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比特币btc怎么买比特币fil怎么买

发布时间：2023-12-03-18:01:01 来源：网络公链介绍闪电教程 LBTC

如何购买LBTC币、如何购买LBTC教程答案:

1、通过交易平台购买闪电比特币

交易平台

BSC交易SwapETH交易SwapPolygon交易SwapAvax交易SwapSol交易SwapOKC交易Swap货币兑换PancakeSwap

在银河系最受欢迎的去中心化平台上交易、赚取和赢得加密货币。

Biswap

Biswap是市场上第一个拥有三类推荐系统和最低平台交易费用（0.1%）的去中心化交换平台。我们是一个在Binance智能链网络上交换BEP-20代币的去中心化交换平台。这个网络保证了卓越的速度和更低的网络交易成本

KyberSwap BSC

KyberSwap BSC 去中心化交易平台

DappRadar-BSC

BSC去中心化交易聚合平台

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

Kine Protocol

KINE提供了一个[点对点]的衍生品市场，由链上数字资产支持的流动性池作为交易所内所有交易者的被动对手方。

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

MDEX swap

MDEX.COM 支持BSC、HECO及ETH的去中心化跨鏈交易協議，多次位列CoinMarketCap、CoinGecko的DEX排行榜第一。

MsgSender

MsgSender是采用Trustwallet内核的去中心化多链钱包.

Uniswap (V2)

Uniswap是一个在以太坊上自动交换代币的协议。它于2018年11月2日推出。Uniswap将自己描述为一个简单的智能合约接口，用于交换ERC20代币。它有一个正式的模型来汇集流动性储备。它作为交易者和流动性提供者的开源前端接口，致力于提供免费和去中心化的资产交换。

Uniswap(V3)

在领先的去中心化加密货币交易协议上进行交换、赚取和建立。

Tornado

Tornado Cash 通过打破源地址和目标地址之间的链上链接来提高交易隐私。它使用一个智能合约，接受可以通过不同地址提取的 ETH 存款。为了保护隐私，可以使用中继器提取到没有 ETH 余额的地址。每当新地址提取 ETH 时，都无法将提取与存款联系起来，从而确保完全隐私。

1inch Exchange

1inch是一个DeFi聚合器和一个具有智能路由的去中心化交易所。

Curve Finance

曲线的目的是利用先进的粘合曲线创造深层的链上流动性。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

Balancer

自动化的投资组合管理器和去中心化交易平台

Bancor

Bancor去中心化的交易协议

KyberSwap ETH

KyberSwap ETH 去中心化交易

Loopring swap

Loopring swap 去中心化交易

DYDX期货交易所

dYdX是一家领先的非托管去中心化交易所的开发商，其使命是建立开放、安全和强大的金融产品。dYdX在以太坊上的审计智能合约上运行，在交易时不需要信任中央交易所。该交易所结合了去中心化交易所的安全性和透明度，以及中心化交易所的速度和实用性。

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

DappRadar-ETH

ETH去中心化交易聚合平台

Kine Protocol

KINE提供了一个[点对点]的衍生品市场，由链上数字资产支持的流动性池作为交易所内所有交易者的被动对手方。

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

MDEX swap

MDEX.COM 支持BSC、HECO及ETH的去中心化跨鏈交易協議，多次位列CoinMarketCap、CoinGecko的DEX排行榜第一。

Tokenlon

Tokenlon是基于0x协议的去中心化交易服务平台

QuickSwap

QuickSwap 是一个去中心化交易所 (DEX)，如果你想交易 MATIC，你绝对应该使用它。它是Polygon网络的典型交易所，具有更低的gas成本和更容易交易的优势。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

