区块链技术对未来生活的影响,区块链对未来发展的作用

1. Blockchain technology and applications: a technological revolution in the future

Blockchain technology originated from "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer" proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto "Electronic Cash System", where "block" means that each information block contains a timestamp, and the information blocks containing timestamps are connected to each other, forming a chain of information blocks, which is the "blockchain".

Blockchain is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized and trustless manner. From a data perspective, blockchain is a distributed database in which a single node or multiple nodes cannot intentionally change data records. Its distribution is reflected in the distributed storage and distributed recording of data. From a technical perspective, blockchain technology is an emerging technological achievement resulting from the integration of multiple technologies. After the development and improvement of a combination of multiple technologies, it forms a more efficient way of recording, storing and expressing data.

"Science China" is an authoritative scientific brand of the China Association for Science and Technology, which collaborates with all parties in society to use information technology to spread science.

This article is produced by Popular Science China Fusion Creation. Please indicate the source when reprinting.

2. What is blockchain technology? What impact may blockchain technology have on our lives?

Blockchain technology has not yet had a major impact on our lives, but The future impact is estimated to be great

3. Blockchain Graduation Project Proposal

Background of the project research:

With the development of modern technology and information industry At this stage of development, the fourth industrial revolution is beginning to take shape. The world is about to enter a technological era with new technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence as the core. At the same time, blockchain technology has emerged as the times require and has become the focus of many international governments and industries. Hotspot object. Blockchain technology has been regarded as the core technology with the greatest potential to trigger the fifth round of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology. In the past 10 years, with the strong support of the government and policies, the development situation of my country's philanthropy has been relatively optimistic. However, as the scale of charity continues to develop and expand, my country's public welfare undertakings have gradually revealed some shortcomings. The biggest problems existing in traditional public welfare undertakings are insufficient credibility, imperfect internal management of charitable organizations, and high costs. However, many Internet public welfare service companies are currently actively using the new technology of blockchain to solve this problem. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, information traceability and non-tampering, openness and transparency, and smart contracts. It can make up for the shortcomings of traditional public welfare undertakings such as opaque information and low management efficiency. Blockchain technology will enter public welfare undertakings and will Bring new development opportunities to the charity industry.

The main content of the research: This topic mainly includes the following three aspects:

[if !supportLists] 1. [endif] Combination of blockchain technology and public welfare Problems that arise and solved.

[if !supportLists] 2. [endif] Make a public welfare query webpage based on blockchain technology

[if !supportLists] 3. [endif] The query system Application issues and explanations

Purpose of the research:

As the scale of my country’s public welfare continues to develop and expand, our shortcomings have also been exposed, including lack of credibility, and charitable organizations There is a lack of management, and the use of blockchain technology can solve this problem. This technology will track and store data and behaviors throughout the donation process, realize the complete disclosure of the public welfare chain, enable donors to effectively supervise, avoid shortcomings such as low efficiency and clear fund flows, control risks for public welfare projects, and improve Credibility and transparency of public welfare projects promote the development and progress of public welfare projects and enhance trust between people. According to the attributes and characteristics of the blockchain system, public welfare enterprises can implement full-cycle tracking, evidence storage and auditing of data and behaviors in the public welfare process, so that all parties involved in public welfare projects can conduct full-process tracking and effective supervision of the project, avoiding Due to the shortcomings of artificially reducing efficiency in public welfare, it provides a rational method for public welfare projects to control risks and judge effects, improve the transparency of public welfare undertakings, and promote the development of public welfare.

Significance of the project research: This project intends to develop an open and transparent system for tracking public welfare donations based on blockchain technology and combined with the actual development of public welfare undertakings in my country. Through in-depth analysis of blockchain technology and charity business, we found that blockchain technology has natural advantages in solving the problem of public welfare transparency. Blockchain technology can be understood as a distributed accounting method that can record all transaction information and ensure that it cannot be tampered with. This determines that wherever justice, fairness, and integrity are required, blockchain has great technology. Room to play. At the same time, the addition of smart contracts directly solves the business problem of earmarked funds.

Eventually, trust between citizens will be enhanced, donation channels will be accelerated, and the development of social donations will be promoted

2. Literature review (current status and development of relevant research at home and abroad Trend)

[if !supportLists] (1) [endif] Current status of foreign blockchain-related industries

China and Europe are gradually occupying the world in blockchain industry policies, and the EU is The European Blockchain Observation Forum has been established in February 2018. Its main responsibilities include: policy determination, industry-university-research linkage, cross-border BaaS

(Blockchain as a Service) service construction, and standard open source formulationetc., the group invested 5 million euros in Horizon2020 as a blockchain research and development fund (before December 19, 2018), and it is expected that investment in blockchain will reach 340 million euros within three years (2018-2020). In the United States, due to different policies among states, although blockchain is still a craze among American start-ups, the promotion of industrial policy has been slow. The Middle East, led by Di Pai, is leading the trend of blockchain. The government is taking the lead and enterprises are cooperating to explore new technology applications of blockchain. Japan and South Korea are also relatively active in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan is dominated by NTT and the government provides support. South Korea uses finance as an entry point to explore blockchain applications. Isism is also a constant threat to all areas of Chinese society. A comprehensive review of the development status of new media culture in major foreign developed countries, summarizing experiences, and drawing lessons have certain implications for the development of new media culture in China.

