区块链节点如何找到节点的位置,区块链节点如何找到节点数据
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❶ The nodes in the blockchain network include
The nodes in the blockchain network include mobile phones, mining machines, servers, etc.
Nodes refer to computers in the blockchain network. Blockchains are participated by a large number of individuals or family users. Each individual or family is a node of the blockchain.
Blockchain is composed of small blocks. Everyone who forms a block node does not know each other, but they trust each other because they also have a common purpose, which is to obtain the rewards of the mechanism.
❷ Teach you step by step how to build a Bitcoin satellite receiving node
Original text: https://hackernoon.com/building-your-own-bitcoin-satellite-node-6061d3c93e7
The Bitcoin blockchain is actually a ledger, so all transaction information needs to be included in the ledger to reflect the ownership of each Bitcoin. The ledger needs to be broadcast to each other between nodes to achieve the purpose of distributed backup ledger, which is a key feature of Bitcoin. Currently, node broadcasting relies almost entirely on the Internet, which brings potential "single point of failure" problems to Bitcoin and reduces the robustness and security of the entire network.
For example, failure of submarine optical cables or targeted network outages affected by policies may lead to widespread network disconnection, thereby affecting the synchronization of Bitcoin nodes in the region and damaging the availability of Bitcoin.
The emergence of synchronized satellites has reduced Bitcoin's dependence on the Internet, allowing node synchronization to be completed by receiving satellite signals. Only a satellite antenna and a receiver are needed to receive block data from the satellite and keep the nodes synchronized. At the same time, this also reduces the cost of running nodes. In some underdeveloped areas, network connection costs are high. Using satellites to synchronize block data can save network fees, giving more people the opportunity to run nodes, thereby increasing the coverage of Bitcoin. Rate.
There are masters abroad who have made their own satellite receiving nodes. This article organizes them into a brief tutorial for your reference.
First adjust the height of the tripod.
Then connect the satellite dish to the tripod and adjust the orientation and height.
Then install the tuner to the tuner bracket.
If all goes well, your satellite dish should look like this.
Use the F-adapter to connect the SDR to the tuner power supply, then use a coaxial cable to connect the tuner to the power supply as well. Before connecting, you need to confirm that the power supply matches the SDR, otherwise the wrong power supply will damage the SDR.
Blockstream provides pre-built binaries for the required software.
After opening the "Terminal", enter
and press Enter to enter the password. The password was set during installation. Then you can see the list to be updated, enter y and press Enter.
After the upgrade is completed, restart.
In "Terminal", enter
After pressing Enter, the screen will appear Is this ok [y/N], enter y and press Enter.
After completion, clone Blockstream Satellite's Github library to your local computer and create a project.
First create a satellite receiver and enter the following command:
After installation, start cloning the Github repository
Go to the folder you just cloned
br />
Now that we have prepared all the software required for the gr-framer GNUradio module, let’s startRun the installation script:
Enter password
Create gr-framers
Congratulations, you have installed gr-framers GNUradio!
Now start executing the Blockstream GNUradio installation script:
Create the Blockstream module
The Blockstream module is now installed.
We need to set PYTHONPATH and LD_LIBRARY_PATH to make the receiver work properly:
At this point, all settings for GNUradio have been completed!
Install related software:
Install FIBRE related software
Now, clone the FIBRE library:
Then go to the cloned folder:< br />
Start creating:
Now create FIBRE
(You can add -jn here to speed up compilation, where n is the number of cpu cores. If you are For a quad-core processor, enter the command make -j4)
Creation completed
/> After completion, start the installation:
FIBRE is installed
FIBRE is installed! You can now start synchronization, or copy over already synchronized nodes.
At this point, you have prepared the preliminary work, now start aligning the satellite dish.
Blockstream currently has 5 satellites, determine which one covers your area.
Can be found on the Blockstram official website:
This article chooses the Galaxy 18 satellite.
The official website also has an alignment tool. You can enter your address or latitude and longitude, and it will tell you how to adjust the height, orientation and polarity of the antenna. Here is the alignment tool .
In order to get a rough visual orientation of Galaxy 18, I used the SatellitePointer App.
Make sure there are no buildings, trees, or other obstructions within 30 degrees of your line of sight. The ideal line of sight looks like this:
The better the line of sight, the better the signal you will receive.
Once you have determined the location of the satellite dish, you can start setting the azimuth and altitude.
Signal quality is closely related to altitude angle, so the more accurate the altitude angle adjustment, the better.
When you feel that the height has been adjusted, you can start setting the position of the tuner.
