销毁区块链机制怎么查看数据,销毁区块链机制怎么查看信息

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Ⅰ How to implement query and search on blockchain data

Blockchain is a new application of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. model. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm in the blockchain system that enables different nodes to establish trust and obtain rights and interests.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data mastery. Security of transmission and access, a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that utilizes smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate data.

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of the data layer, network layer, consensus allocation layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer working together to complete the query and search of data.

Ⅱ What is blockchain and how to conduct a blockchain technology patent search

The most popular investment recently is Bitcoin, with everyone from financial tycoons to ordinary people investing in it. Discussing Bitcoin’s surge. Bitcoin is a type of blockchain. I believe there are still many people who don’t know much about blockchain, so today our Bajie Intellectual Property will explain to you in detail what blockchain is? How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? What is blockchain? More than 10,000 years ago, humans began to learn to use shells as an intermediary for exchanging materials, and later developed into currency. With the development of the Internet, the circulation of digital currencies has gradually replaced traditional currencies. Today, people's payment methods have undergone unprecedented changes. The emergence of encrypted electronic currencies such as Bitcoin (BitCoin), Ethereum (Ethereum), and Litecoin (LiteCoin) has further prompted the entire financial system to face up to and start thinking about transformation. However, the reason why encrypted electronic currency can develop without being affected by the traditional financial system is that there is an important technical support behind it; Block Chain. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system. How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? The book "Blockchain Revolution"¹ once mentioned that blockchain is a public database that records all transaction information and can effectively prevent tampering; it is a distributed system that is not stored on a specific server or node, but It is scattered among countless nodes on the network, and each node only retains part of the information; it is a consensus protocol that follows a common mechanism. As the underlying technology behind cryptocurrency, including identity verification, medical recordsRecord keeping, market prediction, asset trading, etc. are gradually being applied by blockchain. To observe the status of patent applications related to global blockchain technology, the author recommends that you refer to the definitions of blockchain, distributed ledger, and smart contract to expand your search conditions, and It is not limited to patents that use the term Block chain. What is blockchain? How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? We have answered this question for you here. If you have more questions about patent inquiries, you can continue to pay attention to Bajie Intellectual Property, or contact us by phone.