[if !supportLists] (2) [endif] Current status of domestic new media research

The State Council of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", Blockchain New technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and machine deep learning have become the focus of the country’s layout. The People's Bank of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Information Technology in China's Financial Industry", which clearly proposed to actively promote research on the application of new technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, and organize pilot projects for national digital currencies. In October 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "White Paper on China's Blockchain Technology and Application Development", which is the first official guidance document for blockchain.

Governments across the country, especially in coastal areas, have established blockchain experimental sites and research institutes. At present, the governments of Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Guiyang and other places are actively establishing blockchain development zones and providing special support policies. China Guangzhou officially released 10 Guangzhou blockchain strategies in December 2017 to create a blockchain enterprise technology innovation zone in Huangpu District and Development Zone. In March 2018, the Shenzhen Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission issued the "Notice of the Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission on Organizing and Implementing the Second Batch of Support Plan for the New Generation Information Technology and Information Security Transformation of Shenzhen's Strategic Emerging Industries in 2018". The district Blockchain is on the list of support directions. This is the fifth local government in China to introduce support policies for blockchain after Guangzhou, Guiyang, and Gehangzhou.

(3) Current status of blockchain in the open source field

Hyperledger (Hyperledger)

Hyperledger (Hyperledger) is developed by the Linux Foundation Launched in 2015, the open source project promotes blockchain digital technology and transaction verification, attracting investors including IBM, Intel, Fujitsu, UPS, and Cisco., Huawei, Redhat, Oracle, Samsung, Tencent Cloud, Internet Finance and many other companies participate. Currently, there are more than 200 member units. Bran Behlendorf, founder of the Aache Foundation, serves as the executive director of the ledger project.

The goal of the Hyperledger project is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet user cases from many different industries and simplify business processes. Process Ledger has multiple blockchain platform projects, including the Fabric project contributed by BIM, the Sawtooth project contributed by Intel, and Iroha, Burrow, Indy, etc.

The development status of blockchain in the field of standards

ITU-T

ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Standardization Organization) from 2016 to 2017 At the beginning of the year, SG16 (Study Group), SG17 and SG20 respectively launched research on the overall needs and security of distributed ledgers to attract applications in the Internet of Things. Established three focus groups (Focus Group on Distributed Ledger (FG DLT), Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FG DPM), and Focus Group on Fiat Digital Currency (FG DFC)), focusing on blockchain and distributed ledger respectively. Technology application and service research, establishing a trustworthy Internet of Things and smart city data management framework based on blockchain, and carrying out standardization work on blockchain applications based on digital currency. Huawei serves as the chairman of the Architecture Group of the Focus Group on Distributed Ledger (FG DLT) and the Blockchain Group of the Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FGDPM).

Two committees of CCSA (China Communications Standards Association) have established subgroups and projects respectively:

CCSA TC10 (Internet of Things Technical Working Committee) Established in October 2017, the Internet of Things Blockchain Subgroup: Responsible for the application research and standardization of blockchain technology in the Internet of Things and its covered areas such as smart cities, Internet of Vehicles, edge computing, Internet of Things big data, Internet of Things industry applications, logistics and intelligent manufacturing, and is led by China China Unicom technical experts serve as team leaders, and Huawei technical experts serve as deputy team leaders.

The Blockchain and Big Data Working Group under CCSA TC1 (Internet and Application Technology Working Committee) completed two blockchain industry standards: "Blockchain: Part 1 Overall Technical Requirements for Blockchain ” and “Blockchain: Part 2 Evaluation Indicators and Evaluation Methods”, in which Huawei actively participated.

JPEG

During the 78th JPEG Conference in February 2018, the JPEG Committee organized a special session on blockchain and distributed ledger technology and their impact on the JPEG standard. Meeting. Taking into account the potential impact of technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledgers on future multimedia, the committee decided to establish an ad hoc group to explore use cases and standardization needs related to blockchain technology in a multimedia environment, with a focus on imaging and multimedia applications. standardization work.

IETF

The "Decentralized Internet Infrastructure ProposedRG

(Research Group) was established at the IETF99 meeting in June 2017, planning to study the blockchain architecture. and corresponding standards. In 2018, IETF will likely pay more attention to the implementation and development of blockchain interconnection standards on blockchain.



3. Proposed research methods (programs, technical routes, etc.) and feasibility studies

This topic mainly studies the application of blockchain technology to charitable donations. Research methods adopted:

1. Use literature methods to collect relevant theories, use information retrieval, screening and other methods to collect literature materials and related theories, understand the current situation of blockchain technology, and master blockchain decentralization technology.
< br /> 2. Use a method that combines theory and practice to combine the technology with public welfare. Complete the improvement of the system.

3. Use the method of comparative analysis to learn from two domestic and foreign Discuss the current development status of new media operations, as well as existing problems in the development of new media operation models in my country, and look forward to the development prospects of this technology field.