KyberSwap Polygon

KyberSwap Polygon 去中心化交易平台

DappRadar-Polygon

Polygon去中心化交易聚合平台

ParaSwap-Polygon交易市场

Polygon链上交易市场

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

Matcha-Dex聚合交易在 Ethereum、Binance、Polygon、Avalanche、Celo、Fantom 等平台上进行交易！

Matcha 为您在交易所找到最优惠的价格，并将它们组合成一笔交易。

TraderJoe

Trader Joe是你在Avalanche网络上的一站式去中心化交易平台。

Sushiswap

SushiSwap是一个Uniswap分叉，它的理念是将权力从VC手中剥离，并将其归还给社区。

Hurricane swap

Avalanche 上的第一个跨链流动性 DEX

KyberSwap AVAX

KyberSwap AVAX 去中心化交易

Lydia Swap-AVAX

LydiaSwap-AVAXLydiaSwap-AVAX

Pangolin-AVAX

一个社区驱动的去中心化交易所，用于 Avalanche 和以太坊资产快速结算，低交易费用，和提供支持的民主分配由 Avalanche 。穿山甲带给你寻找和最大化收益的最佳交易机会。

Raydium

Raydium AcceleRaytor是自动化做市商Raydium旗下的IDO平台。平台目前已经成功IDO项目7个，包括近期热门的链游StarAtlas也选择了在Raydium上进行IDO。

Serum Portal

在世界上最快、最强大的去中心化交易所进行交易。

DODO Swap

面向Web3的去中心化交易协议

DappRadar-Sol

Sol去中心化交易聚合平台

Saber

Sabre 是一个面向全球范围的开放式交易和流动性平台,Sabre是在 Solana 上交易资产的自动化做市商。

Orca

Orca是在Solana区块链上兑换加密货币的最简单的地方。在Orca上，你可以比以太坊上的任何DEX更便宜、更快速、更自信地交换代币（感谢我们的公平价格指标）。此外，你可以向交易池提供流动性，以赚取交易费。

Slope

Slope Finance是一个由社区驱动的全栈平台，由建立在Solana之上的DEX、钱包和NFT部门组成，为用户提供极快的速度、几乎为零的交易费用和直观的界面。我们的目标是打造一个

Jswap

去中心化交易协议

Cherry Swap

樱桃交换

Kswap

OKExChain生态去中心化交易所

Pexpay | 币安投资

币安投资全球最安全的C2C交易平台

数字钱包

BSC钱包ETH钱包Polygon钱包Avax钱包Sol钱包OKC钱包钱包工具MetaMask

MetaMask是一款最流行的支持多链的浏览器插件钱包。它允许用户与以太坊生态系统进行交互，该生态系统承载着大量分散的应用程序 (Dapps)，而无需在他们的设备上下载整个区块链。因此，它是最好的以太坊钱包解决方案之一，可轻松访问去中心化交易所 (DEX)、游戏平台和许多其他应用程序。目前已开发手机移动端产品。

Walletconnect

WalletConnect 是一种开放协议，用于在 Dapp 和钱包之间安全地通信。该协议使用中继服务器在两个应用程序和/或设备之间建立远程配对以中继有效负载。这些有效载荷通过两个对等方之间的共享密钥对称加密。配对由显示二维码或带有标准 WalletConnect URI 的深层链接的一个对等方发起，并在对方批准此配对请求时建立。

imToken

imToken 是一款区块链支持多链的数字资产钱包。如以太坊、比特币、Cosmos 等，它能帮助非常简单、安全地管理在区块链上的账户和资产。此外，它还内置 Dapp 浏览器。

Trust wallet

Trust Wallet 是被全球最大加密资产交易所 Binance 收购的，去中心化移动钱包应用程序。Trust Wallet 钱包支持购买、存储数字货币，查看价格、交易等。此外，它还是一个去中心化应用程序（dApp）浏览器，其内置的 dApp 浏览器可与 dApp 建立通信，因此用户可以直接在智能手机或平板电脑上交易加密货币和收藏品。

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Binance Wallet

Binance Wallet是Binance Chain、Binance Smart Chain和Ethereum的加密货币钱包。它是存储、交换和赚取加密货币的一站式网关。它支持Firefox、Chrome和Brave浏览器。

HyperPay

HyperPay是一款四位一体数字资产钱包，创新性融合托管钱包、自管钱包、共管钱包、硬件钱包于一体。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Binance Wallet

