized, the data on the chain cannot be tampered with by any person or institution.

Encourage participants to compete for accounting rights through the mechanism of rewarding positive and negative coins.

Solve the problem of "human beings" (all people) being untrustworthy.

Consortium chain:

It is jointly participated, maintained and managed by multiple institutions. The data on the chain is only allowed within the system. Institutions read, write, and trade.

Partially decentralized, each institution runs one or more nodes.

Solve the problem of "organizational" (inter-agency) distrust.

⑶ What exactly is blockchain

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: receiving a data request,Who will handle it (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and inspectors from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go and file a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is marked with a page number, the second page contains the content of the first page, the third page contains the content of the first and second pages. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is, in sequenceWhen a new block is generated, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to repay the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another. The Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block", and the genesis block is compiled into block 0.No winding. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, and the appearance of the real and the fake A series of legends such as and refutation of rumors, combined with the expectations, imagination and speculation of later generations, became "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament" and start new sects, write the doctrines into white papers, and tell the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of the 66 books of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price has been hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Ethereum The digital currency represented by Bitcoin has become the "operational fuel" in its network system; the stable currency represented by USDT and Libra has good payment properties due to its low volatility; the digital currency issued by the central bank represented by DCEP will definitely To a certain extent, it replaces M0, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to receive and pay without delay when they are out of cash and disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and largest application is digital currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, publicity, anonymity, and tamper-proofing. In theory, you can try to use blockchain to transform traditional scenarios that use centralized databases to see if they are suitable.

Next, let’s talk about several industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can prove the existence of a certain file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, providing judicial authentication, Proof of identity, property rights protectionProtection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability provide perfect solutions

In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run, greatly streamlining service processes

The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts, and the workers only need to be in one department Through identity authentication and electronic signature, smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of blockchain technology in China. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "immediate reimbursement of invoices" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complex. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc., core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers, and the bills can be transferred between suppliers after being digitized on the chain. Each level of supplier can use the digital bill certificate to achieve the corresponding amount of financing.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have The corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-level suppliers and handed over to the second- and third-level suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid emergencies. Redemption pressure.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systemsIt represents a more secure data authentication and storage mechanism, in which the data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

⑷ The decentralized nature of blockchain digital currency

For blockchain practitioners, if there is any word that has been heard in the past two years, then " "Decentralization" can definitely occupy a place in this. From the confused look on my face when I first came across it to the mantra that is mentioned all the time now, the word "decentralization" has gone from being in the spotlight in 2018 to sweeping the world today. It only took one year to fully calculate it. Much time. So far, the "decentralization" of various behaviors has become a political correctness in the blockchain industry.

Practitioners hate the cloud platforms of Internet giants because it makes data storage less decentralized; they hate the emergence of monopoly giants in the industry because it makes the industry structure less decentralized; Leaders, because this makes the decision-making mechanism not decentralized enough, may even hate working in one office, because it makes people’s activities not enough.Centralization... As a result, many practitioners are now a little "centralized" in their words and deeds, and they will look forward and backward, fearing that the outside world will seize the opportunity to criticize them.

So, what exactly is “decentralization”? What is its essence?

The sinking of power: the true essence of decentralization

In fact, regarding the matter of decentralization, the author has already stated in ["Prospects of Blockchain 3.0: Are decentralized communities useless or the future? "It was once stated in the article: Decentralization is not a trend that people subjectively promote, nor is it a false proposition wantonly advocated by blockchain practitioners, but an objective and inevitable result of economic and technological development. In other words In other words, the decentralization trend of society is the result of everyone voting with their feet under the current situation, and it is not based on people's subjective will.

If you don’t believe it, let’s look back at the technological products before the blockchain industry exploded - the abundance of civilian cars has enabled more and more people to participate in what used to be only passenger transport and transportation. Among the passenger transportation services that taxi companies can only engage in, the decentralization of driving services has been achieved; a smartphone in everyone’s hand has given everyone the opportunity to record the world around them with a lens, thus achieving the decentralization of photography and video rights. ization; the Internet that extends in all directions allows every individual to have the opportunity to express his or her own voice, thereby decentralizing the right to speak; and the popularity of e-commerce platforms allows those who have the ability and intention to open a store. Opportunities to run your own business, thereby realizing the decentralization of the right to open a store...