Feasibility demonstration:

1. Technical feasibility, the research goals involved in this topic, already have considerable theoretical foundations at home and abroad. Through literature survey, we can learn about actual, reliable and useful information data, and the actual requirements are not difficult.

2. Economic feasibility. The research on this topic can be accessed through the Internet and libraries. It is convenient and feasible and does not require a lot of economic consumption. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it is completely feasible.

3. Operational feasibility. This topic requires the combination of blockchain technology and public welfare, especially the tracing of applications in these aspects. A comprehensive analysis of the system of the graduation project on this topic can be achieved through the review of existing literature. Study and study the existing information documents, use the data you collected, organize and analyze, apply what you have learned, and complete this project completely. From the perspective of operability, it is completely feasible.

4. Expected results (or expected results)

1. Through research on data, clarify the blockchainTechnology-related concepts, proficient use of dapp, and production of web pages.

2. Through distributed applications, creating a system that allows the public to quickly browse and understand the public welfare process will increase convenience for the further development of my country's public welfare undertakings.

3. I hope that I can continue to learn and make progress from the process of writing this paper. Being able to master the relevant knowledge of blockchain will be helpful to your future career.

4. The future development prospects of blockchain will profoundly affect three aspects

It is still unknown how much technological impact blockchain will bring to the human world, but industry, academia and research generally believe that, So far we have only seen the tip of the iceberg of the potential value of blockchain! Blockchain technology will not only change technology and reshape industries, but will also shake the existing order, traditional rules and value systems of human society. As blockchain technology gradually matures, it is foreseeable that blockchain will show the following development trends.

Zero-knowledge proof

Blockchain is very transparent in nature. Any node running in the blockchain network can view and download all data stored in the ledger. Blockchain combines zero-knowledge proof technology to allow users and businesses to use private data to execute smart contracts without revealing specific data content.

Artificial Intelligence

Blockchain can serve as the foundation for decentralized markets and a coordination platform for various artificial intelligence components, including data, algorithms, and computing power. This could lead to new levels of innovation and use of artificial intelligence. Blockchain will also make such decisions more transparent, explainable and trustworthy. Since all data on the blockchain is public, artificial intelligence will become the basis for providing anti-counterfeiting and privacy protection.

Internet of Things

Blockchain can add a layer of accountability and security to IoT data, becoming the future driver of IoT efficiency, scalability and standardization By. For example, in healthcare, blockchain-enabled IoT devices will allow patients to control access to the data collected by these devices. This technology will make devices more resistant to cyberattacks and provide a detailed record of when another party accessed data. In supply chains, blockchain-based systems, powered by smart contracts, can automate payments based on specific conditions measured by IoT sensors.

The arrival of the blockchain era has revealed the future development trends of various industries, and the increasingly mature technology of blockchain has gradually entered a period of expansion. I believe that in the near future, it will definitely produce greater economic benefits for society.

5. What is the future prospect of blockchain

Looking forward to the innovative development and technological changes of blockchain technology, we need to maintain a prudent, objective, rational and pragmatic attitude. Neither can we take it for granted that blockchain can be applied to all financial scenarios because of its revolutionary and disruptive nature; nor can we take it for granted that the current technology is immature and lacks industry standard consensus.If there are no constraints, we will stop moving forward.

Blockchain can effectively solve the pain points and problems in complex scenarios with long business chains, many participants, and severe information asymmetry in the traditional financial field, but it is not suitable for some unilateral and high-frequency financial businesses. .

Therefore, the development of blockchain technology is not to completely replace the existing Internet underlying protocols and financial infrastructure, but to selectively develop in parallel according to applicable conditions, while constantly solving the inherent problems that exist in the initial stage. In the process of natural technological defects, we are facing the picture of social evolution brought about by technological change.

As the underlying technology of future financial technology, blockchain has strong strategic significance. In terms of future exploration of financial technology, the domestic financial industry should strengthen top-level design, accelerate the development, practice and application of blockchain technology, actively participate in international cooperation in blockchain finance and the creation of international blockchain alliances and standards, in order to strive for international The commanding heights of financial strategy, enhance my country's financial core competitiveness, and enable finance to better serve the real economy.

Difficulties in the development of blockchain

Blockchain technology is still in the early stages of development, and its application in various industries, especially the financial field, has not yet been fully realized. There are many problems and difficulties.

First of all, there is a lack of unified technical standards. The underlying technology of blockchain is immature and not yet unified, and most platforms still lack performance and security.

Secondly, there is a lack of reliable cases in practice. Although the current largest blockchain application, Bitcoin, has a maximum market capitalization of over US$300 billion, further testing of blockchain technology is needed if it is to carry large-scale transactions worth trillions of US dollars per day.

Thirdly, the replacement cost of the platform is relatively high. For traditional financial institutions, the investment cost of infrastructure for blockchain technology application is too high, and the risk of migrating original business to a new platform is relatively high, so institutions are not very willing to start over.

Finally, there is a lack of talent resources. The market lacks cross-border talents who understand both finance and blockchain, and domestic blockchain technology reserves and innovations as well as the development of related industries require a large number of comprehensive talents.