Binance Wallet是Binance Chain、Binance Smart Chain和Ethereum的加密货币钱包。它是存储、交换和赚取加密货币的一站式网关。它支持Firefox、Chrome和Brave浏览器。

HyperPay

HyperPay是一款四位一体数字资产钱包，创新性融合托管钱包、自管钱包、共管钱包、硬件钱包于一体。

Myetherwallet

MEW (MyEtherWallet) 是一个免费的客户端界面，可帮助您与以太坊区块链进行交互。我们易于使用的开源平台允许您生成钱包、与智能合约交互等等。

Portis

人们期望通过简单而熟悉的方式来加载和使用应用程序。设置钱包、签署交易和支付 gas 费用对主流用户来说可能是令人生畏的。您的 Dapp（去中心化应用程序）使用标准的 web3.js 方法与 Portis SDK 通信，这意味着它将自动与您现有的代码一起工作。用户无需提前安装任何东西即可使用您的 DApp。使用 Portis，您的 DApp 已经与解决方案捆绑在一起，为他们提供了一种感觉熟悉的简单的浏览器内电子邮件/密码登录方法。

Rainbow

Rainbow 是一种创建以太坊钱包、收集 NFT 和探索 Web3 新世界的有趣、简单且安全的方式。

Argent

Argent 是基于以太坊的移动钱包，可帮助用户轻松管理加密资产和身份，没有助记词、gas 费用或长地址，具备简单、安全和完全分布式等特点。

Ethereum 以太坊钱包

以太坊是社区运营的技术，为加密货币以太坊（ETH）和成千上万的去中心化应用程序提供动力。

Coinbase

Coinbase 钱包支持超过 4,000 种代币和整个世界的去中心化应用程序

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Portis

Wallet-AVAX钱包

Avalanche 钱包是一个简单、安全、非托管的钱包，用于存储 Avalanche 资产。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

MetaMask

Walletconnect

imToken

TokenPocket

TokenPocket是多链数字钱包。

Mathwallet

麦子钱包是一个多平台（移动/桌面/硬件）通用加密钱包。麦子钱包支持存储 50 多个区块链和 3000 多个代币。

Slope

Phantom

Phantom 是用于访问部署在 Solana 区块链上的分布式应用程序的扩展。该扩展程序将一个对象注入到每个网站的 javascript 上下文中，以便分散的应用程序可以与您的钱包进行交互，您也可以与应用程序进行交互。 Phantom 还允许用户创建和管理自己的身份（通过私钥、助记符和 Ledger 等硬件钱包），因此当去中心化应用程序想要执行交易并写入区块链时，用户可以获得一个安全界面来查看交易, 在批准或拒绝之前。因为它为普通浏览器上下文添加了功能，所以 Phantom 需要读取和写入任何网页的权限。安全非常重视，Phantom 代码已经过顶级审计公司的审计。

MetaX

数字货币钱包，DApp 入口，NFT 世界 —— 您想要的应有尽有

MetaMask

Walletconnect

科学家抢币

利用科学工具快速抢币

智能全链导入钱包

右上方点选Connect Wallet 之后，便可以直接将该网络汇入至你的metamask 钱包，一键添加全网智能链到小狐狸钱包，多功能添加工具。链表帮助用户连接到 EVM 供电的网络 Chainlist 是 EVM 网络的列表。用户可以使用这些信息将他们的钱包和 Web3 中间件提供商连接到适当的链 ID 和网络 ID 以连接到正确的链。

GEMIT

钱包检查的化工具，可帮助交易者做出有关他们所做投资的日常决策。只需几个简单的步骤，您就可以快速获取有关您当前盈亏的信息，以及币安智能链上钱包中每个仓位的反射收益。