Setting the polarity of the tuner is a bit difficult. I used the SatellitePointer app to help with setup. I put the top edge of the phone close to the flat edge of the bottom of the tuner (the red line in the picture), and then looked at the instructions in the App:
Although the tuner also has an angle device, I think the App is more convenient. convenient.
Before starting the receiver, you need to determine the frequency of the satellite and enter it into the rx_gui.py file. We have already talked about how to query the frequency in the previous tutorial. The frequency of the Galaxy 18 satellite I am using is 12022.85 MHz.
To calculate the frequency to input into rx_gui.py, subtract the LO frequency of your tuner from the satellite frequency. The tuner LO frequency used in this article is 10750 MHz, so the final result is 1272.85 MHz.
Need to convert MHz to Hz, the final result is 1272850000 Hz.
Now you can write the frequency and gain (just set it to 40) to a file and run it.
The rx_gui.py file is in the satellite/grc folder of the Blockstream library.
When you run rx_gui.py, a window will pop up. We need to use the FLL In tab.
The graphic display fluctuates greatly and refreshes quickly. To solve this problem, you can set the average parameter to 15.
Slowly rotate the satellite dish left and right and observe the changes in FLL In. I also used the previous app to help find my bearings.
If you are successful, you will see a graph like the one below.
Now you need to adjust the orientation (left and right), height (up and down) and polarity of the tuner to make the signal better. You will end up with a graph like the one below.
To confirm that your signal is good, you can go to the Abs PMF Out tab and see if there are any peaks.
You can also go to Costas Sym Out tab to see the scatter plot.
Finally, the "Terminal" will display:
Congratulations! You successfully aligned the satellite dish!
Enter the command:
You can see whether the block was successfully received in the debug.log file. If you see the following information:
Then it's successful!
Now, you can disconnect from the Internet and try to receive the block via satellite only.
❸ One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, We have to study the brief history of blockchain technology development starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.
Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.
As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!
Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.
Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.
It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.
The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.
Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:
1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.
2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency in my pocket www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html It didn’t take eight rounds, and it ran into their pockets.
4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.
5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.
There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash
Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.
Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:
Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.
Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.
Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.
Suppose that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses, but the blockchainThe rules are based on time stamp accounting. It turns out that B owes A 10 yuan at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D change the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m. That would be inconsistent with the rules of the game.
In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins
China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.
Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 21. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain
In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.
1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem
In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.
This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.
In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.
Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.
In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.
2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology
In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. couple, computer center directorsLeonard Bosak and Santi Lerner, director of the School of Business's Computer Center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed in the Internet's communication lines to help data accurately and quickly flow from one end of the Internet to the other. Reach the other end of thousands of kilometers.
In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.
When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.
3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion
The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.
Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.
4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis
Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.
Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.
In GnutellIn a distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally equivalent, serving as both a client and a server. Therefore, Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network architecture.
In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.
5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)
The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.
This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.
The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.
Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.
2. The birth and technical core of blockchain
The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.
On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.
The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.
In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain - the open source software of the Bitcoin system - on the SourceForge website. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million Bitcoins. A week later, Nakamoto Satoshi sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.
It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.
1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application
As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.
2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network
Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.
However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.
The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.
3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network
Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?
The vivid metaphor is that the blockchain program gives miners(Player) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown out at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be Right side up. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.
From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.
When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.
From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.
4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin
From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .
Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.
Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.
Tokens or Tokens: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as "Token" or "Token" Token".
ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. Such a currency issuance process It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.
Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.
3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet
1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.
We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.
2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.
It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.
In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.
The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. This shows that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert isThe B/S (C/S) structure was born in 1990. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.
3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom
The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.
If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.
Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.
So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.
This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.
4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model
We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.
Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.
Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, use the software on the device toThe software maps personal data and functional space on the giant's central server, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.
The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.
Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.
4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet
1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.
2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.
3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.
4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.
5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.
6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.
❹ What does blockchain node mean?
Blockchain node means a smart device connected to the blockchain network. It can be called a node, but This node may play different roles depending on the characteristics of the device. This is a great feature of distributed networks, and the more nodes there are on the entire blockchain network, it means that the blockchain network is more widely distributed, more stable and more secure. Nodes include mobile phones, mining machines, servers, etc. operateA node can be an ordinary wallet user, a miner, or a mining pool user who collaborates with multiple people. ”
[Extended information]
A node is a server in a region. In the Internet area, all the running data of an enterprise is in one server, then this server is a node.