Ⅲ How to detect the risk level of blockchain smart contracts

With the acceleration of digital transformation in Shanghai, blockchain technology has been widely used in government affairs, finance, logistics, justice, etc. fields have been deeply applied. During the application process, not only new business forms and business models have been born, but also many security issues have arisen, so security supervision is particularly important. As one of the important means of supervision, security evaluation has become a focus of many blockchain R&D manufacturers and application companies. This article talks about some of our exploration and practice on the blockchain compliance security assessment that everyone is concerned about.
1. Blockchain technology evaluation
Blockchain technology evaluation is generally divided into functional testing, performance testing and security evaluation.
1. Functional testing
Functional testing is a test of the basic functions supported by the underlying blockchain system, with the purpose of measuring the capabilities of the underlying blockchain system.
Blockchain functional testing is mainly based on GB/T 25000.10-2016 "System and Software Quality Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) Part 10: System and Software Quality Model", GB/T 25000.51-2016 "System and Software Quality" Requirements and Evaluation (SQuaRE) Part 51: Quality Requirements and Testing Details for Ready to Use Software Products (RUSP)" and other standards to verify whether the software under test meets the requirements of relevant test standards.
Blockchain function testing specifically includes networking methods and communication, data storage and transmission, encryption module availability, consensus function and fault tolerance, smart contract function, system management stability, chain stability, privacy protection, and interoperability , account and transaction types, private key management solutions, audit management and other modules.
2. Performance testing
Performance testing is a type of test implemented and executed to describe the performance-related characteristics of the test object and evaluate it. Most of them are used in project acceptance evaluation to verify the established Whether the technical indicators are completed.
Blockchain performance testing specifically includes high-concurrency stress test scenarios, peak impact test scenarios, long-term stable operation test scenarios, query test scenarios and other modules.
3. Security Assessment
Blockchain security assessment mainly conducts on account data, cryptography mechanisms, consensus mechanisms, smart contracts, etc.Security testing and evaluation.
The main basis for blockchain security evaluation is "DB31/T 1331-2021 General Requirements for Blockchain Technology Security". You can also refer to standards such as "JR/T 0193-2020 Blockchain Technology Financial Application Assessment Rules" and "JR/T 0184-2020 Financial Distributed Ledger Technology Security Specifications" based on actual testing needs.
Blockchain security assessment specifically includes storage, network, computing, consensus mechanism, cryptography mechanism, timing mechanism, personal information protection, networking mechanism, smart contracts, services and access, etc.
2. Blockchain Compliance Security Assessment
Blockchain compliance security assessment generally includes “Blockchain Information Service Security Assessment”, “Network Security Level Protection Assessment” and “Special Funding Projects” "Acceptance Evaluation" three categories.
1. Blockchain information service security assessment
Blockchain information service security assessment is mainly based on the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" issued by the Cyberspace Administration of China on January 10, 2019 (hereinafter referred to as "Regulations") and refer to the national blockchain standard "Blockchain Information Service Security Specification (Draft for Comments)".
The "Regulations" aim to clarify the information security management responsibilities of blockchain information service providers, standardize and promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and related services, avoid blockchain information service security risks, and provide blockchain Provide effective legal basis for the provision, use and management of information services. Article 9 of the "Regulations" states: Blockchain information service providers that develop and launch new products, new applications, and new functions must report to the national and provincial, autonomous region, and municipality Internet Information Offices for security assessment in accordance with relevant regulations.
The "Blockchain Information Service Security Specification" is a construction and preparation project led by the Institute of Information Engineering of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and jointly participated by Zhejiang University, China Electronics Technology Standardization Institute, Shanghai Information Security Evaluation and Certification Center and other units. National standards for evaluating the security capabilities of blockchain information services. The "Blockchain Information Service Security Specification" stipulates the security requirements that blockchain information service providers of alliance chains and private chains should meet, including security technical requirements and security assurance requirements as well as corresponding test and evaluation methods, and is suitable for guiding blockchain Chain information service security assessment and blockchain information service security construction. The security technical requirements and guarantee requirements framework proposed by the standard are as follows:
Figure 1 Blockchain information service security requirements model
2. Network security level protection evaluation
The main basis for network security level protection evaluation includes "GB/T 22239-2019 Basic Requirements for Network Security Level Protection" and "GB/T 28448-2019 Network Security Level Protection Evaluation Requirements".
As an emerging information technology, the application system built by blockchain is also an object of level protection and needs to be evaluated for level protection in accordance with regulations. General requirements for level protection security evaluation apply to evaluating the infrastructure part of the blockchain, but currentlyThere are no blockchain-specific security requirements. Therefore, the expansion requirements for blockchain security evaluation still need to be further explored and studied.
3. Special fund project acceptance evaluation
According to the relevant regulations of the Municipal Economic and Information Technology Commission, information technology special fund projects are required to issue a safety evaluation report during project acceptance. The acceptance evaluation of blockchain application projects will be carried out in accordance with Shanghai’s latest blockchain local standard "DB31/T 1331-2021 General Requirements for Blockchain Technology Security".
3. Exploration and practice of blockchain security assessment
1. Standard preparation
Shanghai Assessment Center actively participates in the preparation of blockchain standards. Led by the Shanghai Evaluation Center, Suzhou Tongji Blockchain Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai Qiyin Information Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai Moheng Network Technology Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of Telecommunications Science and Technology and other units participated in the preparation of the blockchain local standard " DB31/T 1331-2021 "General Requirements for Blockchain Technology Security" was officially released in December 2021 and will be officially implemented on March 1 this year. The blockchain national standard "Blockchain Information Service Security Specification", which the Shanghai Assessment Center participated in the preparation of, is in the stage of soliciting opinions.
At the same time, the assessment center also participated in the compilation of primary and intermediate textbooks for blockchain engineering technicians organized by the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security and led by Tongji University, and was responsible for compiling the chapter "Testing the Blockchain System".
2. Project Practice
In recent years, the Shanghai Assessment Center has conducted a large number of blockchain security assessment practices based on relevant technical standards, including grade protection assessment, information service security assessment, project security assessment, etc. In the evaluation practice, the main security issues discovered are as follows:
Table 1 Blockchain is mainly a security issue
Serial number
Evaluation items
Problem description
1
Consensus Algorithm
The consensus algorithm uses Kafka or Raft consensus and does not support Byzantine fault tolerance or tolerate malicious node behavior.
2
On-chain data
On-chain sensitive information is not encrypted, and all data on the chain can be accessed through the query interface or blockchain browser.
3
Cryptographic Algorithm
The random numbers used in the cryptographic algorithm do not meet the randomness requirements of GB/T 32915-2016.
4
Node Protection
For the alliance chain, security protection measures failed to be configured for the area where the node server is located.
5
Communication transmission
When communicating between nodes, the blockchain and upper-layer applications, no secure information transmission channel has been established.
6
Consensus Algorithm
The number of nodes deployed in the system is small, and sometimes the number of fault-tolerant nodes required by the consensus algorithm is not even reached.
7
Smart Contract
The operation of the smart contract is not monitored and it is impossible toDiscover and deal with problems that arise during the operation of smart contracts.
8
Services and Access
Upper-layer applications have access control flaws such as unauthorized and unauthorized access, leading to business confusion and data leakage.
9
Smart Contract
Smart contract coding is not standardized. When an error occurs in the smart contract, the smart contract freezing function is not provided.
10
Smart Contract
The running environment of smart contracts is not isolated from the outside, and there is a risk of external attacks.
3. Tool Application
When the evaluation center organized and compiled the "DB31/T 1331-2021 General Requirements for Blockchain Technology Security", it has considered the connection needs with the level protection evaluation. The "infrastructure layer" security in DB31/T 1331 is consistent with the relevant requirements of the secure physical environment, secure communication network, security area boundary, secure computing environment, security management center, etc. of level protection, "protocol layer security", "extension layer" "Security" more reflects the unique security protection requirements of the blockchain.
Based on the relevant security requirements of DB31/T 1331, the assessment center is organizing and compiling extended blockchain assessment requirements. The relevant results will be applied to the network security level protection assessment tool - Assessment Expert. By then, evaluation institutions using the "Evaluation Expert" software will be able to carry out blockchain security evaluations accurately, standardly and efficiently, discover blockchain security risks, and put forward corresponding rectification suggestions

IV Shit Coin has Is there a destruction mechanism? 50% is at Buterin’s address

SHIB coin, also known as shit coin or Shiba Inu coin, also has an interesting nickname, Erdog coin, because it is a number very similar to dogecoin currency.

SHIB is an experiment in decentralized spontaneous community building. The total issuance of SHIB is 1,000 trillion, of which 50% of the total supply has been put into Uniswap, the private key has been lost, and the remaining 50% has been transferred to the Buterin address.

Shib has no destruction mechanism, but after the ecological construction is completed, every time a dog leash is exchanged, the amount of shib used for exchange will be destroyed, so the amount of shib will become less and less. Therefore, the project team believes that shib has a chance to reach $0.1.

