区块链 开源项目,区块链开源平台
区块链开源项目：是指基于区块链技术的开源项目，它们的代码可以在网上免费获取，可以被任何人查看、使用、修改和分发。由于是开源的，因此可以被用于任何用途，包括商业和非商业用途。另外，开源项目拥有更多的可定制性，能够更好地满足用户的需求。
区块链开源平台：是指专门为开发者提供区块链开发支持的平台。它们提供了一系列的工具、资源和服务，可以帮助开发者更快地开发出基于区块链技术的应用程序。此外，这些平台还可以提供技术支持、模板和指南，以帮助开发者更好地理解和使用区块链技术。
区块链开源社区：是一个拥有众多开发者和用户的社区，旨在帮助开发者更好地了解和使用区块链技术。社区的成员可以分享自己的经验和知识，也可以提供技术支持，以帮助其他开发者更好地实现自己的想法。社区还可以举办活动，让开发者和用户能够更好地了解和使用区块链技术，从而推动区块链技术的发展。
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Ⅰ Energy Blockchain Research丨Four major blockchain development trends that are expected to become "evergreen trees"
Blockchain technology continues to develop and expand to adapt to the financial market and Internet market needs, and continue to provide digital solutions for them. By integrating blockchain technology in Web3 technology, we are developing decentralized finance (DeFi) services and decentralized applications (DApps) to enhance the digital ecosystem.
Experts estimate that by integrating blockchain technology and solutions, banks can save $12 billion or more annually. The United Nations also uses blockchain technology to address issues related to human rights violations, fund international humanitarian development, and promote environmentally friendly blockchain ecosystem innovation.
One of the challenges with blockchain trends is that they are fleeting because the industry is constantly evolving. Therefore, some companies and developers often have questions about the development of a certain blockchain project. However, after diligent research and analysis, we found that the following four projects have the potential to become “evergreen” blockchain development trends. What’s more, these four projects are actively providing blockchain solutions to developers in the decentralized finance and decentralized application industries.
1
Blockchain Applications in Enterprises
Developers who want to create high-quality decentralized applications can do so with Jelurida's flagship blockchain Solutions "NXT and Ardor" to build scalable applications that meet market needs. To put it simply, Jelurida is working hard to seamlessly connect physical companies and enterprises with the blockchain industry. Imagine, is a blockchain without practical application still a blockchain?
Futurecoin is the world's first open source blockchain platform that relies entirely on Proof of Stake (PoS) consensus. Proof of Stake is an algorithm based on Byzantine fault tolerance that eliminates computational loss in the Proof of Work (PoW) model and improves transaction security.
Developers can leverage the Futurecoin framework to build and save custom blockchain solutions and create reliable exchanges for tokens. On the other hand, AdoCoin’s sub-chain functionality allows organizations to build permissionless blockchain digital solutions and run smart contracts.
By using these solutions and Ignis, Jelurida has achieved some success. Unlike some blockchain companies, Jelurida has achieved all milestones in its development path and currently operates in several countries on three continents.
Currently, Jelurida has many real-life projects running on its platform, one of which is Cycle4Value, an environmentally friendly gamification system that can control traffic conditions and improve public health.
2
Gaming and Non-Fungible Token Development
Enjin is another welcome advance for blockchain developers in the gaming and non-fungible token industry, one that is innovative and provides developers with the opportunity to create the next generation of decentralized software and applications. Enjin powers real-world projects in the medical, political, financial, and entertainment sectors, and is proud to provide blockchain solutions to millions of users. The project has a market capacity of nearly 45 million, more than 2 million wallets have been installed, and more than 1 billion assets have been created.
One of the real-life projects built on Enjin, "Go! By Health Hero" is a future currency-based solution that can promote the development of health-related projects and services. This project is currently very popular. . Other projects include Microsoft's Azure Heroes, "Lost Relics" and "Age of Corruption" for gamers.
Currently, Enjin is deeply cooperating with the emerging future currency industry. It is expected that as the industry develops further in the future, Enjin will play an important role in the industry.
3
Speed and data security
When a developer wants to create a decentralized blockchain service with scalability and reliability, Speed and safety are the basic factors he needs to consider. Elrond has done just that, processing more than 10,000 transactions in one second, which is 100 times faster than Bitcoin and Ethereum combined.