6. The future of blockchain is a major trend

Blockchain uses P2P technology, cryptography and consensus algorithms and other technologies, and has the characteristics of data non-tampering, collective system maintenance and information disclosure. Transparency and other properties. Blockchain provides a mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in an untrusted environment, and is the cornerstone of building the future value Internet.

Trend 1: The application of blockchain industry is accelerating, penetrating and spreading from digital currency to non-financial fields

As a universal technology, blockchain technology has expanded from digital currency to non-financial fields. Accelerate penetration into other fields and integrate innovatively with all walks of life. We believe that future blockchain applications will be driven by two camps. On the one hand, the IT camp starts with information sharing and focuses on establishing credit at low cost, gradually covering areas such as digital assets. On the other hand, the cryptocurrency camp started from currency and gradually moved towards asset management and certificate depository.Advance in the field and spread to credit reporting and general information sharing applications.

Trend 2: Enterprise application is the main battlefield of blockchain, and alliance chain/private chain will become the mainstream direction

At present, the actual application of enterprises is concentrated in the field of digital currency, which belongs to virtual economy. We believe that future blockchain applications will move from virtual reality to reality. More traditional enterprises will use blockchain technology to reduce costs, improve collaboration efficiency, and stimulate the growth of the real economy. This will be the main battlefield for blockchain applications in the future.

Unlike public chains, in enterprise-level applications, everyone pays more attention to the management and control, regulatory compliance, performance, security and other factors of blockchain. Therefore, we believe that strong management blockchain deployment models such as alliance chains and private chains are more suitable for enterprises to use in application implementation, and are the mainstream technology direction for enterprise-level applications.

Trend 3: Applications have spawned diversified technical solutions, and blockchain performance will continue to be optimized

In the future, blockchain applications will develop from single to multiple directions. Different applications such as billing, payment, insurance, and supply chain will be highly differentiated in multiple dimensions such as real-time, high concurrency, latency, and throughput. This will lead to a diverse range of technological solutions. We believe that blockchain technology is far from finalized and will continue to evolve in the future. There is room for efficiency improvement in technical aspects such as consensus algorithms, service sharding, processing methods, and organizational forms.

Trend 4: Blockchain and cloud computing are increasingly integrated, and BaaS is expected to become a public trust infrastructure

Cloud computing is the general trend. We believe that the combination of blockchain and cloud is also an inevitable trend. There are two models for the combination of blockchain and cloud, one is blockchain on the cloud, and the other is blockchain in the cloud. The latter one, namely BaaS, Blockchain-as-a-Service, refers to the cloud service provider directly providing blockchain as a service to users. In the future, cloud service companies will increasingly integrate blockchain technology into the cloud computing ecological environment. By providing BaaS functions, they can effectively reduce the deployment cost of enterprise application blockchain and lower the initial threshold for innovation and entrepreneurship.

Trend 5: Blockchain security issues are becoming increasingly prominent, and security protection requires overall technical and management considerations

From a mathematical perspective, the blockchain system is almost perfect. It has the advantages of openness and transparency, difficulty in tampering, reliable encryption, and resistance to DDoS attacks. However, from an engineering perspective, its security is still restricted by infrastructure, system design, operation management, privacy protection, and technology update iterations.about. In the future, we need to consider the overall situation in terms of technology and management, and strengthen basic research and overall protection to ensure application security.

Trend 6: The cross-chain demand for blockchain is increasing, and the importance of interconnection is highlighted

With the deepening of blockchain applications, payment and settlement, logistics traceability, medical records Enterprises or industries in areas such as identity verification and identity verification will establish their own blockchain systems. We believe that cross-chain collaboration and interoperability among these numerous blockchain systems is an inevitable trend in the future. It can be said that cross-chain technology is the key to blockchain realizing the Internet of Value, and the interconnection of blockchains will become an increasingly important issue.

Trend 7: Blockchain competition is becoming increasingly fierce, and patent competition has become an important area of ​​competition

As the number of participating entities increases, blockchain competition will become increasingly fierce. Competition is all-round, including technology, models, patents and other dimensions. We believe that in the future, companies will strengthen their layout in blockchain patents. Since 2014, the number of blockchain patent applications has exploded. Blockchain patents are mainly distributed in the United States in North America, the United Kingdom in Europe, and China and South Korea in Asia. This pattern will be maintained in the future. The patent gap between China and the United States is narrowing, and China’s number of applications in 2016 has surpassed that of the United States. It is foreseeable that the competition for blockchain patents will become increasingly fierce in the future.

Trend 8: Blockchain investment continues to be popular, and the cumulative risks of the token crowdfunding model deserve attention

Blockchain has become a hot spot pursued by the capital market. Future investment will continue the rising trend from 2014 to 2016. Different from financing models in other technology fields, a model called "token crowdfunding" has emerged in the blockchain field, namely Initial Coin Offering (ICO), which is a type of crowdfunding for startups to issue tokens and raise funds. Way. As the transaction volume of token crowdfunding increases, risks such as lack of review, huge value fluctuations, and being on the edge of regulation for many projects will increase, which deserves attention. This afternoon, a group of friends chatted with me privately and asked about the so-called golden chain, which needs to rely on the model of 1 pass 2, 2 pass 4, 4 pass 16 to obtain income. This is an obvious pyramid scheme to attract people, but there are still many people who just Friends who have entered the currency circle and have just learned about blockchain will be deceived. I hope they can understand the essence and be responsible for their own funds!

