关系数据库与区块链的关系,关系数据库与区块链的区别

关系数据库与区块链的关系是一个热门话题，有许多关键词可以拓展，比如：数据存储、安全性和去中心化。下面就这三个关键词来介绍关系数据库与区块链的关系。

数据存储：关系数据库与区块链都是用于存储数据的，但是它们之间的区别在于关系数据库是一种传统的数据库，它可以将数据存储在中心服务器上，而区块链是一种分布式数据库，它可以将数据存储在多台计算机上，从而提供更高的安全性和可靠性。

安全性：关系数据库的安全性取决于中心服务器的安全性，如果服务器受到攻击，数据就会受到破坏。而区块链的安全性则取决于其分布式结构，它的数据是分布在多台计算机上，即使某台计算机受到攻击，也不会影响其他计算机上的数据。

去中心化：关系数据库是一种中心化的数据库，它的数据都存储在一台中心服务器上，由中心服务器管理。而区块链则是一种去中心化的数据库，它的数据分布在多台计算机上，没有中心服务器，数据的管理由网络中的节点共同完成。

从以上介绍可以看出，关系数据库与区块链的关系主要体现在数据存储、安全性和去中心化方面，它们之间的区别在于关系数据库是一种中心化的数据库，而区块链是一种分布式数据库，它拥有更高的安全性和可靠性。

1. What is the relationship between blockchain and big data storage

The relationship between blockchain and big data storage is as follows:
1. Data security: Blockchain allows data to truly flow "with confidence"
With its trustworthiness, security and non-tamperability, blockchain allows more data to be liberated. Let’s use a typical case to illustrate how blockchain promotes the generation of gene sequencing big data. Blockchain sequencing can use private keys to limit access rights, thereby circumventing legal restrictions on individuals' access to genetic data, and utilize distributed computing resources to complete sequencing services at low cost. The security of blockchain makes sequencing an industrialized solution, enabling global-scale sequencing, thus promoting the massive growth of data.
2. Data openness and sharing: Blockchain ensures data privacy
The government holds a large amount of high-density and high-value data, such as medical data, population data, etc. The openness of government data is a general trend and will have an immeasurable impetus to the development of the entire economy and society. However, the main difficulty and challenge in data openness is how to open data while protecting personal privacy. Blockchain-based data desensitization technology can ensure data privacy and provides a solution for data openness under privacy protection. Data desensitization technology mainly uses encryption algorithms such as hashing. For example, the Enigma system based on blockchain technology can calculate data without accessing the original data, which can protect the privacy of data and eliminate information security issues in data sharing. For example, company employees can safely open access to their salary information and jointly calculate the average salary within the group. Each participant is informed of his relative position within the group but not of the compensation of other members.
Data HASH desensitization processing diagram
3. Data storage: Blockchain is an immutable, full-historical, strongly endorsed database storage technology
Blockchain technology, through the network All nodes in the network participate in calculations and mutually verify the authenticity of their information to reach a consensus across the entire network. It can be said that blockchain technology is a specific database technology. So far, our big data is still in a very basic stage. Trusted blockchain data based on the consensus of the entire network is non-tamperable and full of history, which also enables the quality of the data to gain unprecedented strong trust endorsement. It also brings the development of database into a new era.
4. Data analysis: Blockchain ensures data security
Data analysis is the core of realizing data value. When conducting data analysis, how to effectively protect personal privacy and prevent core data leakage has become the primary consideration. For example, with the popularization of fingerprint data analysis applications and genetic data detection and analysis methods, more and more people are worried that once personal health data is leaked, it may lead to serious consequences. Blockchain technology can prevent such situations through multi-signature private keys, encryption technology, and secure multi-party computing technology. When the data is hashed and placed on the blockchain, useDigital signature technology allows only authorized people to access data. The private key ensures data privacy and can be shared with authorized research institutions. The data is uniformly stored on the decentralized blockchain, and data analysis can be performed without accessing the original data. This can not only protect the privacy of the data, but also safely provide it to global scientific research institutions and doctors for sharing. The basic health database will bring great convenience to solve sudden and difficult diseases in the future.
5. Data circulation: Blockchain protects data-related rights and interests
For individuals or institutions’ valuable data assets, blockchain can be used to register them, and transaction records are recognized and transparent by the entire network. , traceable, clarifying the source, ownership, use rights and circulation path of big data assets, which is of great value to data asset transactions.
On the one hand, blockchain can eliminate the threat of intermediaries copying data and help establish a trustworthy data asset trading environment. Data is a very special commodity, which is essentially different from ordinary commodities. It mainly has characteristics such as unclear ownership and "it is owned after seeing it and copying it". This also determines that the transaction method using traditional commodity intermediaries cannot meet the needs of data. Share, exchange and trade. Because the intermediary center has the conditions and ability to copy and save all the data flowing through it, this is extremely unfair to the data producers. This threat cannot be eliminated by relying on promises alone, and the existence of this threat has also become a huge obstacle to the flow of data. Based on decentralized blockchain, it can eliminate the threat of data copying by intermediary centers and protect the legitimate rights and interests of data owners.
On the other hand, blockchain provides a traceable path and can effectively solve the problem of data verification. The blockchain jointly participates in the calculation and recording of data through multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network, and mutually verifies the validity of their information. It can not only prevent information counterfeiting, but also provide a traceable path. By stringing together the transaction information of each block, a complete list of transaction details is formed. The ins and outs of each transaction are very clear and transparent. In addition, when people have questions about the "value" of a certain block, they can easily review historical transaction records to determine whether the value is correct, and identify whether the value has been tampered with or recorded incorrectly.
Everything is guaranteed on the blockchain, and big data will naturally become more active.
The tokens of crowdfunding projects on the Biying China platform are all developed based on blockchain technology, and relevant information will be recorded on the blockchain.