Here are some of the “evergreen” trends we need in the coming years.
Elrond uses an adaptive state sharding mechanism to support fast verification and transaction processing. Like Jelurida, Elrond uses proof of stake to save resources and improve transaction security.
With over 90,000 active accounts and a large number of development projects, it’s no surprise that Elrond’s ecosystem valuation has jumped from $10 million to $500 million. Elrond operates in approximately 30 countries and counts more than 115 companies and startups among its clients.
4
Environmentally friendly system
Cudos is a broadband blockchain platform that provides blockchain projects with computing resources by integrating the computing resources of developers and users around the world. power. The platform serves as a network for developers to share and sell common resources, enabling reliable and scalable blockchain projects on the Internet. Developers can build and publish decentralized applications, mine cryptocurrencies and amortize network fees.
Gaming and non-fungible token developers and markets, including other related blockchain businesses, can leverage the Cudos framework to create high-quality and secure decentralized solutions and products. Cudos ecosystemCommitted to providing developers with cheaper, more convenient, reusable and environmentally friendly blockchain solutions; providing organizations with cloud computing-based blockchain solutions; introducing innovative solutions into the Web3 framework to allow developers Create the next generation of decentralized applications.
Cudos recently partnered with blockchain-based carbon credit company ClimateTrade to offset its carbon dioxide emissions. The world is currently experiencing the negative impacts of climate change, and businesses and individuals have a responsibility to quickly mitigate and ultimately reverse these impacts.
“
Conclusion
Blockchain platforms committed to next-generation blockchain services and businesses should take measures to solve environmental pollution problems, thereby providing a Chain digital solutions create an eco-friendly environment.
National Energy Information Platform contact number: 010-65367702, email: [email protected], address: People's Daily, No. 2 Jintai West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing Society
II What technology is SWIFT and what kind of threat will it pose to the blockchain
SWIFT is the technology of Ripple Labs. It will have a certain impact on the blockchain, but not Fatal.
Recently, the blockchain and payment industries have announced some important news. It is particularly noteworthy that at the same time, SWIFT also held the SIBOS conference in Geneva.
Including Seven large banks, including Bank of America, Spain's Santander and Royal Bank of Canada, announced the formation of a global blockchain payment network that will use Ripple's distributed ledger Technology. Some even say that this network can replace SWIFT.
First, SWIFT announced that it has successfully completed the first phase of the Global Payment Innovation (GPI) project with 15 banks. This project aims to improve cross-border payments Its speed, transparency and peer-to-peer tracking capabilities have attracted the attention of more than 80 international banks around the world.
Despite this, the popularity of blockchain technology still outweighs the Ripple experiment, and blockchain has received higher attention. The application prospects are broader. For example, domestic European crowdfunding is trying to combine blockchain crowdfunding projects, and Tencent, Ant Financial, Microsoft, Wanda, Dell, etc. are all trying blockchain projects.
Ⅲ Can the digital renminbi bypass SWIFT in the future?
In this regard, the mobile payment network immediately interpreted it (for details, see: The United States, Europe, Britain, and Canada are sanctioning Russia, not SWIFT), and in Popular science was carried out in the follow-up report (for details, see: SWIFT’s past, present and operating mechanism). Therefore, readers should know what is SWIFT? Its operating mechanism and why it is so important.Already have a general understanding.
However, some people have also raised interesting questions, such as: Can digital renminbi and CBDC bypass SWIFT in the future?
Let me tell you my answer first, yes.
Multilateral Central Bank Digital Currency Bridge Project
In November 2021, on the occasion of Hong Kong FinTech Week, with the support of the Bank for International Settlements Hong Kong Innovation Center, the Digital Currency Research Institute of the People's Bank of China , the Hong Kong Monetary Authority, the Bank of Thailand and the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates jointly released the Multilateral Central Bank Digital Currency Bridge Project Use Case Manual, which briefly introduced the project application scenarios and testing progress.