Trend 9: Blockchain technology and supervision are in conflict, but the contradiction is expected to be further reconciled

The decentralization, disintermediation and anonymity of blockchain are in line with its tradition The corporate management and government regulatory systems are not coordinated. But we should also see the opportunities that blockchain brings to supervision. We believe that,In the future, enterprises will actively cater to regulatory needs and proactively incorporate regulatory requirements into technical solutions and model designs, not only to achieve compliant operations but also to significantly save regulatory compliance costs. We also believe that in the future, regulatory authorities around the world will also embrace blockchain, a new regulatory technology, and use new technology to improve government regulatory efficiency.

Trend 10: Trustworthiness is the core requirement of blockchain, and the importance of standards and specifications is becoming increasingly prominent

In the future value delivery network based on blockchain, We will use algorithms and software entirely to build a foundation of trust. But we believe that this is far from enough. Standards are also needed to add credibility to the blockchain. In the future, blockchain standards will start from the user's perspective and be business-oriented, standardizing the technology and governance of blockchain from the dimensions of smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, private key security, permission management, etc., and enhancing the efficiency of blockchain. The degree of credibility adds weight to the trust of the blockchain.

Summary

The above are the ten major trends summarized. To summarize, there are four points: First, blockchain is the foundation of the value network and has gradually become an indispensable part of the future Internet. Second, as application scenarios become increasingly abundant, applications will drive the continuous improvement of blockchain technology, and the integration of blockchain and cloud will become increasingly closer. Third, although the blockchain is mathematically complete, there are also security issues. In the future, security needs to be strengthened from the engineering and management levels, and standards are also needed to improve credibility. Fourth, blockchain technology will gradually adapt to regulatory policy requirements in the future and gradually become an important tool for regulatory technology.

7. Blockchain technology development status and prospects

Blockchain technology development status and prospects
Blockchain technology originated in 2008 under the pseudonym "China The foundational paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by scholar Satoshi Nakamoto on the cryptography mailing group. In the past two years, the research and application of blockchain technology have shown explosive growth. It is considered to be the fifth disruptive innovation in the computing paradigm after mainframes, personal computers, the Internet, and mobile/social networks. It is also the evolution of human credit. The fourth milestone in history after blood relatives credit, precious metal credit, and central bank banknote credit. Blockchain technology is the prototype of the next generation of cloud computing. It is expected to completely reshape the form of human social activities like the Internet and realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. Technical characteristics of blockchain

