区块链技术自身的不足和改进,区块链技术自身的不足与改进

① What are the issues that need to be improved in blockchain applications

2018 is the first year of blockchain, but the world’s overall blockchain industry, except for the financial industry, is still in its infancy. The maturity of the blockchain industry requires the integration of a series of factors such as technology, market, supervision, and popularity. According to the current development momentum of the blockchain, experts predict that large-scale implementation can be achieved within 3 to 5 years, and the real economy will also have a new development model. .What are the issues that need to be improved in the application of blockchain?

Accelerating the implementation of blockchain technology in industrial scenarios still needs to focus on

1. Quick matching of application scenarios.

Use Blockchain technology can effectively solve the pain points of the industry market. In the mainstream B2B transaction mode scenario of the market, it is easier to combine using blockchain technology. If the application scenario meets the conditions of high transaction frequency, fixed transaction scope, insufficient credit, etc., blockchain technology can be easily implemented This scenario. In the future, as the foundation of blockchain technology matures, it will gradually be applied to more transaction models.

2. The technology is further improved.

Blockchain technology is currently perfect Insufficient strength, 51% computing power attack problem, double-spending gap problem, high transaction costs, low TPS throughput, transaction block chain selection problems, excessive energy consumption of the POW consensus mechanism, hacker intrusions and other technical obstacles.

3. The industry mechanism is sound.

Accurately distinguish the relationship between centralization and decentralization. Decentralization means that the entire operating system can operate autonomously under the condition that there is no central agency management. Two strangers Under decentralized conditions, individuals can achieve trust and realize transaction facts at low cost and quickly. However, what is clear is that the ecosystem is not unmanaged, and the blockchain is still the information center and requires constant technical support. , repeated upgrades, there is a certain centralized mechanism behind it.

② What are the current obvious shortcomings of smart contracts in blockchain technology?

“The working theory of smart contracts is late. An important reason why it has not been realized is the lack of digital systems and technologies that can support programmable contracts. The emergence of blockchain technology solves this problem. It can not only support programmable contracts, but also be decentralized, non-tamperable, and process transparent. Advantages such as traceability are naturally suitable for smart contracts. Therefore, it can also be said that smart contracts are one of the characteristics of blockchain technology."
Smart contracts based on blockchain technology can not only take advantage of the cost efficiency of smart contracts advantages, and can avoid malicious behavior from interfering with the normal execution of the contract. Smart contracts are written into the blockchain in digital form, and the characteristics of the blockchain technology ensure that the entire process of storage, reading, and execution is transparent, traceable, and cannot be tampered with. At the same time, a state machine system is built using the blockchain’s own consensus algorithm to enable smart contracts to run efficiently.

③ What are the disadvantages of blockchain

Blockchain has many advantages and obvious disadvantages.

1. Cannot be tampered with or revoked
This is both an advantage and a disadvantage. There is no regret medicine in the blockchain. You can do almost nothing about the data changes in the blockchain. This is mainly reflected in the following: if the transfer address is filled in incorrectly, it will directly cause permanent loss and cannot be revoked; if the key is lost It will also cause permanent and irreparable losses. In reality, if you lose your bank card or forget your password, you can still go to a bank branch and your money will still be there.

2. The transaction ledger must be made public
The blockchain is distributed. On the public chain, making a document means that everyone has a complete ledger, and due to the block Calculating balances on the chain, verifying transaction validity, etc. need to trace every account, so the transaction data is open and transparent. If I know someone's account, I can know all his wealth and every transaction. , there is no privacy at all.

3. Performance issues associated with larger data
As mentioned earlier, everyone has a complete ledger, and sometimes it is necessary to trace every record, so as time goes by , when the transaction data is very large, there will be performance problems. For example, when using it for the first time, you need to download all the transaction records in history to work properly. In order to verify that you actually have enough money for each transaction, you need to trace back the history of each transaction to calculate it. balance. Although performance problems can be alleviated through some technical means (such as indexing), the problem still clearly exists.