This means that users can buy and sell freely in Uniswap. Losing the team's private key means giving up management rights. Because the price of SHIB is very low, some users hold billions or even trillions of SHIB coins.

SHIB is released based on Ethereum. Compared with dogecoin, which can only be used in Twitter, Reddit and other application scenarios, SHIBaSwap is more suitable for use in the Ethereum blockchain ecosystem. However, SHIB's launch time is short and the circulation is insufficient, so it still needs time to test.

IV ETH destruction mechanism whose ETH is destroyed

DestructionThe ones that entered the black hole address, or the ETH that the token issuer did not flow into the market or hold. Token burning (Coin Burning) is to permanently remove tokens from circulation. In other words, the destroyed tokens are equivalent to being permanently frozen and can no longer flow into the market.
Extended information:
1. How to achieve token destruction?
The most common method is to blackhole the token into a black hole address. A black hole address (Eater Address) refers to an address where the private key has been lost or the private key cannot be determined. These addresses are like black holes, they can only go in and out. It is almost impossible for any Token that is entered into a black hole address to be transferred out again. The market has circulated.
As of today, there are about 13.2 BTC in the Bitcoin black hole address mentioned above, and about 7780 ETH in the Ethereum black hole address.
Second, seeing so many coins, are you excited? Someone may ask, can I crack it and "steal" the coins inside?
We know that the private key generates the public key, and the public key generates the address, but the address cannot be deduced from the private key. If you want to "steal", you can only crack it violently, that is, try it one by one with the private key. In the article "How High is the Security of Bitcoin?", Vernacular Blockchain introduced the difficulty of brute force cracking:
In Bitcoins that are "10 to the 37th power" times more than the amount of sand on the earth In the private key set, trying one by one to crack the private key corresponding to a certain address is simply more difficult than finding a needle in a haystack.
This is why as mentioned above, it is almost impossible for any Token to be transferred into the black hole address and then be transferred out to enter the market circulation.
Three, why do we need to destroy tokens? The main reasons are as follows:
1. The project uses the PoB consensus mechanism. PoB (Proof of Burn), the proof-of-burn mechanism, is to prove the user's investment in the network by destroying cryptocurrency, thereby gaining the right to "mine" and verify transactions. The more it is burned (destroyed), the more (virtual) computing power it has.
2. Reduce the circulation, thereby increasing the Token value. The relationship between supply and demand affects prices. When other conditions remain unchanged, when supply decreases, prices will rise. Some projects will reduce the circulation in the market by destroying tokens, thereby adding value to the tokens. For example, Binance and Huobi will regularly destroy a portion of their platform tokens.
In addition, there are other reasons why tokens may be destroyed, such as user misoperation or intentional putting of tokens into a black hole address, or the default Gas burning address of some project smart contracts, etc. .

Ⅵ If Filecoin is destroyed, it can only enter the unfathomable abyss.

If Filecoin is destroyed, it can only enter the unfathomable abyss. The accumulation of currency defenders is wealth

In the Filecoin blockchain browser, we can not only see FilEcoin’s entire network block height, 24-hour output, effective computing power of the entire network, etc. Careful friends can also find the amount of FIL destroyed. According to the blockchain browser, 5411835 FIL has been destroyed so far.

What is token destruction?

Destroying tokens (Coin Burning) refers to permanently removing tokens from circulation. The destroyed tokens are equivalent to being permanently frozen. There is also no access to the market. The most common way to destroy a token is to enter it into a black hole address. A black hole is like an unfathomable abyss that can only be entered and cannot be exited. Once you enter, you can never get out. The black hole address (Eater Address) on the blockchain (Eater Address) is a special address for which no one has mastered the private key so far. It will be almost impossible to achieve in the future because it is the same as a black hole. Just enter a black hole. address, it would be difficult to transfer it for market circulation.

Famous black hole addresses such as:

BTC’s black hole address:

ETH’s black hole address:

The wealth of these addresses is enviable. However, due to the characteristics of cryptocurrency, brute force cracking of the addresses’ private To obtain the key, you need to gather the private keys of Bitcoin. The size of this private key is 10 times the size of sand on the earth. Then, you can try again and again, and the difficulty can be imagined. Therefore, for currency that enters a black hole, we can directly assume that it does not exist.

Filecoin token distribution system, the total supply of 2 billion has not changed, but the specific distribution method Changes have occurred, please check the issuance below carefully:

Miners: 55%, released linearly through block rewards, used to reward maintenance of the blockchain, Run the contract

Miner Reserve: 15%, used by the network to provide incentives to other categories of miners, such as retrieval miners, maintenance miners

Protocol Lab: 10.5%, as a protocol The R&D and operating expenses of the laboratory team are released linearly over 6 years

PL team contributors: 4.5%, mainly referring to the protocol laboratory team and other major contributors

Investors : 10%, allocated to investors participating in private placements and public offerings, released linearly over 6-36 months

Foundation: 5%, asLong-term community construction, network management and other expenses will be released linearly over 6 years

Although the proportion of miners mining It has changed from 70% to 55%, but most of FIL is still the output of miners. During the mining process of Filecoin miners, miners may have problems such as storage failures and consensus failures. If they cannot be repaired in time, they will Being punished, the FILs that are punished by the system are directly destroyed, and these FILs do not belong to official jurisdiction and will not remain in the system.

Under normal circumstances, if the mining machine loses power and network, interruption occurs during data encapsulation, sector failure, early termination of transactions, etc., it will lead to system penalties. Miners will deduct FIL for destruction after system penalties.