Just like what we use every day WeChat handles so many chat messages, transfers, etc. every day. The storage and operation of these data are all in Tencent's company's servers. So this server that processes data can be called a "node". Let's talk about blockchain In the world, everyone already knows that blockchain is a decentralized distributed database. It does not rely on any centralized server. It is composed of thousands of "small servers". As long as we download a blockchain Client, we become one of the thousands of "little servers".
In this way, if we want to play with the blockchain, we ourselves are equivalent to a node.
Nodes are also divided into light nodes and full nodes. A full node is a node that owns all the transaction data of the entire network, and a light node is a node that only owns transaction data related to itself. And the more and more widely the nodes are distributed, the more the blockchain network will The more decentralized the network is, the safer and more stable the network operation will be. For example, there are 16 million LinkChain users now, which means that there are also many ChainChain nodes now. Friends who want to play with blockchain can try it now Try Lianxin. Lianxin is a good blockchain application.
The existence of nodes is a representation of the distributed nature of the blockchain and is also the charm of the blockchain.
The blockchain is a distributed system, a system There are many nodes in it. You can simply understand these nodes as computers or servers connected through the Internet. And depending on the nature of the blockchain, the ways to become a node are also different. Of course, the definition of a node is also different. For In theory, for a public chain like Bitcoin, you download the complete blockchain, participate in transactions and mining, and you are considered a node.
However, in today's Bitcoin, miners, full nodes, and lightweight nodes , or even ordinary users, may be called nodes in different contexts. But in any case, Bitcoin’s system is not so much “the blockchain will automatically update when you connect to the network”, but rather that you want to mine. Or for transactions (and you don’t trust other people’s verification results), you must update the entire blockchain. This is not an automatic obligation, but a voluntary matter.
❺ Blockchain Technology What are the nodes on
Nodes are where blocks are connected, and blocks need to be linked to be useful.
The core analysis:
1. Transparency, 2. Openness , 3. Information cannot be tampered with, 4. Decentralization,
5. Detailed analysis.
Blockchain is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. Mode. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
1. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order,
and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable. and an unforgeable distributed ledger.
2. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. A new distributed infrastructure and computing method that securely uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and manipulate data.
❻ What is blockchain mining and what does it do? A detailed introduction to blockchain and virtual currency
When Bitcoin was first released, people discovered that it was decentralized and not It is controlled by any center; it is completely open, except for the encryption of transaction information, the entire system information is highly transparent, and the technology is open source; security, as long as you cannot control %51 of all nodes, you cannot modify the data arbitrarily, which makes it relatively safe ; Independence, the entire model and Bitcoin do not rely on any third party, all nodes verify and exchange data within the system without any intervention
Here we explain in detail what blockchain technology is, to put it bluntly It’s block + chain, so what is “block”? What is a "chain" again?
A block is a ledger. Transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction, and at the same time Can jointly testify for it
Each block contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, the corresponding timestamp, and the transaction data (usually a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm) represents), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. The distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties, and can permanently verify this transaction.
The function of the hash function h(): convert a string of any length into a fixed-length (for example, 256 bits) output. The output is also called a hash value. This output is irreversible
It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x) = h(y), that is, two different inputs, There will be different output. Theoretically, two different inputs may have different outputs, but this is almost impossible. For example, if an infinite space is mapped to a finite space, there must be a many-to-one situation. The theory exists, but there are no rules. It is guaranteed that you cannot find this result through any mathematical inference. Why is it 256 bits here? Isn't it longer? Because 256 bits are secure enough.
Split the ledger into blocks. For example, a piece of paper in a book is a block. Each block records transactions within a period of time, such as 10 minutes.