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, time series data, collective maintenance, programmability, security and trustworthiness. Decentralization: The processes of verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of blockchain data are all based on the distributed system structure. Pure mathematical methods are used instead of central institutions to establish trust relationships between distributed nodes, thus forming a decentralized system. centralizedTrustworthy distributed system; Time series data: Blockchain uses a chain block structure with timestamps to store data, thereby adding a time dimension to the data and having strong verifiability and traceability; Collective maintenance: The blockchain system uses a specific economic incentive mechanism to ensure that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the verification process of data blocks (such as the "mining" process of Bitcoin), and uses a consensus algorithm to select specific nodes to add new blocks to the blockchain. Blocks are added to the blockchain; Programmable: Blockchain technology can provide a flexible script code system to support users to create advanced smart contracts, currencies or other decentralized applications; Safe and trustworthy: Blockchain technology uses asymmetric cryptography The data is encrypted based on scientific principles, and at the same time, the powerful computing power formed by consensus algorithms such as workload proof of each node of the distributed system is used to resist external attacks and ensure that the blockchain data cannot be tampered with or forged, so it has high security. Blockchain and Bitcoin Bitcoin is by far the most successful blockchain application scenario. Blockchain technology has solved the double payment problem and Byzantine Generals problem that the Bitcoin system has long faced in the field of digital cryptocurrency. Different from the credit endorsement mechanism of traditional central institutions (such as central banks), the Bitcoin blockchain forms software-defined credit, which marks a fundamental change from centralized national credit to decentralized algorithmic credit. In recent years, Bitcoin has relied on its first-mover advantage to form a complete ecosystem and industry chain covering issuance, circulation and financial derivatives markets. This is also the main reason why it has occupied the vast majority of the digital cryptocurrency market share for a long time. The development context and trends of blockchain
Blockchain technology is a universal underlying technology framework that can bring profound changes to various fields such as finance, economy, technology and even politics. According to the current development trend of blockchain technology, blockchain technology will experience the blockchain 1.0 model with programmable digital encryption currency system as the main feature, the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature, and the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature. The blockchain 3.0 model is characterized by a programmable society. However, the above-mentioned models are actually developing in parallel rather than in an evolutionary manner. The digital cryptocurrency system of the blockchain 1.0 model is still far from mature, and is actually farther and more difficult from its vision of global currency integration. At present, the blockchain field has shown an obvious development trend driven by technological and industrial innovation, and relevant academic research is seriously lagging behind and urgently needs to be followed up. Basic models and key technologies of blockchain
Generally speaking, a blockchain system consists of a data layer, a network layer, a consensus layer, an incentive layer, a contract layer and an application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensuses of network nodes Algorithm; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainlyIt includes the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain . In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. Application Scenarios of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology can not only be successfully used in the field of digital cryptocurrency, but also has a wide range of application scenarios in economic, financial and social systems. According to the current status of blockchain technology applications, this article broadly summarizes the current main applications of blockchain into six scenarios: digital currency, data storage, data authentication, financial transactions, asset management and election voting: Digital currency: Bitcoin It represents a digital currency that is essentially generated by a distributed network system, and its issuance process does not rely on a specific centralized institution. Data storage: The characteristics of blockchain such as high redundant storage, decentralization, high security and privacy protection make it particularly suitable for storing and protecting important private data to avoid attacks caused by centralized institutions or improper permission management. Massive data loss or breach. Data authentication: Blockchain data is time-stamped, jointly verified and recorded by consensus nodes, and cannot be tampered with or forged. These characteristics make the blockchain widely used in various data notarization and audit scenarios. For example, blockchain can permanently and securely store various licenses, registration forms, licenses, certificates, certifications and records issued by government agencies. Financial transactions: Blockchain technology has a very high degree of compatibility with financial market applications. Blockchain can spontaneously generate credit in a decentralized system and can establish a financial market without credit endorsement by a central institution, thereby realizing "financial disintermediation" to a large extent; at the same time, blockchain can be used to automate smart contracts and trustworthy transactions. The characteristics of programming can greatly reduce costs and improve efficiency. Asset management: Blockchain can realize the confirmation, authorization and real-time monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. Intangible asset management has been widely used in intellectual property protection, domain name management, points management and other fields; tangible asset management can be combined with Internet of Things technology to form "digital smart assets" to achieve distributed authorization and control based on blockchain. Election voting: Blockchain can implement applications such as political elections and corporate shareholder voting in a low-cost and efficient manner. At the same time, voting can be widely used in fields such as gambling, prediction markets, and social manufacturing. Existing issues with blockchain technology
Security threats are the most important issues faced by blockchain so far. Among them, blockchains based on the PoW consensus process mainly face the 51% attack problem, that is, nodes have the ability to successfully tamper and forge blockchain data by controlling more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network. Other issues include the potential threats of emerging computing technologies to crack asymmetric encryption mechanisms and privacy protection issues. The efficiency of blockchain is also an important factor restricting its application. The blockchain requires each node in the system to save a copy ofData backup, which is extremely difficult for ever-increasing amounts of data storage. Although lightweight nodes can partially solve this problem, industrial-grade solutions suitable for larger scales still need to be developed. The Bitcoin blockchain can currently only process 7 transactions per second, and transaction confirmation time is generally 10 minutes, which greatly limits the application of blockchain in high-frequency trading scenarios in most financial systems. The PoW consensus process highly relies on the computing power contributed by the blockchain network nodes. These computing powers are mainly used to solve SHA256 hashes and random number searches. In addition, they do not produce any actual social value. Therefore, these computing powers are generally considered Resources are "wasted", and a large amount of power resources are also wasted. How to effectively pool the network computing power of distributed nodes to solve practical problems is an important issue that blockchain technology needs to solve. As a decentralized distributed system, the blockchain network will inevitably have game relationships of competition and cooperation between its nodes during the interaction process, such as the block interception attack game of the Bitcoin mining pool. The blockchain consensus process is essentially a crowdsourcing process. How to design an incentive-compatible consensus mechanism so that self-interested nodes in a decentralized system can spontaneously implement the verification and accounting of block data, and improve the efficiency of non-profit organizations within the system. The cost of rational behavior to suppress security attacks and threats is an important scientific issue to be solved in blockchain. Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology
Smart contracts are a set of scenario-responsive programmed rules and logic. They are decentralized, trustworthy and shared program codes deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data (such as a Bitcoin transaction) in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. . Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution (such as reaching a specific time or occurrence of a specific event, etc.), response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met. Smart contracts are of great significance to blockchain technology. On the one hand, smart contracts are the activators of the blockchain, giving flexible and programmable mechanisms and algorithms to the static underlying blockchain data, and laying the foundation for building programmable financial systems and social systems in the blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 eras. On the other hand, the automation and programmable characteristics of smart contracts enable it to encapsulate the complex behavior of each node in the distributed blockchain system and become a software agent robot in the virtual world composed of blockchain, which helps Promote the application of blockchain technology in various distributed artificial intelligence systems, allowing the construction of various decentralized applications (Dapp), decentralized autonomous organizations (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) based on blockchain technologyganization (DAO), Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC) and even Decentralized Autonomous Society (DAS) become possible. The main development trend of blockchain and smart contract technology is from automation to intelligence. The essential logic of various existing smart contracts and their applications is mostly based on "IF-THEN" type conditional response rules based on predefined scenarios, which can meet the current needs of automated transactions and data processing. Future smart contracts should have "WHAT-IF" deductions based on unknown scenarios, computational experiments, and a certain degree of autonomous decision-making functions, thereby achieving a leap from current "automated" contracts to true "smart" contracts. Blockchain-driven parallel society
In recent years, a parallel society based on CPSS (Cyber-Physical-SocialSystems) has emerged. Its core and essential feature is virtual-real interaction and parallel evolution. Blockchain is one of the infrastructures for realizing CPSS parallel society. Its main contribution is to provide a set of effective decentralized data structures, interaction mechanisms and computing models for distributed social systems and distributed artificial intelligence research. And it has laid a solid data foundation and credit foundation for the realization of a parallel society. As far as the basis of data is concerned, management scientist Edward Deming once said: Everyone except God must speak with data. However, in centralized social systems, data is usually in the hands of a "few people" such as governments and large enterprises. It "speaks" for a few people, and its fairness, authority and even security may not be guaranteed. Blockchain data is stored in highly redundant distributed nodes and is in the hands of "everyone", enabling true "data democracy". In terms of the basis of credit, centralized social systems will inevitably have the characteristics of "Mertonian systems" due to their high engineering complexity and social complexity, that is, uncertainty, diversity and complexity, which are the center of social systems. Institutions and rule makers may behave dishonestly due to individual interests; blockchain technology helps realize a software-defined social system. Its basic idea is to eliminate centralized institutions and convert unpredictable behaviors into programmed codes of smart contracts. The form is deployed and solidified in the blockchain data in advance, and cannot be forged or tampered with afterwards and is executed automatically. This can, to a certain extent, transform the "Merton" social system into a "Newton" that can be fully observed, actively controlled, and accurately predicted. "Social system. The ACP (Artificial Societies, Computational Experiments and ParallelExecution) method is the only systematic and complete research method in the field of parallel society management so far.The research framework is the logical extension and innovation of complexity science in the parallel social environment of the new era. The ACP method can be naturally combined with blockchain technology to achieve blockchain-driven parallel social management. First of all, mechanisms such as blockchain's P2P networking, distributed consensus collaboration, and contribution-based economic incentives are themselves natural modeling of distributed social systems, in which each node will act as an independent and autonomous agent in the distributed system. Agent. With the improvement of the blockchain ecosystem, the consensus nodes of the blockchain and increasingly complex and autonomous smart contracts will form DAC and DAO in specific organizational forms by participating in various forms of Dapp, and ultimately form DAS, which is the ACP. artificial society. Secondly, the programmable nature of smart contracts allows the blockchain to carry out various "WHAT-IF" types of virtual experimental design, scenario deduction and result evaluation. Through this computational experiment process, optimal decisions are obtained and executed automatically or semi-automatically. Finally, the smart assets formed by the combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things make it possible to connect the real physical world and virtual cyberspace, and can achieve collaborative optimization of social management and decision-making through virtual-real interaction and parallel tuning of real and artificial social systems. It is not difficult to predict that in the future, when all physical assets in the real physical world are registered as smart assets on the chain, the blockchain-driven parallel society will arrive.