In addition, according to the EIP1559 protocol, Filecoin’s message on-chain fee includes two parts, one is the fee paid to the miner who packages the message, and the other is based on The fees directly burned by the protocol mainly include payment on-chain calculations and wide network transaction fees, both parts of which are also directly burned.

As you can see from the Filecoin browser, 1,348,936 messages will be generated within 24 hours. Therefore, the processing cost on the message chain is also high.

The destruction of tokens is a common method to build deflation models. After all, according to the law of conservation of energy, in value Keeping things constant, the less data, the higher the price. So to some extent, it can incentivize holders to continue holding or buying new tokens, thus creating a virtuous cycle.

Now, the Filecoin ecosystem is developing efficiently at a speed visible to the naked eye. As the ecosystem expands and becomes active, the demand for FIL will increase. The bigger. After FIL is fully released, due to the addition of the destruction mechanism, the circulation of FIL will continue to decline in the Filecoin ecological environment, and the demand for FIL will increase. Therefore, the future of FIL will definitely be bright.

Rules of keeping money:

The people who can really make big money in the currency circle are not currency speculators, but currency holders (that is, we currency defenders). The key is whether you have coins in your hands. You can't just look at the current market price fluctuations. What I want to look at is the future value.

There are three basic elements for currency holders in the currency circle:

First, Keep money:

1. When we invest in a project, we must first use our own idle funds to invest, not stud. For example: if the market does not meet expectations and you need money, you can only bear the pain and cut it off, and all the early waiting will be in vain.

2. We must take a long-term perspective and have value beliefs. It is also necessary to learn more about the project founder’s motivations, conceptual consensus, underlying technical strength, implementation of ecological construction, and consensus on future value, etc.

3. Have a good attitude and be calm. In the face of future value, don't care about the short-term rise or fall of the price, but look at whether the price can rise to the price you want in the future. Then look back and think about it, how many coins do you hold?

The second is consensus. How do consensus makers settle?

After countless ups and downs, the ups and downs of the market will wash away many speculators or those who are not determined. Speculators are eliminated in the ups and downs, and the consensus makers are left behind in the end!

Is BTC valuable in the first year? It is worthless. Are there still people who say he is a liar? But after ten years of countless ups and downs, speculators and disbelievers were finally kicked out, and a huge consensus was finally accumulated, so it is valuable!

Was ETH worth anything at the beginning? It is worthless. But the countless ups and downs in the past five years have still kicked out speculators and settled consensus, so it is valuable!

The third is persistence:

I would rather build a platform in five years,

p>

Don’t use 1 year to change 5 projects.

It is better to be slower than steady.

What can be accumulated is wealth,

Don’t be in a hurry to start over!

Small bosses, change projects to earn pocket money,

Great achievers, a good platform can precipitate millions and trillions of wealth!

Ⅶ What is blockchain? If you understand these 9 questions, you will understand

What is blockchain? If you understand these 9 questions, you will understand
What is blockchain? What can blockchain do? How to make money with blockchain? I believe that many netizens are confused when faced with this new term. So how can we better understand blockchain and make this new technology available to us? The author has collected nine very common questions from the Internet. I hope that after reading this article, you will have a clearer understanding of blockchain.

Nearly omnipotent blockchain technology
Simply put, blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Its core is distributed data, and the result is "decentralization." Blockchain technology can be applied to many scenarios in our lives. Next, let’s take a look at the analysis of blockchain technology!
1. Technology is a double-edged sword. While you are still using your mobile phone to play games, others are already using their mobile phones to make money every month! I want to try Jiaerwu Wuyi Wuba Lingyi Lacquer to make your mobile phone no longer a toy!
Just like nuclear energy is a physical technology, blockchain is an underlying technology at a technical level.
Nuclear energy can be used as an atomic bomb or as a nuclear power generator. Similarly, blockchain can be used to manage industries and life elements, which may make society more stable, or it may be used by bad guys as the fastest way to commit crimes. .
2. Talking about technical value apart from the application level is muddying the waters
As the underlying technology, blockchain has its application level and negotiation method. Currently, some people talk about blockchain in terms of business models, some in terms of hardware, and some people talk about blockchain in terms of power distribution. It is gradually becoming clear in the market that blockchain is used in the design of technology combinations and business models, from hardware to software to business model to financial design and many other aspects. But not every blockchain can issue coins, and not every blockchain should issue coins.
3. Technology is decentralized, but the application is not necessarily
Blockchain technology is decentralized, but it can be decentralized or not in upper-layer applications. If it is applied to things, industries and projects that cannot be decentralized, it is not decentralized; if it is applied to things where everyone can participate universally and have equal authority, then it can be decentralized.
Including coins on the blockchain, if a country adopts legal digital currency, the coins on the blockchain can also be centralized. The blockchain that supports the operation of Bitcoin is decentralized, but the alliance chain usually has one or more enterprises as the core control alliance, which becomes centralization.
Technology itself and what kind of business and political ecology the technology can support are completely different things.
4. What kind of people use what kind of tools
As a powerful tool, blockchain is powerful not only because of technology, but also because many talented people have invested in it. field, causing the energy of this technology to be amplified. As for whether the power of blockchain benefits society or cuts leeks? make the world moreIt is possible to experience turmoil and make society more harmonious and beautiful.
On the positive side, more kind-hearted people will come in and reach more consensus, and there will be more legislation, restrictions and norms at the national level, which will ultimately allow us to use this technology to give more people opportunities; on the negative side, In other words, it is possible that more greedy and unethical people will come in to divide the wealth, and it is even possible that people in some countries and regions will use this new technology to commit crimes and terrorism.
5. Blockchain promotes the globalization of civilians
Under the blockchain, the global connection space is closer. The 6-degree space will become 5 degrees or even 4 degrees in the future. Blockchain can inspire The growth of various communities. The globalization of interest groups will become inevitable, and there will be various international communities and summits in the future.
6. Blockchain facilitates co-creation
For example, in the past, the connection between international singers and ordinary people had to go through several barriers, including record companies, agents, sales channels, etc. In the blockchain era, international singers publish their songs under blockchain technology. Everyone has the possibility to become a partner of an international singer, write songs for the international singer, or purchase Tokens to obtain dividend rights from distribution proceeds, etc., and enjoy records. Proceeds from distribution and downloads.
7. Trust will become convenient and low-cost
The combined effect of artificial intelligence, big data and blockchain can resolve disputes at the factual level. The tamper-proof nature of the blockchain allows hundreds or even tens of thousands of machines to maintain the same data and encrypt it. Basic facts will be trustworthy. On this basis, the corresponding contracted and authorized information cannot be changed. Replace manual systems with machines, breaking the loopholes in manual operations, the possibility of cheating and even corruption, so that everyone's information can be confirmed to be authentic and trustworthy.
On this basis, if the trust level of the business system is good, trust between people will be enhanced in the process of implementing the designed system.
8． Interaction leads to creativity, and creativity generates income
Blockchain is a comprehensive ledger. Some exchanges are just ideas and creativity at the moment, but they may be the starting point of a certain cause or even industry in the future. In the previous accounting system, there may not be value. However, under blockchain technology, values ​​that are not yet seen can be recorded. If this leads to products, creative people can benefit. Various human activities may be valuable, creative, and worthy of recording.
Extended from this, a better application of blockchain can record creative related models, introduction of business opportunities, etc., and put valuable things in an ecosystem. Blockchain can create new ones. A cooperative approach.
9. There will be more legal supporting facilities in the future
The world of blockchain is not a disorderly world. Technology will be used by people, and people are rational.
Records can resolve various factual disputes, and can also cause more issues such as authorization rights, patent and creative copyright management, and many other issues. In the future, there will be more supporting laws, which will not only standardize the management of service consumption and life, but also regulateAvoid related risks and problems, avoid and combat crime