From the above cases, we can easily see that, as early as with the help of the last bull market and Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin Before the currency white paper became famous, the phenomenon of “decentralization” was already everywhere. Why is there such a situation?

Regarding this point, the author has mentioned it briefly in ["Blockchain: The Last Internet Celebrity in the Digital World"]: For individuals, digital technology and the digital economy have brought them There are two biggest benefits: First, some of the costs that hindered their actions in the past are concentrated on centralized giants. For example, time-sharing leasing in the sharing economy can eliminate the need for many people to carry various necessary items; second, it will Various rights and interests are sunk and dispersed into the hands of individuals, such as the passenger rights of car owners mentioned above, the photography rights of smartphone holders, the voice of Internet users, and the rights of goods and service providers. The right to open a store...

In other words, no matter what kind of decentralization it is, its essence actually refers to the sinking of various powers from top-level centralized institutions to grassroots individuals. , as long as the development of economy and technology continues to benefit every smaller group or individual, this downward trend will not stop. The "decentralization" advocated by blockchain is actually just an indispensable part of this technological wave.One of the decentralized powers is the right to mint coins (or information recording rights). In other words, blockchain digital currencies, including Bitcoin, are not the first to be decentralized. The product will definitely not be the last decentralized product.

The boundaries of freedom: any decentralization has limits**

However, we should also pay attention to one thing: although in theory, "decentralization" The ultimate goal is to sink power into everyone's hands, but in reality, since the proper use of any power is inseparable from the user's good professionalism and moral standards, from a longitudinal perspective, the power of these powers There is a bottom line for many sinking rates. From a horizontal perspective, the degree of decentralization is limited (that is, what many people often call "polycentering").

If certain powers are allowed to continue to sink vertically, that is, the industry continues to be decentralized from the front, it is likely to lead to certain uncontrollable situations, such as the well-known Passenger transportation rights (that is, online car-hailing), this kind of power to provide passenger transportation services can only sink to the level of car owners with driver's licenses and good conduct. If this bottom line is exceeded and continues to sink, various online car-hailing services last year The chances of violence will skyrocket.

By the way, as the saying goes, every industry is like a mountain. Since different industries have different requirements for the professionalism of power users, the maximum sinking degree of different powers is often different, and what they can tolerate The degree of decentralization also varies. For example, regarding the sinking of photography rights, since the negative impact of a single video on society is generally not too great, even if it is not professional enough and it is shot randomly, it may be understandable. Therefore, as long as no darknet-style works are produced, let There is often no problem with this kind of power sinking into everyone's hands.

But if things like blockchain minting rights fall into the hands of those who are not objectively competent enough or subjectively irresponsible, the digital currency market will see a big problem. There are a lot of money-making and deceiving projects. Under such circumstances, the minting power can only be transferred to those individuals or teams that are professional, marketing and ethical at most (that is, the author previously mentioned in ["Practical, Positive and Kind: One of the Most Suitable Blockchains for Ordinary People"] The three elements mentioned in the article "Road"], otherwise, the grand scene of "the city is full of air coins" in 2017 and 2018 will soon reappear in our world.

However, it is a pity that many people do not have an objective and correct understanding of "decentralization has limits". In reality, they love to go to extremes. When they first came into contact with blockchain and digital currency, they believed that the astonishing price increase of this new thing largely came from the distributed minting rights, so whenever there was any regulatory disturbance, they would be extremely resistant.They chanted slogans of ideals and freedom, as if they were all anarchists; but after the collapse of air coins and altcoins, and their own interests were damaged, they threw down the flag of decentralization they had waved before and started crying everywhere. Why does Mr. Qingtian not care about this lawless and barbaric land?

The swing between the two poles gives people a sense of confusion. The reason for this situation is ultimately because they do not realize: decentralization, that is, the sinking of various powers, It has limits, especially for the highly professional blockchain minting rights. The "everyone can mint money and print money" imagined by some people before can only be an ideal. If you are not aware of this objective fact, it is very likely that a funny situation will arise where "the front foot loves freedom and the back foot advocates authority."