2. What is the difference between the Internet of Things, blockchain, and big data?

What is the difference between the Internet of Things, blockchain, and big data
In the near future, things will The number of connected devices will explode. It may be hundreds of billions or trillions. If such a huge network is still managed in a centralized networking mode, it will be impossible to invest in the maintenance of the data center infrastructure. Estimated.
In essence, big data is a small branch of the database, so this problem can be attributed to the relationship with the database. numberDatabase is actually a very old research field in software, the Internet world, and the IT world. From the initial file system to the ER model, it later led to the three major achievements of traditional databases that everyone knows: relational model, transaction processing, and query. Optimization, until the rise of the NOSql database after the Internet became popular, database technology continued to develop and change, including semi-structured, text, voice and other unstructured data processing represented by XML, etc.

The relationship between blockchain and database actually seems to be such a relationship. From the evolution of database technology, we can find that it always comes from how to meet new business needs. And then create new technologies for processing these data. For example, from the beginning of the file system, why do we need this model of ER? Because of the development of the financial industry, everyone has further needs for these fast accounting, high-concurrency data writing and access, which has led to The emergence and rapid development of the entity relationship model. Why did the NOSql database appear later? It is because the rapid development of the Internet has put forward higher and updated requirements for databases, so essentially we believe that the entire Internet is a large database.
Things are always evolving. Of course, after we solve the massive real-time data processing problems on the Internet through technologies such as NOSql database and cloud storage, the next problem must come, and that is how to solve it in a large-scale manner. Authenticity and validity of data.
For example, it may be related to our diet. From the issue of food and clothing at the beginning, to the issue of nutritional structure, and then to the food safety issue that everyone is concerned about, the development of the database is actually the same. When we pass the ER entity relationship Model, when the problems of data storage and data access can be well solved through the NOSql database, the next thing everyone should be concerned about and solve must be the issues of authenticity and validity.
So at this stage, these technologies represented by blockchain are definitely a new starting point and new requirements for data that are authentic, valid, unforgeable, and cannot be tampered with compared to the current database. . We can clearly feel that the integration trend of database and blockchain is actually very close and unstoppable, just like the movie and content production direction just mentioned began to develop in the direction of virtual reality and augmented reality; from the perspective of database , Blockchain is a new way of organizing data. We believe that big data and blockchain are two integrated.