Ⅷ Does jasmy have a destruction mechanism?

Yes.
Jasmy is the first Japanese blockchain project approved to be listed on the Japanese Digital Currency Exchange. For the sake of greater convenience for everyone and to improve work efficiency, items that are useless or unrecognized will be destroyed. For this reason An automatic destruction mechanism was created, so it exists.
Jasmy is committed to creating a world that "protects the value of data while allowing everyone to use data freely." And blockchain technology can be used on IoT machines. For example, wearable devices such as computers and smartphones can freely access the Jasmy platform.

Ⅸ What do legal professionals think about the blockchain that everyone is paying attention to?

As a mechanism for allocating social resources, law is determined by the objective requirements of social and economic development and directly affects the economy. the entire process of running. It can simplify the complexity of social relationships, save transaction costs, and help members of society conduct transactions safely, standardized, and orderly.
Blockchain technology is based on the legal framework and makes transaction information more secure and transparent and data more traceable through preset automatically executed smart contracts, greatly reducing the cost of legal execution and showing the mutual complementarity of law and technology. The integration with the economy has gradually made legal constraints and execution more intelligent.
What is blockchain?
Blockchain is an innovative application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies in the Internet era.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It itself is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic correlation. Each data block contains information on the effective confirmation of multiple Bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next zone. piece.
Foreign legal regulations on blockchain
Since blockchain technology itself is still in the exploratory stage and has not been applied on a large scale, only some countries have introduced special legislation for blockchain technology. .
United States
Vermont and Arizona passed bills to clearly define and support blockchain technology for public use. The bill stipulates the usage specifications of blockchain and smart contracts, and also declares all regulations related to the district. Blockchain-related data are “considered to be in electronic format and become electronic records,” which the state recognizes.
UK
"Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain" mentioned that the British federal government will invest in blockchain technology to analyze the potential of blockchain in traditional financial industries.
Singapore
The government supports financial technology companies such as blockchain technology and has launched a regulatory sandbox to provide a more tolerant development environment for blockchain start-ups.
my country’s legal regulations on blockchain
In addition to the above-mentioned policies for the blockchain itself, more international policies are aimed at virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.The currency has introduced a series of regulatory regulations.
In our country, in addition to policies for the trading and financing of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, the government has also issued many policy regulations for blockchain.
On December 27, 2016, blockchain technology was included in the State Council’s “Notice on Issuing the National Informatization Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan”. At the same time, the State Council also issued a document "my country's Blockchain Industry is Expected to Lead the World" to support the healthy development of blockchain.
The "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Actively Promoting Supply Chain Innovation and Application" mentioned that research and use of emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence will be conducted to establish a credit evaluation mechanism based on the supply chain. Promote the organic docking of various supply chain platforms and strengthen the disclosure and sharing of information such as credit ratings, credit records, risk warnings, illegal and untrustworthy behaviors.
The legal risks of blockchain technology in the eyes of lawyers
As a distributed system, blockchain is an innovative application in the field of technology. Judging from the current exploration results, its technical concept can provide various benefits to various industries. Industry development brings huge changes.
However, since the law has not yet issued clear industry standards and applicable specifications for blockchain, there will still be issues such as national supervision and legal regulation in the future.
Taking Bitcoin as a typical digital currency as an example, the first thing it faces is regulatory issues. Digital currencies such as Bitcoin developed based on blockchain technology are logically decentralized and opposed to centralized supervision.
Secondly, the application of blockchain technology also has to face huge risks. Still taking Bitcoin as an example, loss, theft, attacks, speculation, money laundering and various disturbances, doubts and incidents have always accompanied the development of Bitcoin.
The widespread application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts define commitments in the form of digital coding. The two parties to the transaction do not need to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code.
However, the form of smart contracts and the effectiveness of their contents have not been officially recognized by law and justice. It is not yet clear whether the contract text embodied in the form of digital encoding can constitute the requirements for a valid contract. Whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be admitted in the judicial process.
Due to its decentralized nature, blockchain technology’s own rules will inevitably conflict and contradict with social rules and national legal rules. It is precisely conflicts and contradictions, risks and problems that can inspire more Motivation and imagination, including social, national and individual motivation and imagination.
Virtual currencies developed based on the application of blockchain technology have posed huge challenges to the legal currencies and financial systems of various countries during their transactions, and have caused investment risks and even social problems.