This project was a cross-border payment project explored by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority and the Bank of Thailand when they were studying CBDC in 2019, called Inthanon-LionRock. When it reached the third stage of development, the People's Bank of China and the Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates joined, becoming four participants. At the same time, the Hong Kong Innovation Center of the Bank for International Settlements also supported the project, so the project was officially renamed "Multiple Central Bank Digital Currencies Cross-Border" "Network" (m-CBDC Bridge), which is what we often call the multilateral central bank digital currency bridge.
The core goal of the Multilateral Central Bank Digital Currency Bridge research project is to establish a "corridor network" that connects the digital currency systems of multiple central banks, so that the same distributed ledger can support multiple central bank digital currencies and build point-to-point messages. Transmission system to help provide efficient, convenient and low-cost cross-border payment services.
In the multilateral central bank digital currency bridge research project, central banks of various countries can achieve: 1) cross-border synchronous settlement through smart contracts; 2) compatibility with different central bank digital currency systems and designs; 3) mitigation The impact of the overseas circulation of domestic digital currency on the currency sovereignty of other countries.
From the perspective of mobile payment networks, the construction of mBridge looks like the digital currency version of SWIFT, and under the structure of a distributed ledger, it also has more advantages.
On the one hand, mBridge is not only an information transmission channel, but also can directly realize point-to-point transactions. Although SWIFT has monopolized communications in the financial industry for more than 40 years and is much more efficient than the early telex trading system, SWIFT itself is only a transmission system for cross-border settlement and clearing information. It can improve the efficiency of financial information interaction, but cannot directly speed up " In order to improve the efficiency of clearing and settlement, there are still transaction frictions such as banks’ deposit absorption and time differences in the operation of payment systems in various countries. But mBridge is different. It itself has a certain nature of exchange. Central banks of various countries rely on the corridor network to exchange depositary receipts and digital currencies back and forth. Through smart contracts, countries formulate corresponding trading rules and regulatory policies. Therefore, its transaction speed can reach the second level and significantly reduce the cost of cross-border transfers.
Traditional SWIFT agent bank cross-border payment transaction model (left) and mBridge transactionModel (right)
On the other hand, mBridge relies on distributed ledgers and is a decentralized system. The importance of SWIFT is self-evident, but it is still a centralized organization, which is why the United States, the European Union, etc. can sanction you in this way if they say they no longer want to play with you. With the rise of blockchain technology in recent years, decentralization coincides with clearing security. The design prototype of mBridge is based on the blockchain construction network layer and adopts the PoA consensus mechanism, which is verified by central banks participating in cross-border payment networks. Node (validating node). During transaction verification, more than 2/3 of the verification nodes need to sign the block before the transaction can be confirmed. This makes it impossible for a single node to control the entire network and have the power of "life and death", and achieve a more decentralized cross-border payment governance structure. Only on this basis can the stability and mutual trust of the system be maximized. freed.
In other words, under the multilateral central bank digital currency bridge model, CBDC transactions can indeed bypass SWIFT and greatly improve transaction efficiency. I believe this is also the meaning and original intention of the mBridge project.
Although it is possible, there is "a long way to go"
Although my answer is yes, this answer is based on the corresponding premise.
On the one hand, both parties to the transaction need to be under the multilateral central bank digital currency bridge model. mBridge is like a "consortium chain" of the blockchain. It must be a node on the chain to achieve the corresponding functions. In other words, both countries in the cross-border payment need to have their own "central bank digital currency" and join mBridge. . Currently, there are only four participants in the mBridge project. To achieve more and wider applications, central banks from more countries need to participate. Not to mention, the attitudes of central banks around the world towards CBDC are different, and research progress is also uneven. Whether others recognize mBridge and join it is the most critical issue. This is also closely related to the country's economic strength and the degree of recognition of the currencies of various countries such as the RMB.
On the other hand, mature and standardized trading rules and regulatory policies are needed. The mBridge project adheres to the three principles of non-harm, compliance and interoperability, with the overall goal of "designing and iterating a new generation of efficient cross-border payment infrastructure to address pain point issues such as high cost, low speed and complex operability". Fully consider technical, policy, legal and commercial issues, continue to attract new central banks, commercial banks and non-bank institutions, and further experiment with design choices and technology trade-offs in a safe environment. A previous report released by the Hong Kong Innovation Center of the Bank for International Settlements showed that a total of 22 domestic and foreign financial institutions and organizations participated in the test of the mBridge project. The transactions covered four jurisdictions and 11 industry scenarios, with a total transaction volume of more than 2 billion yuan. Although, mBridge has certaindevelopment, but the entire transaction is a pilot test environment, and the top-level transaction rules and regulatory policies still need to be further improved. Whether it is the implementation of CBDC in the country or international cooperation, it will take time and scenarios to test.