3. Analysis of the relationship between distribution and blockchain

We have talked about blockchain technology many times in previous articles, and We also introduced to you which programming development languages ​​are used to realize the realization of the blockchain insight chain technology. Today we will learn together how to analyze and understand the structure of the blockchain from a distributed perspective.

Blockchain is derived from BitcoinThe underlying technology in Bitcoin is used to implement a centerless peer-to-peer cash system. Because there is no central organization involved, Bitcoin organizes transaction data in the form of a blockchain to prevent "double spending" and reach transaction consensus.

Digital assets in the traditional sense, such as game currency, are managed in a centralized manner and can only be transferred in a single system, coordinated by a centralized organization. , usually stored in a database. From a macro perspective, blockchain and database are both used to store data, but the form of data access is different.

The blockchain is essentially a distributed database that is active in different places. The idea of ​​multi-activity in different places was originally to solve the disaster recovery problem of the system. It has been a direction explored in the field of distributed databases for many years, but with little success because multi-activity in different places needs to solve the problem of data conflicts. This problem is actually Not easy to solve. However, the blockchain born in Bitcoin has realized the world's largest remote multi-active database in a completely new way. It is completely open, has no boundaries, supports tens of thousands of nodes and can join and exit at random.

The problem of data conflicts is even more prominent in the blockchain. Each node in the blockchain is a completely peer-to-peer multi-active architecture, and tens of thousands of nodes must reach an agreement. , who should the data be based on? The method used by Bitcoin is POW. Everyone calculates a puzzle. Whoever calculates it first will have the right to keep accounts. In this cycle, the account he keeps shall prevail in the next cycle. Everyone recalculates. Nodes competing for accounting rights decide which Quanlu transactions are packaged into blocks and synchronize the blocks to other nodes. Other nodes still need to verify the transactions in the block based on local data, unlike the master-slave nodes of the database. This is the consensus algorithm in the blockchain. Although POW consumes a lot of computing power, the advantage is that in the process of competing for accounting rights, POW only needs to calculate hashes in its own nodes and does not need to go through network voting for election. The cost of network communication is small, and it is suitable for consensus among large-scale nodes. Shahe Computer Training believes that POW is a complete, simple and crude method in the current public chain and can stand the test, but the problem is that the efficiency is too low.

So PoS and DPoS were developed later. Whoever has more assets will have the right to bookkeeping, or everyone will vote, but this also introduces economic problems. For example, the so-called vote-buying issue is difficult to control. In traditional distributed databases, it is not called a consensus algorithm, but a consistency algorithm, which is essentially the same thing. However, the number of nodes in a distributed database is generally very small, and the network is trustworthy. Usually the nodes are safe and reliable. We can basically trust every node. Even if it fails and does not respond, it will never respond. False response. Therefore, in traditional company distributed data, Raft or Paxos protocols are used to implement this consistency algorithm.

4. What are the differences between distributed databases and blockchains

Blockchain is aShared distributed database technology. Although the one-sentence introduction to blockchain is worded differently in different reports, the following four technical features are consistent.
1. Decentralized: The left side of Figure 1 describes the centralized characteristics of today’s financial system, and the right side describes the emerging decentralized financial system, which has no intermediaries and all nodes. The rights and obligations are equal. If any node stops working, it will not affect the overall operation of the Tongdong system;
2. Trustless: All nodes in the system can conduct transactions without trust, because the database and the entire The operation of the system is open and transparent, and within the rules and time range of the system, nodes cannot deceive each other;
3. Collectively Maintain: The system is jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions. , everyone in the system participates in the maintenance work;
4. Reliable Database: Each node in the system has the latest complete database copy. Modifying the database of a single node is invalid because the system will automatically Compare it with Ku, and consider the same data record that appears the most times to be true.
The blockchains of projects such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and DECENT all have these characteristics.