Ⅹ Explain blockchain in vernacular

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Recently, various ICO financial scams have been blocked in China, but this does not hinder the vigorous development of blockchain technology. After all, technology is innocent and can bring benefits to people. As for how to use it, it depends on people to operate it. If the operation is good, you can recommend development. If the operation is not good, it is like the major ICO projects. Find some knowledge for Internet celebrities to conduct so-called illegal fund-raising and financial fraud.

After talking for a long time, what is blockchain? When it comes to blockchain, the first thing that comes to mind for many people is Bitcoin. We need to solve a problem. Bitcoin is a blockchain, but blockchain is not Bitcoin. Simply put, blockchain is distributed ledger technology (DLT), not a token. It has many characteristics, such as decentralization, traceability, and difficulty in tampering.

(1) Blockchain is a distributed database

First of all, this is a decentralized distributed architecture system. Therefore, having only one central server or node is not called a blockchain. For example, if you go to Taobao to buy a mobile phone, you and the seller are strangers and have no basis for trust. If you give the money to the seller first, the seller may block you by not delivering the goods, and then your mobile phone money will be gone. If the seller ships first, do you pay? It is possible that you do not pay the seller after receiving the goods, and one party may lose money anyway. At this time, a third-party guarantee is needed to solve the trust problem. Just like Alipay now, you give money to Alipay and the seller will deliver the goods. When you receive the goods, the seller will receive the money.

The above example is a centralized system because all guarantee work is handled by Bora, a third-party payment company. Suppose one day Alipay wants to tamper with data, neither buyers nor sellers can do anything because all authority is in the hands of one company.

At this time, a distributed database is needed. This third party is no longer Alipay, but thousands of monitors. When you buy a mobile phone on Taobao, you will shout to everyone that I am going to XXX to buy a mobile phone, and I paid XXX yuan. The other person will yell like everyone else. I collected XXX’s mobile phone bill and sent it over. In this way, everyone knows about this transaction and everyone is recording this transaction, so it is useless if one or two nodes have problems or malicious behavior, because most nodes have recorded this matter.

(B) Blockchain uses encryption technology to ensure data security

There are two important points here: 1. Crypto-enabled hash function 2. Asymmetric encryption.

If you are interested in specific concepts, you can go online, but people without basic knowledge may not be able to understand it, because these two points are too professional. In fact, if you only know the use of blockchain, you don’t need to have an in-depth understanding of it. It is also a technical concept. All you need to know is that blockchain relies on these technical points to ensure data security and is not easily tampered with. Of course, many people say that these two points can guarantee 100% non-tampering. I want to be a little conservative here. As an author who works in the security industry, I have always been skeptical about 100% security, so it may be more appropriate to call it difficult to be tampered with.

Let me briefly introduce these two concepts and try to explain them clearly in plain English.

1. Cryptographic Hash Function

This is mainly used to verify the integrity of information. For example, I sent a message to the company leader saying that I was sick on Friday and needed to take a day off. At this time, a hash value will be generated based on the message I sent, such as: 123456. At this point, when the leader receives this message, a hash value is also generated. Because the content of the message I sent has not changed (it has not been tampered with), the hash value remains unchanged, still: 123456. This is if someone wants to tamper with this news and get sick on Friday and need to take a year off. At this time, the hash value will change, such as: 123489. That's when we learned our information had been tampered with.

2. Asymmetric encryption

It is mainly used for information encryption and authentication. It is actually two keys, one is called the public key and the other is called the private key. Public key encryption, private key decryption.

A public key is a key that everyone has. You own it, I own it. We can all encrypt with this key, but when decrypting it must be decrypted with my private key. If you don't have my private key, you can't decrypt it.

(C) The blockchain uses a consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data.

The role of the consensus algorithm is to enable all nodes to reach a consensus on the new block. In other words, everyone must approve the new block.

For a centralized deployment system, this is simple, everything is controlled by the center, but in the distributed system of the blockchain, it is very complicated. For example, there are three nodes. A said he bought a mobile phone from XXX store and paid for it, B said he didn’t pay, and C said he didn’t pay enough. Then who do you listen to? What's more, blockchain technology is not as simple as three nodes, but a huge distributed system.

This is when a solution is needed. There is a corresponding problem in computer science called the "Byzantine Universal Problem" or "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" (BFT). This question was raised not because of Bitcoin, but because of a special background.