钱包多对多转账

代币批量归集

代币批量归集工具

代币授权

用于代币授权

Token 合约授权查询

批量生产钱包

批量查询余额

用于批量查询钱包余额

批量发送代币

用于批量发送代币

交易加速/取消工具

用于钱包Mtramask、WalletConnect 交易加速或取消。

Google Authenticator

开启Google的登陆二步验证，用于加密账户登录安全

2、通过教程购买LBTC

闪电比特币（LBTC）是一个去中心化的全球价值互联网传输协议，具体应用包括点对点支付和交易平台等。任何接受LBTC协议的用户都可以几乎免费的使用LBTC来保证交易的实时性以及安全性。
实施了DPoS与链上治理制度的LBTC，使用户得以投票给对网络发展做出建设的议案，也能直接选出适合成为闪电记账节点的代理人（Delegates），使人人都能参与进LBTC生态中，从而解决PoW的中心化问题。

项目亮点

社区自治
链上治理系统将所有用户整合进决策过程中，任何人都可以成为生态的一部份。
迅速
交易能在数秒内完成。
去中心化
用户可票选出101个闪电记账节点，以此将记账权与话语权分离。
几乎免费
根据字节大小交易费用最低可达0.00001LBTC。
可扩展性
DPoS机制以減少节点数量为LBTC带来更高的可扩展性。
安全
整体架构建立在比特币稳定运行了9年的基础之上。