5. What is the relationship between blockchain and big data?

Blockchain and big data are both hot topics. Many people discuss them together and hope to conflict with more hot

points. Big data has become a huge industry long before the development of blockchain. Although blockchain is in the early stages of the

industry, many technologies and business models are still being explored.

In view of the relative maturity of the big data industry, we use big data as a starting point to study how blockchain technology interfaces with all aspects of the big data

industry.

The big data core industry chain can be roughly divided into the following three parts:

Product part: Including big data software product-related industries such as big data basic software and big data application software.

Data part: including data sources (data collection, data provision), data circulation (data transactions, data sharing

) and other industries directly related to data.

Services: related to big data infrastructure services (data storage, data transmission, data cleaning, data desensitization

, etc.), big data analysis services and big data application services services.

01 Product Section

SoftwareThe combination of products and blockchain should be based on technology. Big data technology and blockchain technology have similarities: they

are distributed architectures.

But they also have obvious differences: the use of distributed technology in big data technology is computing resources - utilizing the computing resources of multiple

machines and will not be used by a single machine Processing tasks are distributed among multiple computers, each

machine. By processing different tasks, it integrates multiple computing resources to form powerful data processing capabilities.

Using distributed technology in blockchain allows multiple entities to trust each other. Each mainframe participates in the operation of the entire blockchain through the computers it controls

. Each computer runs basically the same task, and the entire blockchain

can achieve mutual trust between multiple entities through repeated redundant calculations.

From a technical perspective, big data technology uses trust to exchange computing resources, while blockchain technology uses computing resources to exchange trust. Due to the differences between the two, it is technically difficult to find a suitable collision point between big data and blockchain.

02 Data Part

In the various formats of the data part, the blockchain can find its place.

The chain is of little significance. However, if multiple entities are involved in data collection and data provision, blockchain can

come into its own.

In order to solve the trust problem between multiple entities, each entity broadcasts its own collected data to all consumers

and the hash of that data Values ​​are stored in the blockchain. Based on the hash value on the blockchain, each subject in the blockchain

can verify whether the complete data it received has been tampered with. Blockchain traceability and non-repudiation

make data provided by multiple parties more credible. At the same time, this method also helps maintain the integrity of big data

.

In the data circulation industry, blockchain can play a greater role. In the big data circulation industry, big data itself

is a digital asset. The transaction of digital assets can be realized through the blockchain. Additionally,

decentralized big data transactions implemented on the blockchain can reduce raw data connections. In a decentralized trading platform, only buyers and sellers

have access to raw data; in a centralized trading platform,Data intermediaries that act as transaction hubs often have access to raw

data, which increases data leakage and assets. Risk of Loss.

03 Service Part

In big data services, the service capabilities as digital assets are the same as the concepts of data and assets in data transactions

and Can be traded.

Blockchain can play an important role in the trading of such digital assets. At the same time, there are many new technologies that are constantly changing the blockchain, such as homomorphic encryption. Homomorphic encryption is an important technology that combines blockchain and big data services

. Homomorphic encryption can truly transform data service functions into digital assets without requiring the big data service provider to copy the original data in the service. risk.

6. What is data blockchain (BlockChain)

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin.

It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related data using cryptographic methods. Each data block generated contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(6) Extended reading on relational databases and blockchain

Most public blockchain chains are limited by scalability. The biggest feature of blockchain technology is decentralization, which requires all ledgers in the network to handle the accounting process. Distributed accounting has high security, low misoperation rate, and is also politically neutral and correct.

However, while blockchain technology embraces these characteristics, it sacrifices scalability, cannot meet personalized supervision, and is slightly insufficient in protecting data privacy. Moreover, as the number of ledgers increases, the interaction delay will increase exponentially, which means that the more ledgers in the blockchain network, the higher the latency will be.

7. What is blockchain

[Definition]

Blockchain refers to collective maintenance through decentralization and trustlessness. A technical solution for a reliable database. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system for a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.

Blockchain is a technical solution similar to NoSQL (non-relational database)The general term is not a specific technology, and blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.