Nonetheless, even if power cannot be decentralized without limit and decentralization cannot be too distributed, it does not mean that related initiatives are meaningless. The decentralization of minting power represented by Bitcoin and blockchain may be difficult to completely sink into the hands of every individual as Satoshi Nakamoto envisioned, but it has combined the word "decentralization" and related The concept of freedom is rooted in the hearts of countless investors and practitioners. Let them have a clearer understanding of the issue of "whose hands should hold various powers in the future?"

Although the current accusations made by many people against centralized institutions are not entirely true, such as the accusation that one mining machine manufacturer is dominant; and some current "forced decentralization" behaviors are not entirely true. Not particularly successful, just like Bitmain’s dual-CEO structure. But from a long-term perspective, these immature words and deeds are just a small wave at the beginning of the development of social decentralization. Just as once the floodgates are opened, the water flow cannot be stopped; when the concept of "decentralization" is rooted in people's hearts, the equal rights movement in various vertical fields is inevitable. The key is that power will sink from the original centralized institutions. The question is which level to go to.

From this point of view, decentralization has become an unstoppable torrent of social development, and the large amount of social resources we have seen in the past ten years have been redistributed to a large extent. It is also the result of this decentralization of power. Under such circumstances, people, including some blockchain practitioners, began to pursue the victory and targeted another "Chinese-prefixed" target - that is, intermediaries. However, "decentralization" is equal to "decentralization". Intermediation”? Is the latter, like the former, an irreversible trend? The author will introduce the relevant content in detail in the next series of articles.

⑸ What is the essence of decentralization in Jinwowo blockchain technology?

The essence of decentralization in blockchain technology is decentralization and trustlessness. , collective maintenance.

1. Decentralization: There is no centralized hardware or management organization in the entire network, and the rights and obligations of any node are equal., and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

2. De-trust: There is no need to trust each other for data exchange between each node participating in the entire system. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public, so Within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

3. Collective maintenance: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and anyone can participate in these nodes with maintenance functions.

(5) The decentralized nature of blockchain removes intermediaries. Further reading:

Blockchain technology has never excluded supervision, and supervision nodes can easily Access any blockchain network. Due to the open and transparent nature of blockchain, regulators can more easily monitor transaction data across the system and due to its tamper-proof nature.

Once a transaction occurs, it cannot be changed or deleted. It is impossible for data fraud to deceive supervision, which is more conducive to regulatory authorities' supervision of market behavior. Therefore, blockchain will become an important tool for RegTech.

⑹ What is blockchain decentralized financial application?

Blockchain decentralized financial application refers to the decentralization achieved by using blockchain core mining technology. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) application. In the traditional financial system, centralized financial institutions (such as banks, stock exchanges, etc.) play a core role in managing and controlling capital flows and transaction behaviors. However, there are also many limitations and problems, such as high handling fees and transaction speed. Slow, low trust, etc.

Blockchain decentralized financial applications transfer financial activities such as transactions and capital flows to the blockchain by taking advantage of the decentralization characteristics of blockchain technology, making financial activities more transparent and fair. and safety. Its characteristics include:

Decentralization: There is no central agency or intermediary, and all participants work together to maintain the security and stability of the system.

No trust required: Based on smart contracts and cryptography technology, both parties can conduct transactions without trust.

Transparent and open: All transaction information can be publicly recorded on the blockchain to achieve transparency and openness of transactions.

Low cost and high efficiency: Since there is no need for intermediaries and trust, transaction costs are lower and the speed is faster.

Common blockchain decentralized financial applications include decentralized exchanges, decentralized lending platforms, decentralized insurance, etc. These applications realize automated transactions, settlement and management through smart contracts, thereby providing users with more convenient, efficient and secure financial services.

⑺ What is decentralized system development, and what are the decentralized applications of blockchain?

Blockchain,It has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, transparency and openness. Among them, the decentralization feature of blockchain technology has always been called the most typical feature of blockchain technology. DAPP blockchain decentralized system development, DAPP decentralized model development, DAPP blockchain application development, DAPP blockchain decentralized model customization development, DAPP blockchain system development, DAPP system source code construction and development

What is a decentralized system?