A KPMG report shows that it will take at least 10 years for mBridge to be truly widely used. This also just shows that the project has “a long way to go”.
Mu Changchun, director of the Digital Currency Research Institute of the People's Bank of China, once said that the future Currency Bridge project will combine new business use cases to expand a wider range of application scenarios, improve the usability, compatibility and diversity of Currency Bridge, and at the same time Explore flexible connection with more systems to achieve a win-win situation for all parties.
Of course, CBDC’s cross-border payment is not limited to mBridge. There are also other solutions, such as the Jasper-Ubin project of the Monetary Authority of Singapore and the Bank of Canada, which is a blockchain project of the two central banks. Project integration. The networks of these two projects are built on two different distributed ledger platforms.
In addition, it is worth noting that cross-border payment solutions based on private stablecoins have a strong interest incentive mechanism. Once they are licensed by regulatory authorities, they are likely to quickly occupy the market through their global business ecosystem. , and then obtain enough international user data. Therefore, the development of stablecoins has also brought uncertainty to central bank digital currencies, especially given the cautious attitude of some countries towards CBDC.
This article comes from the mobile payment network
IV What is Hyperledger in the blockchain
Hyperledger was launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 An open source project that promotes blockchain digital technology and transaction verification, with 30 initial corporate members (including IBM, Accenture, Intel, J.P. Morgan, R3, DAH, DTCC, FUJITSU, HITACHI, SWIFT, Cisco, etc.). The goal is for members to work together to build an open platform that meets a variety of user cases from many different industries and streamlines business processes.
hyperledger
Now is an era of rapid development of blockchain. All walks of life, including medical, culture, Internet of Things, etc., are seeking to utilize blockchain technology. Blockchain technology solves the pain points of respective industries. To support applications in various industries, it means that the blockchain should have enterprise-level attributes, and confidentiality and throughput are issues to be considered.
The position of Hyperledger in the blockchain:
-Bitcoin- represents the birth of digital currency and blockchain ideas, and provides a prototype for the application of blockchain technology
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- Ethereum - Breaking free from the shackles of digital currency, the birth of smart contracts has extended the functions of blockchain technology
- Hyperledger - Further introducing permission control and security guarantees, for the first timeIntroduce blockchain technology into the application scenario of distributed alliance ledger.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only "blockchain technology" approved by the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" carried out by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. Professional” pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.
IV Horizontal Comparison of Various Blockchain Architectures
Horizontal Comparison of Various Blockchain Architectures
I often hear people talk about blockchain. From the birth of Bitcoin in 2009 to the present, Various blockchain systems or blockchain-based applications are constantly being developed and applied to a large number of scenarios, and blockchain technology itself is constantly changing and improving.
Blockchain is also called a distributed ledger, which corresponds to a centralized ledger, such as a bank. Different from centralized ledgers, distributed ledgers rely on redundant storage of ledger data in all participating nodes to ensure the security of the ledger. Simply put, blockchain uses three underlying technologies: peer-to-peer network technology, cryptography technology, and distributed consensus algorithms. Usually, the blockchain system also “comes with a free feature” called a smart contract. Although smart contracts are not a necessary part of the blockchain system, due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain, it can provide a trusted computing environment for smart contracts.
In order to adapt to the needs of different scenarios, blockchain systems often need to undergo various transformations during actual application to meet specific business requirements, such as identity authentication, consensus mechanism, key management, transaction frequency, Response time, privacy protection, regulatory requirements, etc. Companies that actually apply blockchain systems often do not have the ability to carry out such transformations, so some frameworks for customizing dedicated blockchain systems have gradually appeared on the market. Using these frameworks, it is easy to customize products suitable for enterprises. Blockchain system for your own business.
This article will conduct a horizontal comparison of several typical blockchain frameworks currently on the market to see what characteristics they have and what are the differences between them. In order to keep the comparison fair, this article will only discuss open source blockchain frameworks.