Early aircraft had three independent control systems. Why do we need three independent control systems? For example, in an emergency, there is a plane opposite. How to judge whether you should hide? If there is only one system, there is no choice, which is equivalent to centralized deployment. If the system breaks, you're dead. What if one of the two systems breaks? The good ones are said to hide, and the bad ones are said not to hide. The computer cannot judge the final result. Therefore, three independent systems are needed to support it, and the probability of two total failures is still very small. But this only takes into account injuries. What should I do if there is a malicious system? Is three enough? The answer is no, we need four systems to maintain consensus.

The use of blockchain is similar, because it is supported by a huge number of nodes, and each node is an independent system without interfering with each other. We can assume that the number of failed nodes and malicious nodes is limited, so it will not cause abnormal consistency of data.

Related questions and answers: What is blockchain? What is the use?

Blockchain is a new computing paradigm and distributed infrastructure that uses fast chain data structures, distributed node consensus algorithms, and cryptography methods.and smart contracts based on automated script code to produce, verify, store and transmit data. It can also be said that blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can provide a decentralized trust mechanism in a non-trust environment, allowing multi-party participants to conduct secure and trust-based transactions without intermediaries.

The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize decentralized credit-based transactions in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration provide solutions to the common problems of high cost, low efficiency and insecure data storage in centralized institutions.

The fields of use of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. It has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.

Related Q&A: Can you explain to me what a blockchain is in an easy-to-understand way?

Er Gazi is my friend since we were young, and we were naked in Hegou together. Later, I came to the city to study and work, and lived a life as a drifter in the north; he farmed at home and did some small business, and now he has a son and a daughter, and his life is safe. He envied my so-called "seen the world", and I envied his simple life without the pressure of mortgage loans. We have completely different and mutually enviable lives??

That day, Gazi came to me on WeChat and asked "District" What is a blockchain?" I was stunned for a moment, how could this idiot care about such an avant-garde word? I pretended to be calm and prepared to talk about the technical principles bit by bit, but I could see the confused expression of that idiot through the screen of my mobile phone. How to explain "what is blockchain" to people who have a little bit of Internet concepts and technical foundation? This seems to be a very thorny problem??

The village commissary interprets the core of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

The core essence of blockchain is "decentralization", and almost all operating modes of blockchain operate around the concept of "decentralization". Once you understand what "decentralization" is, you can basically explain the question "what is a blockchain?" For Erga, of course, he must perform a version that he can understand.

“I said, Gazi, are you still open that canteen at the east end of the village?” Gazi answered yes. I decided to use this canteen as an example to explain the actual use of blockchain in modern business and financial models. Scenario, so that he can better understand what blockchain is.

"Are there still many villagers who take credit now? By the end of the year, some of the accounts cannot be remembered clearly, and there are still many defaulters or those who refuse to accept their accounts?" At this point, Ergazi got emotional and kept complaining. Nowadays, people's hearts are not as old as before, and business is difficult to do!

"In the past, the operation model of your canteen was a typical centralized one. You granted credit to the villagers and allowed them to take accounts on credit. All accounting was done directly through you and our villagers. You were the center of all accounting affairs." Ergazi said I understand, let me continue.

I said: "If you die one day, thenAll accounts have become dead debts? It is estimated that it will be difficult to get back the IOUs written in black and white, let alone those who remember the accounts verbally. However, the decentralization of the blockchain can solve this problem very well. As long as the earth still exists, then the blockchain will remember that every account will exist forever." Erga became more energetic after hearing this.

The essence of the blockchain is "decentralization"

"The The essence is decentralization. Once someone takes credit from you, all the neighbors in the village will help you keep accounts. Because there are many nodes for accounting, it is neither easy to make mistakes nor others can refuse to pay, so everyone reaches a consensus. If someone maliciously fails to repay the debt, the whole village will know his character, and no one will be willing to have financial dealings with him in the future??"

Speaking of this, Gazi was obviously a little excited. It seemed that he was I was really worried about the credit issue. Seeing that Gazi was interested, I also felt a small sense of accomplishment and continued: "Of course, the above is just an analogy. In fact, the blockchain does not really allow villagers to get paper. The pen helps you keep accounts, but it is done through the Internet and computer networking. "

At this time, Gazi was a little confused and asked: "Then what others bought from me, wouldn't everyone in the village know it? Then who would buy things from me? There is really no privacy at all. And you don’t have time to keep accounts here. Last year’s accounts are said to be this year’s. What if you keep procrastinating? "

"Okay, Gazi, your question is on point. "It seems that Gazi is not stupid at all, and he is very shrewd in doing business. I continued to explain: "So, the recording and transmission of this information are all done through encryption. What you see is a picture of numbers and English. String, and each account has a timestamp to record the time of occurrence, which cannot be relied on. "

Gazi had another question: "Is it possible that the people who owe the debt have a good relationship with the villagers, and they join forces to tamper with the accounting? Then you won’t be able to explain clearly at that time??”

“Gazi, that’s all you have, haha. "I understood Gazi's concerns and continued to explain: "The mechanism of the blockchain requires more than 51% of people to agree to tamper with a bill. Everyone has a degree of closeness and distance between them, and it is impossible for everyone to favor the same person. If it were a computer, more than half of the computers on the entire network would need to recalculate. This project would be so huge that it would be almost impossible to complete??"

In this way, through the actual situation of the canteen and combined with some scenes in life, Gazi understood What is in the blockchain: decentralization, distributed accounting, consensus mechanism, encryption mechanism, timestamp, and the characteristics of being difficult to tamper with.