4. Delay of blockchain
There is delay in blockchain transactions. Taking Bitcoin as an example, the validity of the currently generated transactions is affected by network transmission, because it requires Before most nodes on the network learn about this transaction, it will have to wait until the next accounting cycle (Bitcoin controls this to about 10 minutes), that is, the transaction must be recognized by most nodes. It is also affected by a small probability event, that is, when two or more nodes compete for accounting rights on the network at the same time, then two or more blockchain branches will be generated in the network. At this time, which branch records the data? If it is valid, you have to wait for the next accounting cycle, which is ultimately determined by the longest blockchain branch. Therefore, the transaction data of the blockchain is delayed.

Blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, can have a disruptive impact in specific fields. Faced with the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain, what needs to be done is to maximize its strengths and avoid weaknesses, and make the best use of it. Therefore, whether blockchain can become the underlying technology of a new generation of financial infrastructure is still a question.

④ What are the shortcomings of blockchain technology

At present, in practical applications of blockchain technology, there are still problems such as low performance, low transaction frequency per unit time, and technical application ecology. There are many problems such as lack of environment, insufficient relevant application cases, and rampant scammers under the guise of blockchain.

⑤ The main issues in the current development of blockchain technology

Currently, blockchain technology is still in a very early stage. Not only has it not yet formed a unified technical standard, but also various technical solutions Still developing rapidly. But it was recognized in the pastTechnical breakthroughs have been made because systems based on blockchain technology are very resource-consuming (similar to Bitcoin), or blockchain technology systems have limitations in processing data. However, the scalability of blockchain technology has not been tested in large-scale practice, and it is still mainly in the prototype design stage. In addition, the blockchain industry is extremely short of talent. If you want to learn about blockchain, you can go to Lianbo. A large amount of blockchain information is updated every day. There are also blockchain technology training and blockchain-related activities. If you are interested, you can go and check it out.

⑥ The blockchain industry is ushering in a new market trend. What are the bottlenecks in the development of the blockchain industry?

Blockchain technology is a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigms that enable the sharing, replication, and authorization of distributed ledgers. It has the characteristics of multi-point consensus and is difficult to tamper with. It solves the problem of how to enable cross-institutional trust transactions in business networks, connecting all parties involved in financial services, and brings challenges of breaking down data silos and improving data quality. It has the potential advantages of security and lower transaction costs. Enhance risk control capabilities and have broad application prospects in the financial field. The blockchain industry is ushering in a new market trend, and there are some bottlenecks in the development of the blockchain industry. Only by breaking through these bottlenecks can we usher in the spring of blockchain. bring better development.

Finally, the development of blockchain technology will bring certain network security issues. We must pay attention to and solve information security and network security issues. Blockchain technology is not inherently secure. Any software system inevitably has defects and vulnerabilities, and will face attacks from the Internet. Poorly designed and poorly managed blockchain systems can be vulnerable to attack. In applications in the financial industry, data is an asset, so we should have a comprehensive understanding of the security of the blockchain, and first put security design and self-control first to avoid the occurrence of Bitcoin theft.

⑦ Talk about the current limitations of the Internet of Things

With the emergence of blockchain technology, although we have taken many steps closer to this futuristic vision, there are still Far from achieving the ideal goal. The following is a brief list of some key limitations:

1. Lack of mainstream blockchain networks specifically developed for IoT devices (Note: As of the time of writing this article, there is no blockchain The system can be called "mainstream");

2. Equipment manufacturers have not yet embedded encryption keys into all hardware, nor have they established compatibility with blockchain as a common standard ;

3. Software encryption methods used to ensure privacy protection algorithms are extremely inefficient and impractical [1], while hardware solutions need to be based on complete trust in the manufacturer and the entire manufacturing supply chain. on the basis of. Therefore, it is difficult to prevent data piracy;

4. Artificial intelligence is not sophisticated enough to implement this in devicesA highly autonomous decision-making behavior;

5. In order to further eliminate transaction risks on the chain, corresponding legal means need to be established, but only limited countries and regions[2] recognize that smart contracts on the chain have The same legal binding force as off-chain contracts.