We compare each piece of paper to a block, and add a part of content on each block. We call it the block header, which records the hash value of the parent block, and stores the parent area through each block. The hash value of the block, connect all the blocks smoothly to form a blockchain
Record the hash value of block 1 to the block header of block 2, and do this for each block The block headers record the hash value of the parent block, and each block is linked in order. This is called a blockchain. The first block has no block header and is also called the genesis block
The blockchain is a ledger. Only when transactions occur in the ledger will the money in your account increase. If you need to make a transaction, you first need an account number and password. Just like your bank card has an account number and password, others can make a transfer to you. The account password on the block ledger is the public key and private key
Lao Wang (who already has a private key and a public key) wants to transfer 10 BTC to Zhang, which requires some operations
It is proved that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer signature function Sign (Lao Wang’s private key + Transfer information: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) = signature of this special account
The verification is that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer verification function Verify (Lao Wang’s address + Transfer details: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) + Signature of this transfer) = true
Once the transfer is recorded in the block, no one can change it. Zhang San will increase it by 10 BTC, and Lao Wang will decrease it by 10 BTC accordingly. The entire operation is automatic, such as your wallet The app will help you do this. The app knows your private key, you tell the wallet the transaction content, the wallet signature is announced to the entire network, and it waits for others to verify the transaction
Centralized accounting The efficiency will be higher. Banks, governments or Alipay will keep accounts for you, which is very reliable, because they can't touch your money unless they have your private key
There are some disadvantages in centralized accounting< /p>
In decentralization, everyone can keep accounts, and everyone can keep a complete ledger. Anyone can download open source programs, participate in Bitcoin's p2p network, monitor transactions sent from all over the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting. Suppose Xiaoyi releases a transaction and broadcasts it to the entire network, and accounting node A listens. When this transaction arrives, A verifies that the transaction bit is true and puts it into the transaction pool to continue spreading to other nodes. Because it is spread through the network, the transaction pools of different accounting nodes are not necessarily the same at the same time. Every 10 minutes, from all accounting nodes Among the nodes, select one according to a certain method. After verifying that the transaction of this node is true, then compare the transaction records in the transaction pool of this selected node with the transaction records in the transaction pool of your own (A) node. The comparison is completed. After that, the accounting section that has been selected in your trading pool will beClick to delete the recorded transaction, and continue accounting without doing anything else, waiting for the next selection. Every 10 minutes is a cycle. During this 10 minutes, all accounting nodes will record accounts normally, and after 10 minutes, a node will be selected to trade it. The transaction in the pool is regarded as a new block. This block comes from the transaction pool of one accounting node I randomly selected among all the accounting nodes, and this cycle continues
The transaction is not completed after being recorded. , only when the transaction becomes a certain block, the transaction is truly completed. This is a complete accounting process of decentralization. Your transaction will not be recorded immediately because the p2p network propagation takes time. If the node of the selected block has not received your transaction, the transaction will be not done. A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within 10 minutes can be recorded. 10 minutes is just an average value
Due to the characteristics of decentralized accounting, accounting nodes with accounting rights will receive a 50BTC reward every ten minutes, which is about the same for every 210,000 blocks. In 4 years, the reward is halved. Bitcoin has been halved twice since its issuance. Then a new block is generated every ten minutes. The reward for this accounting node is 10.5 BTC. If it is halved every 4 years, the total number of BTC can be calculated. The amount is approximately 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040. Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin. When BTC is mined, the only income that the accounting node can obtain is the transaction fee
Accounting nodes compete for accounting rights through questions,
Find a certain random number that makes the equation invalid
SHA256 hash function (random number + parent block hash value + Transactions in the transaction pool) A certain specified value)
There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining, so the accounting node that solves this problem is also called mining. It’s called a miner. The faster you traverse random numbers, the greater the possibility of getting the accounting rights. This traversal speed is called computing power by mine bosses. In order to obtain this computing power, mine bosses will Purchase more mining machines with higher computing power
Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights. Accounting node A is the first to find the solution, which is announced to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, node A obtains the block, gains 12.5 BTC, and restarts a new round of calculation after the new block. This method is called (POW) allocating accounting rights
It usually takes about 10 minutes to solve this random number. 10 is not absolute, because the process of solving this problem is a process of luck. In response to changes in computing power in the future, Bitcoin will increase or decrease the difficulty every 2016 blocks, about two weeks, so that the average block generation time is ten minutes
Each block contains the previous blockThe encrypted hash, corresponding timestamp and transaction data (usually represented by a hash value calculated by the Merkle tree algorithm), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. The distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties, and can permanently verify this transaction.
Different from traditional stored data, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Each node of the blockchain stores independently and has equal status. Relying on The consensus mechanism ensures storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through a central node.
Mahjong is a traditional Chinese blockchain project. A group of four miners work together. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded.
Many people say that blockchain is a scam and Bitcoin is a scam. This may be a scam, but this technology has been widely recognized and applied. The cryptography knowledge involved in blockchain can only be used by ordinary people. Even if you don’t understand it, the most important thing is to look at the problem from a relatively rational perspective. Don’t let the wind be the rain.
There is something incredible about this technology. It maintains absolute order without a center or supervision. This is the trust that only needs to be established by everyone’s consensus. Bitcoin created this consensus. In the blockchain In the world everyone is fair and equal.
❼ How does a blockchain node find its peer node when it goes online?
My humble opinion: There should be a public address, and everyone (including new members) accesses this address. You can obtain the address information of all nodes. Similarly, p2p transmissions such as Thunder downloads and BT downloads are also inseparable from a public address to store the address information of all nodes.