Ergazi was silent for a moment, seeming to be digesting the example I just gave him. I don’t know how much he can understand the example. Not long after, he sent me a voice message on WeChat: “What does blockchain mean? In the past, when I bought goods online and paid, I had to go through Jack Ma’s house. If there is a blockchain, can we directly trade with the seller? Anyway, the accounting is very safe. "

"Okay, Gazi, it's really clear at first glance. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger data cloud. Of course, according to your understandingSolution is also possible. "I'm very happy that Gazi can roughly appreciate the true charm of the blockchain. Fortunately, my words have not been in vain.

What is Bitcoin? (Picture quoted from the Internet)

"Then Bitcoin What is this thing again? What does it have to do with blockchain? "Gazi asked.

I thought about it briefly and decided to continue to explain to Gazi with the story of the canteen: "In your canteen, the villagers can't keep accounts for you for free all day long. Do you have to carry some during the holidays? This is the reward mechanism of the blockchain, and everyone who participates in bookkeeping may receive rewards. "

"Then what are the rewards based on? There has to be a rule, right? "Gazi asked very puzzled.

I explained: "Zhang San went to your store to borrow a pack of cigarettes on credit, but Li Si knew about it first and kept an account for you first, and then others knew about it. Keep accounts, then Li Si can get a small red flower as a reward ~ This small red flower is generated by the blockchain system and has no value in itself, so you do not need to pay any cost for this small red flower??"< p>“Can Bitcoin be spent as money? How is it different from the banknotes we usually spend? "Gazi continued to ask.

"Bitcoin is a digital encrypted virtual currency. In principle, it has no value itself like our banknotes. However, banknotes have a credit guarantee from the state, so they have value. Bitcoin is the value formed by consensus among Bitcoin network users, and it has tradable properties, so it can be used to carry value. "What is said here is a bit profound. I don't know if Gazi can understand it.

I continued to explain: "Banknotes can be printed infinitely. If more are printed, inflation will occur. When we were young, popsicles worth 1 cent were very good. , now you can’t eat with 1 yuan. Of course, there are many factors that affect inflation. The number of Bitcoins is fixed, and there is no possibility of unlimited over-issuance. However, different people have different judgments on their value, and coupled with the influence of supply and demand and investor sentiment, their prices are always fluctuating. ”

What is the difference between Bitcoin price fluctuations and stocks?

“So is speculating in Bitcoin just like speculating in stocks? Can you understand it this way? "Gazi seems to know a lot.

"In fact, there are some similarities, but there are also big differences. "I continued Gazi's topic: "The price of stocks always fluctuates around the valuation of companies, and there is government supervision in the stock market. Bitcoin itself has no value. It is priced entirely based on supply and demand and player valuations. It grows wildly without any government supervision. Therefore, it may have higher risks and higher returns than stocks. "

In the end, Gazi revealed the real purpose of today. He asked me: "Can I invest in blockchain projects? ”

Gazi is a typical example of those who don’t go to the Three Treasures Hall for anything. Although there is a large circle of people who are involved in both blockchain and Bitcoin, in fact, what he really cares about is “blockchain project investment” Is it reliable? "As soon as these words came out, I was extremely shocked. Now the so-called blockchain investment projects have actually reached 46%.First-tier cities and small towns!

Up to now, there are only three situations in investing in blockchain: mining, currency speculation, and so-called blockchain projects.

Mining and currency speculation are still the main lines of the blockchain (pictures quoted from the Internet)

The so-called mining is to obtain returns by purchasing mining equipment such as mining machines, mining virtual currencies, and then selling them for cash. . You can install the mining machine yourself, or you can find a mining pool to host it, but the core keys to profitability are "computing power" and "power consumption" as well as investment in equipment. With the sharp drop in the price of virtual currencies and the increase in mining difficulty, the current mining returns of many currencies are very unsatisfactory. Mining is obviously something only a very small number of investors who understand technology can do well, and my childhood friend Gazi obviously can’t do it.

As for "coin speculation", I have just introduced some differences between Bitcoin and stocks in the previous section. In principle, although they are both "buy low and sell high" operations, they are very different. Ordinary investors cannot determine the value of a virtual currency itself. The price is determined entirely by the relationship between supply and demand, which is somewhat similar to what we often call "market makers." On the other hand, the virtual currency trading market is extremely unstandardized, and fraud and hacker attacks often occur. The risk factor is much greater than investing in stocks. For the safety of my friends' funds, I am one of the ten thousand people who disagree with me and come to "speculate in coins"!

The "September Fourth Movement" stipulated that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal

In fact, in my opinion, most of the so-called investment projects in the market are essentially "illegal fund-raising" and "pyramid schemes." Some so-called blockchain investment projects attract investors into the circle through various packaging and inflammatory rhetoric, and then create the illusion of profitability by building a software and hardware ecosystem of issuing new coins + mining + currency speculation, and then finally run away. Our country's laws clearly stipulate that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal.

Illegal pyramid schemes now wear the cloak of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

And how to identify some pyramid schemes under the guise of blockchain? In fact, these pyramid schemes are also so-called Ponzi schemes, what we people often call "empty gloves." These so-called "direct sales" or "marketing" activities often have no actual products to circulate, and rely more on developing "downline" to ensure top-level profits. With the rise of the concept of blockchain, this MLM model has shown an intensification trend, and it even deceives people under the banner of state support for new technologies.

When Gazi asked, “Can blockchain projects be invested in?”, I realized the seriousness of the problem. Gazi is a typical young man from a small town, and his pursuit is his wife and children. But when faced with the attraction of "wealth", people often do inappropriate things. Mining and currency speculation are simply not suitable for him, let alone blockchain investment projects that are most likely "illegal financing" or "illegal pyramid schemes"!

I quickly dialed Gazi’s phone number and conducted the above analysis carefully??