A brief introduction to each blockchain architecture
1. Bitcoin
Bitcoin originated from an article named Satoshi Nakamoto published in 2008 The paper is "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which describes an electronic currency he calls "Bitcoin" and its algorithm. In the following years, Bitcoin continued to grow and mature, and its underlying technology was gradually recognized and abstracted.Come on, this is blockchain technology. As the originator of blockchain, Bitcoin plays an important role in the blockchain family. The number of altcoins developed based on Bitcoin technology is as countless as the stars in the sky.
It can be learned from the paper that Satoshi Nakamoto’s purpose of designing Bitcoin is to realize an electronic cash system completely based on a peer-to-peer network, so that online payments can be directly initiated by one party and paid to another party, with an intermediate No need to go through any intermediaries. In summary, he hopes that the design of Bitcoin can achieve the following goals:
● Issue currency without the need for a central authority
● Make payments without the need for intermediaries
● Maintain user trust Anonymity
● Transactions cannot be reversed
From the perspective of an electronic cash system, the above goals have been basically achieved in Bitcoin, but there are still some technical problems that need to be solved, such as scalability attacks , block capacity limit, block fork, scalability, etc.
In terms of application scenarios, a large number of digital currency projects are currently designed based on the Bitcoin architecture. In addition, there are some more practical application cases, such as colored coins, t?, etc.
Colored coins (coloredcoins), by carefully tracking the ins and outs of some specific Bitcoins, they can be distinguished from other Bitcoins. These specific Bitcoins are called colored coins. They have some special properties and thus have a value that is independent of the face value of Bitcoin. Using this characteristic of colored coins, developers can create other digital assets on the Bitcoin network. Colored coins are Bitcoins themselves, require no third parties for storage and transfer, and can leverage the already existing foundation of Bitcoin.
t? is an application of Bitcoin blockchain in the financial field. It is a blockchain-based private and public equity trading platform launched by the American online retailer Overstock.
2. Ethereum
The goal of Ethereum is to provide a blockchain with a Turing-complete language. With this language, contracts can be created to write arbitrary state transition functions. Users only need to simply By implementing logic with just a few lines of code, you can create a blockchain-based application and apply it to scenarios other than currency.
The design philosophy of Ethereum is not to directly "support" any application, but the Turing-complete programming language means that in theory any contract logic and any type of application can be created. In summary, in addition to the design goals of Bitcoin, Ethereum also needs to achieve the following goals:
● Turing-complete contract language
● Built-in persistent state storage
Currently There are hundreds of contract projects based on Ethereum, the more famous ones include Augur, TheDAO, Digix, FirstBlood, etc.
Augur isA decentralized prediction market platform based on Ethereum blockchain technology. Users can use digital currency to make predictions and bets, relying on the wisdom of the crowd to predict the outcome of events, which can effectively eliminate counterparty risks and server centralization risks.
Limited by space limitations, we will not introduce more projects based on the Ethereum smart contract platform. There are also many blockchain projects that have been modified based on the Ethereum code, but almost all of them are closed source projects and can only be inferred based on some public features, so they will not be discussed in this article.
3. Fabric
Fabric is a blockchain framework developed by IBM and DAH, and is one of the project members of Hyperledger. It functions similarly to Ethereum and is also a distributed smart contract platform. But unlike Ethereum and Bitcoin, it is a framework from the beginning, not a public chain, and there is no built-in token.
Hyperledger is an open source project launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 to promote blockchain technology and standards. Its members include: ABN AMRO, Accenture and more than a dozen different interests. As an entity, the goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet various user cases from multiple different industries and simplify business processes.
As a blockchain framework, Fabric adopts a loosely coupled design to modularize components such as consensus mechanism and identity verification so that they can be easily replaced with custom modules during the application process. In addition, Fabric also uses container technology to run smart contract code (chaincode) in docker, so that smart contracts can be written in almost any high-level language.
The following are some design goals of Fabric:
● Modular design, components can be replaced
● Smart contracts running on docker
There are already many developers using Fabric architecture for development During the implementation of proof-of-concept (POC) projects, there are many attempts by some financial institutions. However, because the project has just started, there is no mature application yet.