The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", written by the self-proclaimed Satoshi Nakamoto ( Satoshi Nakamoto). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

[Popular explanation]

No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.

If we imagine the database as a ledger: for example, Alipay is a typical ledger, and any change in data is accounting. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This also means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.

Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has completely equal rights, the entire system will not be affected by a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. system breakdown. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will think that the same quantity is the mostA large number of ledgers are real ledgers, and a small number of ledgers that are different from others are false ledgers. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world , otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.

8. Big Data and Blockchain

This story still has to start with Bitcoin

Bitcoin, the electronic The cash system is both disintermediated (electronic cash between individuals does not require the intervention of a trusted third-party intermediary) and decentralized (maintained by an institution) (both parties to the transaction can exchange information without establishing a trust relationship). Complete the transaction)

Hash function: Convert an arbitrarily long string into a fixed-length output (the calculation process cannot be too complicated). As long as the input string changes slightly, the output of the hash function will be It will be completely different.

Blockchain: Divide large things into many blocks for storage. As long as one thing is tampered with, the data below will be different and it will be discovered

Uses blockchain (data structure hash function) to ensure that the ledger cannot be tampered with, uses digital signature technology to ensure that only you can use your own account, and uses p2p network and POW consensus mechanism to ensure decentralized operation.

Blockchain is a method that uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access security. A new distributed infrastructure and computer paradigm.

Three elements:

The essence of blockchain is a distributed ledger, a kind of database. The blockchain uses a hash algorithm to ensure that information cannot be tampered with, uses public keys and private keys to identify identities, and collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized and disintermediated manner.

The differences between big data and blockchain are mainly reflected in the following aspects.

(1) Data volume. Blockchain technology is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The amount of data processed by the blockchain is small and has a meticulous processing method. Big data manages massive amounts of data, which requires breadth and quantity, and the processing methods will be rougher.

(2) Structured and unstructured. Blockchain is a block with a rigorously defined structure. The chain composed of pointers is a typical structured data, while big data needs to process more unstructured data.

(3) Independence and integration. In order to ensure security, the blockchain system's information is relatively independent, while the focus of big data is the integrated analysis of information.

(4) Direct and indirect. Blockchain is a distributed ledger, which is essentially a database, while big data refers to in-depth analysis and mining of data, which is a kind of indirect data.

(5)CAP theory. C (Consistency) means consistency, which means that any read operation can always read the result of the previously completed write operation. That is, in a distributed environment, data at multiple points is consistent. A (Availability) refers to availability, which refers to obtaining data quickly and returning operation results within a certain time. P (Tolerance of Network Partition) is partition tolerance, which means that when a network partition occurs (that is, some nodes in the system cannot communicate with other nodes), the separated system can still operate normally. CAP theory tells us that a distributed system cannot meet the three requirements of consistency, availability, and partition tolerance at the same time. It can only meet two of them at the same time. As the saying goes, "You can't have your cake and eat it too." Big data usually chooses to implement AP, and blockchain chooses to implement CP.

(6) Basic network. The underlying infrastructure of big data is usually a computer cluster, while the infrastructure of the blockchain is usually a P2P network.

(7) Source of value. For big data, data is information, and value needs to be extracted from the data. For blockchain, data is an asset and the inheritance of value.

(8) Calculation mode. In the big data scenario, one thing is assigned to multiple people. For example, in the MapRece computing framework, a large task will be decomposed into many subtasks and assigned to many nodes for calculation at the same time. In the blockchain scenario, multiple people are allowed to do one thing repeatedly. For example, many nodes in the P2P network record a transaction at the same time.

9. What is the relationship between blockchain technology and big data

Chongqing Jinwowo analyzes the relationship between blockchain technology and big data as follows:
Blockchain and big data are not closely related. Big data is mainly about managing massive amounts of data, while the core of blockchain is to achieve high security and reliability of data without centralized intermediaries.
So blockchain and big data do not conflict with each other, nor will they replace each other. They are completely different solutions for data in different scenarios.