8. What are the prospects for developing blockchain?

Major companies in the industry: Ping An of China (601318), Donggang Co., Ltd. (002117), Information Development (300469), Yuanguang Software (002063) ), Boss Software (300525), Feitian Integrity (300386), Sifang Jingchuang (300468), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (601398), SF Holding (002352)

The core data of this article: China’s blockchain market size, Number of blockchain tenders in China, number of blockchain companies in China

Industry overview

1. Definition

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a Time sequence combines data blocks into a chained data structure in a sequential manner, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be a distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Blockchain is not a single technology, but a combination of new technologies. Each of these technologies performs its own role, solves different problems, and is combined to form a blockchain. As the basic structural unit of the blockchain, the block consists of two parts: the block header and the block body containing transaction data.

2. Industry chain analysis: downstream industries involve a wide range of industries

Blockchain industry chainThe upstream is mainly the underlying technology and infrastructure. The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Represented by Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, a network environment such as distributed algorithms, digital keys, data storage, P2P network protocols, and consensus mechanisms based on blockchain technology, transaction rules, and incentives for miners to join network nodes have been built. Mechanism, representative companies include Xiaoyi, Quantum Chain, Wanxiang Blockchain, etc.; the infrastructure is mainly mining machines.

The midstream is the platform layer, which mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology. It provides productized services such as smart contracts, information security, and data services based on the underlying technology to improve development It provides convenience and scalability for developers to develop applications at the platform layer.

Downstream is the vertical industry application layer. It manifests itself as core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanism, member management, etc.