4. DNA
DNA (Distributed Networks Architecture) is a blockchain architecture developed by "Distributed Technology", a blockchain startup company headquartered in Shanghai. It can support public chains at the same time. , alliance chain, private chain and other different application types and scenarios, and quickly integrate with business systems.
Different from Ethereum and Fabric, DNA supports a variety of digital assets at the bottom of the system. Users can create their own asset types directly on the chain and use smart contracts to control its issuance logic. For most blockchain applicationsIn use cases, digital assets are essential, and developing a set of transfer and issuance logic based on smart contracts for each digital asset is very wasteful and inefficient. Therefore, it is very necessary for the bottom layer of the blockchain to provide direct digital asset functions. For those application scenarios that do not require digital assets at all, arbitrary custom logic can also be written based on the smart contract architecture provided by DNA.
DNA’s design goals include the following:
● Underlying support for multiple digital assets
● Turing-complete smart contracts and state persistence
● Cross-chain interoperability Safety
● Transaction finality
Currently, many financial institutions have adopted DNA architecture to develop blockchain proof-of-concept products. In addition, there are some blockchain projects that have been implemented, such as Xiaoyi Blockchain, Fachain, etc.
Antshares is a public chain positioned at the digitization of assets. It digitizes assets and rights in the physical world and uses a decentralized network protocol to conduct registration, issuance, transfer transactions, clearing and delivery and other financial services through a peer-to-peer network. . It adopts a community development model and is architecturally consistent with DNA, allowing cross-chain interoperability with any DNA-based blockchain system.
FaChain is the world's first large-scale commercial legal evidence storage blockchain. It is an evidence recording and preservation system based on DNA blockchain technology and is established and operated by multiple institutions. The system has no central control point, and once the data is entered, it cannot be tampered with by a single agency or node, thus meeting the requirements for judicial evidence storage.
5. Corda
Corda was developed by R3CEV, a New York-based blockchain startup. The R3 blockchain alliance initiated by it has so far attracted the participation of dozens of giant banks. These include Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Bank of New York Mellon, Citibank, Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Morgan Stanley, National Australia Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Sweden's Nordisk Bank ( SEB), Société Générale, etc.
It can also be seen from the composition of R3 members that Corda is a blockchain architecture specifically used for bank and inter-bank business. Although R3 itself claims that Corda is not a blockchain, judging from various characteristics, it has some characteristics of a blockchain.
Technical comparison
1. Digital assets
Next, we will make a series of technical comparisons of these blockchain frameworks mentioned above, and introduce their differences from multiple dimensions. with similarities.
Blockchain’s built-in tokens are often an economic incentive model and a means to prevent spam transactions. Bitcoin is born with and has only one built-in token, so all "transactions" in the Bitcoin system are essentiallyTransfer behavior, unless additional digital assets are added to Bitcoin through an external protocol layer.
Ethereum and DNA have built-in tokens. In addition to the above-mentioned economic incentives and preventing spam transactions, their role is to provide a charging channel for the built-in functions of the system. For example, Ethereum's smart contract operation requires GAS, and DNA's digital asset creation also requires a certain amount of tokens.
Ethereum and Fabric do not have built-in support for multiple digital assets, but implement corresponding functions through smart contracts. The advantage of this approach is that the system design can be very simple, and the behavior of the assets can be specified arbitrarily, with a high degree of freedom. However, such a design will also bring a series of negative impacts. For example, all asset creators have to write repeated business logic themselves, and users cannot operate their assets in a unified way.
In contrast, DNA and Corda adopt a method of supporting multiple digital assets at the bottom level, allowing asset creators to easily create their own asset types, and users can also manage all in the same client. assets. For business scenarios with more complex logic, they can also use smart contracts to enhance the functions of assets, or create a business logic that has nothing to do with assets.
2. Account system
UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) is a mechanism: each digital currency will be registered under the ownership of an account. A digital currency has two status, that is, either it has not been spent or it has been spent. When you need to use a digital currency, mark its status as spent, create a new digital currency of the same amount, and register its ownership under a new account. In this process, the digital currency marked as spent is called the input of the transaction, and the new digital currency created is called the output of the transaction. In a transaction, it can contain multiple inputs and multiple output, but the sum of the inputs and the sum of the outputs must be equal. To calculate the balance of an account, just add the denominations of all digital currencies registered under the account.