Decentralization is the social relationship form and content production form formed during the development of the Internet. It is a new online content production process compared to "centralization". In a system with many nodes distributed, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can be freely connected to each other to form new connection units. Any node may become a stage center, but it does not have a mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form a non-linear causal relationship through the network. This open, flat, and equal system phenomenon or structure is what we call decentralization.

As one of the important features of the blockchain, it uses distributed storage and computing power to make the rights and obligations of the entire network nodes the same. The essence of the data in the system is jointly maintained by the entire network nodes. , so that the blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes to achieve distributed storage, recording and updating of data. Each blockchain follows unified rules, which are based on cryptographic algorithms rather than credit certificates, and the data update process requires user approval. This establishes that blockchains do not require the endorsement of intermediaries and trust institutions.

Although decentralized distributed systems have many benefits, it is difficult to design and operate such a system because compared with centralized systems, it runs in an untrustworthy environment. It is very difficult to maintain the consistency, integrity, and security of the system. Often things that are easy to do in a centralized system will be very difficult in a decentralized system.

So, what are the specific problems that need to be solved in the decentralized Bitcoin system? To sum up, the main points are as follows.

(1) Thousands of nodes in the decentralized system have the power to keep accounts and store ledger data. The joining and exit of nodes are completely free, and no one controls or authenticates them. , so it is inevitable that saboteurs with evil intentions will appear. So how to prevent someone from maliciously tampering with data or forging ledgers?

(2) The nodes of the Bitcoin system are distributed all over the world. Thousands of transaction data will be generated in the network at the same time and need to be accounted for. The networks in various places are fast and slow, and sometimes some networks are still There may be disconnection, and it is very difficult for all nodes in the entire network to keep the recorded transaction accounts exactly the same, that is, to maintain the consistency of the entire network.

(3) DoubleDouble payments are hard to guard against. In layman's terms, double spending refers to using an asset twice, also known as "double spending." For example, there are three villagers in the global village who are exchanging goods. They are Erhei, Cuihua and Xiaoming. The current blockchain ledger of the entire network records that Erhei has 1 Bitcoin. He sent this coin to Cuihua and broadcast it to the entire network. So, everyone recorded the transaction, removed Erhei's Bitcoin from his account record, and added 1 Bitcoin to Cuihua's account record. Now Erhei has no Bitcoin, but due to the out-of-synchronization of network transmission, Xiao Ming did not receive the information in time after Erhei broadcast the transaction. Xiao Ming's account book still records that Erhei has 1 Bitcoin. So Erhei sent this Bitcoin to Xiao Ming to exchange for certain items. Erhei's behavior of exchanging his 1 Bitcoin to two people at the same time is a double-spend attack, which constitutes transaction fraud.

Before Satoshi Nakamoto appeared, so many IT elites among the cypherpunks had tried and failed. However, Satoshi Nakamoto summed up the experience of his predecessors and designed a very clever operating mechanism, which successfully solved these problems and enabled the Bitcoin system to operate stably without central node operation and maintenance management.

⑻ What does the decentralization of the blockchain mean?

The decentralization of the blockchain refers to the form of social relations and content generation formed during the development process of the blockchain. It is a new online content production process compared to "centralization".

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. , each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

The blockchain is unified across the entire network, so it is logically centralized. From an architectural point of view, blockchain is based on a peer-to-peer network, so it has a decentralized architecture. From a governance perspective, blockchain uses consensus algorithms to make it difficult for a few people to control the entire system, so its governance is decentralized.

(8) The decentralized nature of blockchain removes intermediaries. Further reading:

Characteristics of blockchain decentralization:

< p>Decentralization does not mean that there is no need for a center, but that the nodes can freely choose and determine the center. Simply put, centralization means the center determines the node. Nodes must rely on the center. Nodes cannot survive without the center.

In a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can become a center. No center is permanent, but is temporary, and no center is mandatory for nodes.

With the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model is becoming more and more clear and becoming more and more possible. After the rise of Web2.0, Wikipedia, Flickr, Blogger and other network service providers providedAll services are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and netizens can jointly create or contribute content.

Reference source: Network-Blockchain

Reference source: Network-Decentralization