But even with these limitations, blockchain still has the potential to provide a wide range of value-added applications and can solve many technologies facing the Internet of Things. First, let’s take a deeper look at the current progress of blockchain technology and what we can do to improve the current state of the art.

Blockchain network developed for IoT devices
Considering all the synergies between blockchain and IoT, a blockchain network that can perfectly adapt to the needs of IoT What characteristics will it have? While many blockchain technologies are foundational in nature and not explicitly focused on a specific application, at the public ledger level there are many design and optimization choices that reflect the application stack that designers had in mind during development .

Characteristics of IoT devices and their impact on blockchain network design

When talking about IoT, especially running it on existing blockchain networks When comparing nodes, we need to be clear: all current blockchain networks rely on powerful and always-connected servers to perform all record-keeping and consensus tasks. It is now obvious that the restricted and unique characteristics of most of what we think of as “Internet of Things” devices, or smaller, sometimes mobile, connected devices are not ideal for this scenario.

The term "IoT" is basically used to refer to any device connected to the Internet. We can make some summary statements about the characteristics of these devices:

Big Scale: [3] According to some statistics, the number of IoT devices has exceeded the world’s population and will continue to grow at a faster rate;

Limited computing power: [4] Even with Compared with the processing power of ordinary laptops, the computing power of IoT devices is often not comparable in magnitude;

Limited storage space: The original intention of most IoT devices is not to store data locally Store information, but simply relay information (such as uploading to the cloud), so its storage space is very limited;

Limited bandwidth and network connectivity: Many IoT devices do not have reliable network connections Operating in wild environments, the cost of networking is high (for example, satellite networks deep in the woods);

Energy consumption limitations: Many IoT devices run on batteries or through energy harvesting mechanisms, which severely limits their energy consumption .

So if you want to design a blockchain network that is most suitable for IoT devices, what key indicators need to be met?

1. The network needs to be scalable: considering that there may be billions of devices connected to any given blockchainA network that must be able to scale its ability to handle transactions and requests.

2. The network needs to support the discovery and transaction of general assets: There are many tradable digital assets and resources (such as data) on IoT devices, not just currency. So there is also a need for ways to discover these assets.

3. The network needs to support selective storage: Considering all the limitations of IoT devices, they will only be able to participate in a small subset of the network, and the storage and storage of each device must be carefully selected. Processed content.

4. The network cannot rely solely on "working" to maintain security: Network security cannot be based solely on solving complex cryptographic problems, which will make it difficult for IoT devices to perform blockchain transactions.

5. The network needs to support trustless light nodes: Current IoT devices are not sufficient to support the operation of full nodes, but they still need to maintain their independence on the blockchain network, so in "Light" nodes running on IoT devices cannot be naive (i.e. blindly trust another full node) and should have some way to verify network status and state transitions.

6. The network needs to support point-to-point transactions: Many transactions between IoT devices are highly localized, that is, the devices are adjacent to each other, and it is impossible to wait for the delay caused by the verification of the entire network every time. .

In summary, even though there are still many limitations in the current combination of blockchain and IoT, on the basis of meeting the above key indicators, it is possible to design a blockchain network that is most suitable for IoT devices. , to better empower the IoT ecosystem.

⑧ The disadvantages of the centralized computing and processing model of blockchain are

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WikiChain
Blockchain public chain
1. Efficiency issues

Low transaction efficiency

Compared with many Internet payment networks, the transaction efficiency of blockchain is still very low. The number of transactions per second of the Bitcoin blockchain is 7, Ethereum is between 10-20, and WaykiChain can reach 1000+. However, during Double Eleven in 2017, Alipay’s transaction speed per second reached 256,000.