技术概况

1. LBTC是一个互联网价值传输协议
LBTC是一个互联网价值传输协议（Internet of Value Protocol）。所谓价值传输，指在特定协议框架下可以实现的价值表达、传递和信用构建，以及基于此的所有经济金融活动，具体可能包括转账汇款、数字资产互换，法币-数字资产交换、信用背书的数字资产发行与交易、去中心化交易所、交易与承兑网关等一系列具备现实功能与社会效用的应用。
LBTC协议的设计核心是，通过选用适当的技术架构去保证LBTC有足够的能力担当全球互联网价值传输的载体系统。LBTC协议是实现价值传输的基本框架，即一切链上经济行为的母体。因此，我们对LBTC适用的技术架构以及各项内在细节提出了很高的要求，创造10性地建立了基于UTXO的DPoS共识机制，并设计了不可逆转块、时间戳共识、Cache中间件等平衡了这一组合的性能与可靠性，实现了一个比原始比特币更为贴近点对点现金系统设计初衷的协议版本。
2. UTXO模型：最安全的记账方式
在数据层，LBTC沿用了比特币采用的UTXO模型，作为区块链账本记录的基础架构。UTXO 是Unspent Transaction Output （未被花费的交易输出）的缩写，是中本聪最早在比特币交易数据结构设计中采用的技术方案，同时也是比特币协议为世界带来的一项极具创新性的数据结构概念。
UTXO放在比特币协议的数据库中是这样的形式：在链上确认若干笔转账交易目的地指向用户A，并且A尚未花费掉这些交易所指明的资产，所有协议参与者就认可A就拥有这些资产。
相较于UTXO模型，一般人更容易理解账户模型（Account Model）。账户模型是指在数据库中保存账户的ID、所有者标识以及该账户中的资产余额；当发生转账交易时，这些账户的余额会依据交易进行调整变动，形成新的账户-余额的Mapping关系（即对应关系）。而在UTXO模型中，一个账户的余额并不是作为一个数字被储存起来的，而是用占有的UTXO 的总和计算出来的。也就是说，UTXO并没有所谓账户-余额的Mapping关系，它仅仅是一个对所有历史交易的忠实记录，简约但十分强健。
UTXO模型具有以下优点：
UTXO的可靠性
在一个区块结构体中，previousblockhash 和merkleroot是两个最重要的字段，都起到了防止交易信息被篡改的可能性。UTXO 模型的核心思想就是保证已经写入的数据不可变，链式的UTXO 基于这一核心思想，通过哈希指针连接不同交易的输入和输出，保证所有交易的合法性，实现UTXO的可溯源性。
UTXO的一次性
UTXO 模型中的每一笔交易都是由多个交易输入组成的，这些输入其实就是UTXO + 签名。每一个交易输出（Transaction Output）只有两种状态，已花费和未花费。如此确保了每个UTXO仅能被花费一次，抗双花攻击能力极高。
UTXO的隐匿性
对比起账户模型，UTXO更加私密。前文已知，每个UTXO都是“一次性”的。用户要是每笔交易都换一个地址，那么就很难找到其中两个地址的相关性，保证了交易的隐匿性。如果还有需要进一步提高这种隐匿性，亦可以考虑使用环形交易签名对、交易要素混用等技术手段。
UTXO的可并行性
UTXO模型被公认具有潜在的可扩展性，因为UTXO允许交易的并行化处理。当一个交易发送者发送两笔独立的交易时，花费独立的UTXO也可使交易用任意次序处理。这样可以使一个人的资金分离，在保证隐私的同时具有并行处理交易的能力。
比特币的UTXO模型经过了多年较为稳定的运行和测试，性能和安全性都有较大的优势。LBTC作为比特币的分叉币，采用UTXO模型，对于LBTC来说是对其底层技术的一种继承。LBTC采用比特币核心代码为基础进行开发，也是较为谨慎的选择。UTXO的安全性和并行交易特点也将给LBTC带来更高效率的可能。
3. DPoS架构：最高效的共识机制
在共识协议上，LBTC采用了委托权益证明（DPOS）的机制。DPoS是基于POW及POS的基础上，出现的一种新型的保障数字货币网络安全的共识算法。它既能解决POW在挖矿过程中产生的大量能源过耗的问题，也能避免POS权益分配下可能产生的“信任天平”偏颇的问题。那么，DPoS就能顺理成章成为在共识机制3.0中的代表性共识机制。