Bitcoin and Corda adopt an account mechanism such as UTXO, while Ethereum adopts a more intuitive balance mechanism: each account has a status, and the status directly records the current balance of the account and the logic of the transfer. It means subtracting a part of the balance from one account and adding the corresponding balance to another account. The subtracted part and the added part must be equal. DNA is compatible with both modes in terms of account mechanism.
So what are the advantages and disadvantages of UTXO mode and balance mode? The biggest advantage of UTXO is that transactions based on UTXO can be verified in parallel and ordered arbitrarily, because all UTXO are not related to each other, which is very important for the future of blockchain.The scalability is very helpful, but the balance-based design does not have this advantage; conversely, the advantage of the balance design is that the design idea is very simple and intuitive, which is convenient for program implementation, especially in smart contracts, which need to be processed The state of UTXO is very difficult. This is also the reason why Ethereum, with smart contracts as its main function, chooses the balance design, while digital asset-centric architectures such as Bitcoin, OnchainDNA, and Corda prefer UTXO designs.
As for identity authentication, Bitcoin and Ethereum basically have no identity authentication design. The reason is very simple, because the design ideas of both of them emphasize privacy and anonymity and oppose supervision and centralization, and identity authentication is inevitable. Introduce some centers or weakened central institutions. Fabric, DNA and Corda all chose to use digital certificates to authenticate user identities because all three have design goals of being applied to existing financial systems, and financial systems must consider compliance and accept supervision. In addition, Existing financial systems have adopted digital certificate solutions on a large scale, so that they can be quickly integrated with blockchain systems.
VI What are the application scenarios of blockchain?
Although blockchain technology is still in its early stages, the advantages of this technology have begun to be reflected in many fields. , blockchain can generate huge value, and I believe there will be more practical application scenarios in the future,
Blockchain + cross-border payment
The current mainstream cross-border remittance method is wire transfer, and its cycle is usually three to five working days. In addition to the intermediary bank that will charge a certain handling fee, a software called SWIFT (Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication) ) will also charge higher fees for the text exchange carried out by its system. In my country, cross-border remittances through Bank of China will be charged a single fee of 150 yuan.
The use of blockchain technology allows the remitter and payee to pay and settle directly, eliminating all intermediate costs, allowing cross-border payment and settlement to be completed quickly point-to-point, improving In addition to the speed of clearing, it can also achieve round-the-clock payment, real-time arrival, simple implementation and no hidden costs.
Ⅶ Why do banks love blockchain so much
Many problems remain to be solved when banks compete for blockchain
As traditional financial institutions, banks are blockchain The most active pathfinder in the field. In recent years, many domestic and foreign banks have applied blockchain technology to credit, clearing and other fields. The unique trust mechanism of blockchain is regarded by banks as a key technological breakthrough for innovative risk management and simplified transaction processes. However, as an emerging technology, the blockchain ecosystem is still in the process of being established, its applications are very limited, and many problems still need to be gradually solved during development.
“The current blockchain cannot run high-frequency and concurrent transactions, and the network speed and computing power cannot support it. For example, in the payment field, if it is online shopping,It can still be achieved; if it is high-frequency trading of futures, it cannot be done. "Huang Zhen said.
Jiang Peng said that at the beginning of designing the blockchain system, CITIC Bank carefully demonstrated the business links suitable for using blockchain.
"From the global perspective Judging from our experience, it is currently not suitable to use blockchain to build large and complex systems. Don’t try to use blockchain to solve all problems, but focus on solving core problems. It takes time to build a system that is too complex. Technology develops so fast. Before the old system is completed, it will face iterations of new technologies. "Jiang Peng said.
The idea of "only solving core problems" ensures that after the blockchain is launched, the relevant business operations of CITIC Bank branches can achieve business upgrades without process modification.
Fan Bin said frankly that it will take time for banks to fully apply blockchain. IBM's investment in the blockchain open source community will continue, on the one hand, to cultivate the market, and on the other hand, to compete for the commanding heights of the blockchain platform. . With the rapid iteration of blockchain technology itself, there is still a lot of imagination for financial institutions to use this new technology.
Content comes from Xinhuanet