From the perspective of transaction processing frequency, blockchain technology is far inferior to the Internet. Breaking through the number of transactions per second is also one of the major technical challenges faced by blockchain technology.

Long transaction verification time

Take Bitcoin as an example. The current average confirmation time for a Bitcoin transaction is about 10 minutes, which is also the generation time of a block. In the case of 6 confirmations, you need to wait for 1 hour. Verification of transactions such as Alipay only takes a few seconds.

2. High energy consumption problem

Blockchain is a high energy consumption system. In order to maintain the authenticity and integrity of the blockchain, its computing power per second reaches Seven trillion times. Miners pass randomHash operations are used to compete for the accounting rights of Bitcoin. This process requires electricity to complete, and less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of blocks every 10 minutes. The computing power of other miners is wasted. .

3. Technical performance issues

Every node that wants to participate in the blockchain must download, store and update a data package starting from the genesis block and continuing to the present. If the data of each node is completely synchronized, the storage space capacity requirements of blockchain data may become a key issue restricting its development.

4. Security issues

Blockchain adopts the principle of asymmetric cryptography and is safe according to the current technical level. However, with the development of quantum computers and the deepening of mathematical research, it is unknown whether this asymmetric encryption algorithm can be cracked. When the day comes when the encryption algorithm is cracked, blockchain technology will no longer be a trustworthy security technology.

⑨ What are the existing problems of blockchain technology

1. Performance issues

Volume issues

Blockchain’s impact on data Backup requirements pose storage space challenges. Blockchain requires that after a transaction is completed, it is broadcast to the entire network, and every node in the system must back up data.

Take Bitcoin as an example. The block data since the creation block has exceeded 60GB, and the amount of blockchain data is still increasing. This will bring problems to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. A big challenge.

Processing speed issues

The Bitcoin blockchain currently processes a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second, and a confirmation time is about 10 minutes, which can easily cause congestion delays for a large number of transactions, which may Applications with small multiple transactions and highly time-sensitive transactions will be restricted.

Although there are some methods to overcome it, methods to comprehensively solve transaction efficiency still need to be discovered.

Energy consumption is too high

Thirdly, the computing power in the mining process does not produce additional actual social value, and also wastes a large amount of electronic resources. With the increasing popularity of currency, blockchain has gradually become a capital-intensive industry with high energy consumption.

2. Centralization problem

Inequality of nodes

First, in theory, every node in the distributed network should be treated equally , but in order to obtain rewards for mining, each node may increase its computing power to compete for hardware, resulting in node inequality and destroying the randomness of blockchain accounting rights.

Industrialized and large-scale mining has given rise to mining pools

Theoretically, if the mining pools collude to control more than 51% of the computing power for system supply, a dual Payment, although in the actual process its costs far exceed the benefits, it cannotDeny the possibility of collusive supply.

3. Privacy and security issues

Private keys are easily stolen

First, the current blockchain uses an asymmetric key mechanism. It has high security, but the private key is stored locally and can be easily stolen by hackers.

The transparency of blockchain data can easily lead to privacy leaks

Every participant in the public chain can obtain a complete data backup, and the entire system is open and transparent. The currency protects privacy by isolating the connection between the transaction address and the holder’s true identity.

When the blockchain needs to carry more businesses, how nodes verify information and execute commands requires more consideration.

4. Upgrade and incentive issues

The number of participating nodes in the public chain is huge

Whether it is upgrading or fixing errors, the system cannot be shut down and centralized. , it may be necessary to consider relaxing the issue of decentralization.

There is a competitive game between each node

Requires the improvement of incentive compatibility mechanism, how to enable self-interested nodes in the decentralized system to spontaneously carry out block data verification And accounting work, and designing a reasonable penalty function to suppress irrational competition is another challenge faced by the blockchain.