简单阐述DPoS共识机制，其原理是让每一个持币者进行投票，选出一定数量的持币者代表,或理解为一定数量的代表节点，并由这些代表节点来完成交易验证和区块生产的工作。持币者可以随时通过投票更换这些代表，以维系链上系统的“长久纯洁性”，保证该协议有充分的去中心化程度。
DPOS是目前所有共识协议中最快，最有效，最分散，最灵活的共识模式。DPOS利用利益相关方批准投票的权力以公平和民主的方式解决共识问题。所有网络参数，从简单的交易手续费标准、出块间隔、区块参数到更为复杂的链上治理规则，都可以通过选定的代表进行调整。
DPoS共识机制具有以下优点：
DPos的高效能：
更快的确认速度：以LBTC为例，每个区块的时间固定为3秒，一笔交易（在得到6-10个确认后）大约消耗1分钟，完整的区块生产周期仅需5分钟；每1-2个周期即可以生成作为确认点的不可逆块。而在PoW机制下，以比特币为例，产出一个区块需要约10分钟，而确认一笔交易（得到6个确认）至少需要1小时。
DPoS的低功耗：
DPoS机制将节点数量进一步减少的同时，将节点间的相互关系从竞争改为合作，避免了不必要的算力竞争和互相攻击等无谓的损耗，在保证网络安全的前提下，整个网络的能耗进一步降低，网络运行成本最低。
DPoS的高效治理：
只要利益相关方批准，开发人员可以实施他们认为合适的任何更改。这项政策不仅可以保护开发者，同时它还可以保护利益相关者，并确保没有任何人单方面控制区块链网络或让区块链网络失控。硬分叉如同替换了51%的见证者，因此利益相关者参与的越多，其对应的选举证人越多，那么整个系统的安全性就越高。
4. UTXO+DPoS：惊人的奇妙组合
很多人可能会有一个错误的认知，认为DPoS只适合于账户模型，不能用于UTXO模型。但是实际上UTXO模型是存放记录的一种方式，用于交易存储、组织及验证；DPoS是一种共识算法，用于保证在分布式网络中参与者也可以对交易数据取得一致认识。UTXO和DPoS没有互斥性也没有相关性。
实际上UTXO和DPoS联合会有许多额外的优势。
更高的性能基础：
因为UTXO的分离操作，具有潜在的可并行性。配合DPoS的性能支持，使得LBTC具有极为优秀的性能基础。实际运行结果来看，LBTC可以满足2800TPS运行要求。
更高的安全性：
在DPoS的架构中，节点按照给定的顺序出块，且时间间隔很短。如果使用账户模型，数据库会膨胀的很快，而且极短时间的数据库同步面临网络异常的时候会有许多问题。而采用UTXO模型，不仅可以保持数据库的大小，也可以根据特定算法生成锻造周期表，保持全网节点根据相同数据计算出的锻造周期表是一致的，此时全网节点达成共识。当锻造节点出现宕机、网络分区等情况，全网会根据“事务提交”的原则，以最长链为主链自行切换覆盖，保证一致性。
时间戳共识：
UTXO和DPoS结合的一大难点在于时间戳，DPoS共识基于时间，会严格检查区块时间。全节点系统时间必须设置为和标准时间一样，否则共识一致性会出现问题。而UTXO本身也记录了时间戳的功能，但时间戳并不基于标准时间。在LBTC里将时间戳统一成标准时间协议，以保证区块的正常运行。当存在作恶节点或者时间不同步的区块时，出块被作为异常块处理，出块节点被作为异常节点处理。
数据快照和投票：
在比特币采用的UTXO模型中，并不支持查询地址余额的功能。在比特币中，可以通过全局遍历UTXO数据，实时计算地址余额。实时计算的工作量相当巨大，计算时间以小时为单位，现实中不具备可行性。但是比特币不采用DPoS共识，并不需要节点注册、投票等功能。
而在LBTC系统中，为了DPoS算法的需要，LBTC中新增地址余额计算、节点注册、节点投票新功能。考虑到共识算法的高性能要求、注册节点数目的有限性，把地址余额、节点注册及投票信息保存在内存中，程序退出时，把数据回写磁盘。通过数据库和地址余额、投票信息来链接UTXO记账信息和DPoS共识机制：
注册、投票的信息由比特币底层协议负责传输。
把注册、投票信息保存在内存数据库中。
DPoS共识模块查看注册、投票信息，完成共识。

相关链接：
https://www.qukuaiwang.com.cn/szhb/2429.html###

LBTC快讯

How to buy LBTC coins, how to buy LBTC tutorial answers:

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2. Purchase LBTC through the tutorial< /p>

Lightning Bitcoin (LBTC) is a decentralized global value Internet transmission protocol. Specific applications include peer-to-peer payment and trading platforms. Any user who accepts the LBTC protocol can use LBTC almost free of charge to ensure the real-time and security of transactions.
LBTC, which has implemented the DPoS and on-chain governance system, allows users to vote for proposals that contribute to network development, and can also directly select agents (Delegates) suitable to become lightning accounting nodes, so that everyone can Can participate in the LBTC ecosystem to solve the centralization problem of PoW.

Project Highlights

Community Autonomy
The on-chain governance system integrates all users into the decision-making process, and anyone can become an ecological part of.
Quickly
Transactions can be completed within seconds.
Decentralized
Users can vote for 101 lightning accounting nodes to separate accounting rights from voice rights.
Almost Free
Transaction fees can be as low as 0.00001LBTC depending on byte size.
Scalability
The DPoS mechanism brings higher scalability to LBTC by reducing the number of nodes.
Security
The overall architecture is based on the stable operation of Bitcoin for 9 years.

Technical Overview

1. LBTC is an Internet Value Transmission Protocol
LBTC is an Internet of Value Transmission Protocol (Internet of Value Protocol ). The so-called value transmission refers to the value expression, transfer and credit construction that can be achieved under a specific protocol framework, as well as all economic and financial activities based on this, which may include transfers and remittances, digital asset swaps, legal currency-digital asset exchanges, and credit endorsements. Digital asset issuance and trading, decentralized exchanges, trading and acceptance gateways, and a series of applications with practical functions and social utility.
The core design of the LBTC protocol is to ensure that LBTC has sufficient capabilities to serve as a carrier system for global Internet value transmission by selecting an appropriate technical architecture. The LBTC protocol is the basic framework for value transmission, which is the matrix of all on-chain economic behaviors. Therefore, we have put forward high requirements for the technical architecture and various internal details applicable to LBTC, creatively established a DPoS consensus mechanism based on UTXO, and designed balances such as irreversible blocks, timestamp consensus, and Cache middleware. This combination of performance and reliability enablesA version of the protocol that is closer to the original intent of a peer-to-peer cash system than original Bitcoin.
2. UTXO model: the most secure accounting method
In the data layer, LBTC follows the UTXO model adopted by Bitcoin as the infrastructure for blockchain ledger records. UTXO is the abbreviation of Unspent Transaction Output (Unspent Transaction Output). It is the earliest technical solution adopted by Satoshi Nakamoto in the design of Bitcoin transaction data structure. It is also a highly innovative thing that the Bitcoin protocol has brought to the world. Data structure concept.
UTXO is placed in the database of the Bitcoin protocol in the following form: after it is confirmed on the chain that the destination of several transfer transactions points to user A, and A has not spent the assets specified by these exchanges, all protocol participants will recognize A Just own these assets.
Compared to the UTXO model, it is easier for ordinary people to understand the Account Model. The account model refers to saving the account ID, owner identification, and asset balance in the account in the database; when a transfer transaction occurs, the balances of these accounts will be adjusted and changed based on the transaction, forming a new account-balance Mapping relationship ( That is, the corresponding relationship). In the UTXO model, the balance of an account is not stored as a number, but is calculated using the sum of UTXOs owned. In other words, UTXO does not have the so-called account-balance Mapping relationship. It is just a faithful record of all historical transactions, simple but very powerful.
UTXO model has the following advantages:
UTXO reliability
In a block structure, previousblockhash and merkleroot are the two most important fields, both of which prevent the possibility of transaction information being tampered with. The core idea of the UTXO model is to ensure that the written data is immutable. Based on this core idea, the chained UTXO connects the input and output of different transactions through hash pointers to ensure the legality of all transactions and realize the traceability of UTXO .
UTXO's one-time use
Every transaction in the UTXO model is composed of multiple transaction inputs, and these inputs are actually UTXO + signature. Each transaction output (Transaction Output) has only two states, spent and unspent. This ensures that each UTXO can only be spent once, and is extremely resistant to double-spending attacks.
The anonymity of UTXO
Compared with the account model, UTXO is more private. As already known, each UTXO is "one-time". If the user changes an address for each transaction, it will be difficult to find the correlation between the two addresses, ensuring the anonymity of the transaction. If there is a need to further improve this anonymity, you can also consider using technical means such as ring transaction signature pairs and mixed transaction elements.
Parallelizability of UTXO
The UTXO model is recognized as potentially scalable because UTXO allows for parallel processing of transactions. When a transaction sender sends two independent transactions, spending independent UTXO can also cause the transactions to be processed in any order. This allows for separation of a person’s funds and the ability to process transactions in parallel while maintaining privacy.
Bitcoin’s UTXO model has undergone relatively stable operation and testing for many years, and has great advantages in performance and security. As a fork of Bitcoin, LBTC adopts the UTXO model, which is an inheritance of its underlying technology. LBTC is developed based on the Bitcoin core code, which is also a more prudent choice. The security and parallel transaction characteristics of UTXO will also bring the possibility of higher efficiency to LBTC.
3. DPoS architecture: the most efficient consensus mechanism
In the consensus protocol, LBTC adopts the Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS) mechanism. DPoS is a new consensus algorithm that protects the security of digital currency networks based on POW and POS. It can not only solve the problem of excessive energy consumption caused by POW in the mining process, but also avoid the biased "trust balance" problem that may arise under POS equity distribution. Then, DPoS can naturally become the representative consensus mechanism in Consensus Mechanism 3.0.
A brief explanation of the DPoS consensus mechanism. The principle is to allow each currency holder to vote and elect a certain number of currency holder representatives, or understood as a certain number of representative nodes, and these representative nodes will complete transaction verification and Block production work. Token holders can replace these representatives at any time by voting to maintain the "long-term purity" of the system on the chain and ensure that the protocol is fully decentralized.
DPOS is the fastest, most efficient, most decentralized and most flexible consensus model among all current consensus protocols. DPOS leverages the power of stakeholder approval voting to resolve consensus issues in a fair and democratic manner. All network parameters, from simple transaction fee standards, block intervals, block parameters to more complex on-chain governance rules, can be adjusted by selected representatives.
DPoS consensus mechanism has the following advantages:
High performance of DPoS:
Faster confirmation speed: Taking LBTC as an example, the time of each block is fixed at 3 seconds, and a transaction (after getting 6 -10 confirmations) takes about 1 minute, and the complete block production cycle only takes 5 minutes; irreversible blocks as confirmation points can be generated every 1-2 cycles. Under the PoW mechanism, taking Bitcoin as an example, it takes about 10 minutes to generate a block, and at least 1 hour to confirm a transaction (get 6 confirmations).
Low power consumption of DPoS:
The DPoS mechanism further reduces the number of nodes and at the same time changes the relationship between nodes from competition to cooperation, avoiding unnecessary losses such as unnecessary competition in computing power and mutual attacks. On the premise of ensuring network security, the energy consumption of the entire network is further reduced, and the networkNetwork operating costs are lowest.
Efficient Governance of DPoS:
Developers can implement any changes they see fit as long as stakeholders approve it. This policy not only protects developers, it also protects stakeholders and ensures that no one unilaterally controls the blockchain network or lets the blockchain network get out of control. A hard fork is like replacing 51% of the witnesses. Therefore, the more stakeholders participate, the more corresponding election witnesses, and the higher the security of the entire system.
4. UTXO+DPoS: An amazing and wonderful combination
Many people may have a wrong understanding that DPoS is only suitable for the account model and cannot be used for the UTXO model. But in fact, the UTXO model is a way to store records and is used for transaction storage, organization and verification; DPoS is a consensus algorithm used to ensure that participants in the distributed network can also achieve a consistent understanding of transaction data. UTXO and DPoS are not mutually exclusive or related.
In fact, UTXO and DPoS federation have many additional advantages.
Higher performance basis:
Because of the separation operation of UTXO, it has potential parallelism. Coupled with the performance support of DPoS, LBTC has an extremely excellent performance foundation. Judging from the actual operation results, LBTC can meet the 2800TPS operation requirements.
Higher security:
In the DPoS architecture, nodes produce blocks in a given order, and the time interval is very short. If you use the account model, the database will expand very quickly, and very short-term database synchronization will have many problems when faced with network abnormalities. The UTXO model can not only maintain the size of the database, but also generate a forging periodic table based on a specific algorithm, so that the forging periodic table calculated by the entire network nodes based on the same data is consistent. At this time, the entire network nodes reach a consensus. When the forging node experiences downtime, network partitions, etc., the entire network will automatically switch and cover the longest chain as the main chain based on the principle of "transaction submission" to ensure consistency.
Timestamp consensus:
A major difficulty in combining UTXO and DPoS is timestamp. DPoS consensus is based on time and will strictly check the block time. The full node system time must be set to be the same as the standard time, otherwise there will be problems with consensus consistency. UTXO itself also records the timestamp function, but the timestamp is not based on standard time. Unify timestamps into a standard time protocol in LBTC to ensure the normal operation of blocks. When there is a malicious node or a block with out-of-sync time, the block is treated as an abnormal block and the block-producing node is treated as an abnormal node.
Data Snapshot and Voting:
In the UTXO model adopted by Bitcoin, the function of querying the address balance is not supported. In Bitcoin, address balances can be calculated in real time by globally traversing UTXO data. The workload of real-time calculation is quite huge, and the calculation time is measured in hours, which is not feasible in reality. But Bitcoin does not adopt DPoS consensus andNode registration, voting and other functions are not required.
In the LBTC system, in order to meet the needs of the DPoS algorithm, new functions such as address balance calculation, node registration, and node voting have been added to LBTC. Considering the high-performance requirements of the consensus algorithm and the limited number of registered nodes, the address balance, node registration and voting information are stored in the memory. When the program exits, the data is written back to the disk. The UTXO accounting information and the DPoS consensus mechanism are linked through the database, address balance, and voting information:
Registration and voting information are transmitted by the underlying Bitcoin protocol.
Save registration and voting information in the memory database.
DPoS consensus module checks registration and voting information to complete consensus.