Industry development history: We are in the era of blockchain 3.0

From the perspective of the development history of global blockchain, in 2008, an anonymous person signed by "Satoshi Nakamoto" published The paper "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Network Electronic Cash System" originally expected to launch a peer-to-peer electronic cash that could circulate freely. The issuance of Bitcoin represented the beginning of blockchain technology; later, in 2013, the launch of Ethereum directly Pushing the blockchain into the 2.0 era; at the end of 2017, the popularity of stablecoins and the launch of MakerDAO pushed the blockchain into the 3.0 era. By June 2019, Facebook released the Libra white paper, which attracted attention and discussion from all walks of life around the world, and various countries regulated The departments have spoken out one after another, showing the huge potential of blockchain technology in reshaping the global financial infrastructure. After entering 2021, NFT-based identification technology has emerged and is the first to be applied in the art field.

Industry policy background: Promote the all-round development of blockchain

In 2016, the State Council issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", which listed blockchain as a new technology for the first time The scope and cutting-edge layout indicate that my country has begun to promote the development of blockchain technology and applications. Since then, the country and localities have successively introduced blockchain-related policies, providing a good environment for the development of the District Mingpei blockchain.

In February 2019, the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" issued by the State Internet Information Office were officially implemented, standardizing the filing basis for the development of my country's blockchain industry. The purpose of promulgating the "Regulations" is to clarify the information security management responsibilities of blockchain information service providers, standardize and promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and related services, avoid blockchain information service security risks, and facilitate the provision of blockchain information services. , use, management, etc. to provide effective legal basis. The introduction of this "management regulations" also means that my country's "supervision era" for blockchain information services has officially arrived.

At the end of October 2019, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee conducted its 18th collective study session on the current status and trends of blockchain technology development. Central leaders clearly emphasized the importance of blockchainAs an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies, we will accelerate the development of blockchain technology and industrial innovation. This fully demonstrates that blockchain technology has risen to a national level. Chen Chun, a professor at Zhejiang University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, who gave a lecture on the collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, said at the 2019CCF Blockchain Technology Conference hosted by the Computer Society of China on October 12 that the development of the domestic blockchain industry is ushering in " "Spring Breeze", the research hotspots of China's blockchain technology will focus on two aspects: the key technology of the alliance blockchain and the blockchain supervision technology.

Current development of the industry

1. The market size will grow by more than 90% in 2020

From 2016 to 2018, large IT Internet companies have deployed blockchain. Start-ups have entered a blowout mode, and the industry scale continues to expand. According to IDC data, China's blockchain industry has experienced changes from a market size of US$85 million in 2017 to an industry scale of US$561 million in 2020.

2. The number of related companies is growing rapidly

In terms of the number of companies, in 2020H1, my country provided blockchain professional technical support, products, solutions and other services, and had input or output The number of new blockchain companies reached 303, a year-on-year increase of 274.07% nationwide. As of the end of 2020, the number of blockchain-related companies in my country reached 64,062, a year-on-year increase of 52.88%.

3. Blockchain finance is the largest downstream application market

According to the disclosure of the "China Blockchain Development White Paper (2020)", as the implementation of blockchain applications accelerates, "Blockchain+" business has become the focus of development for Internet backbone enterprises to enter the blockchain industry. In addition to financial business, it actively deploys the Internet, traceability, supply chain & logistics, digital assets, government affairs and public services, intellectual property, and law. , medical and other fields of application. Among them, finance is the most explored field in the application scenarios of blockchain technology, with specific projects implemented in subdivided fields such as supply chain finance, trade finance, payment and settlement, and fund management.

4. The number of blockchain tenders is increasing year by year

From a year perspective, from 2016 to 2020, the number of government tenders for blockchain-related projects has been growing exponentially. , on the one hand, it benefits from the increasingly prominent application value of blockchain technology, and on the other hand, it also reflects the government’s increased demand for and emphasis on blockchain.

Industry competition status

1. Regional competition: Beijing and Guangdong have the most blockchain technology research and development-related companies

In terms of company distribution, as of the first half of 2021 , the distribution of enterprises is obviously tiered. Among them, Beijing and Guangdong rank in the first echelon with 348 and 341 blockchain development-related companies respectively, and the number of companies in Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang reaches 164, 127, and 81 respectively.

As an important carrier for the development of blockchain industrial clusters, local governments are accelerating the development of blockchain industrial parks.Promote construction. Judging from the location distribution of industrial parks, there are a large number of blockchain industrial parks in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Qingdao, and Changsha, forming a Bohai Rim agglomeration effect dominated by Beijing and Shandong, with Zhejiang and Shanghai , the agglomeration effect of the Yangtze River Delta dominated by Jiangsu, the agglomeration effect of the Pearl River Delta dominated by Guangdong, and the agglomeration effect of Hunan, Guizhou, and Chongqing dominated by Chongqing and Hunan. Combined with the positioning and development of the industrial park, it is based on the premise of serving enterprises to create a blockchain innovation platform and industrial highland. This positioning also provides the basis for the aggregation effect of enterprises.

2. Enterprise competition: Alibaba’s blockchain is the strongest

In March 2021, at the China Mobile Communications Federation Blockchain Professional Committee and the China Science and Technology System Reform Research Association Under the guidance of the Digital Economy Development Research Group and the Organizing Committee of China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List, Chain Tower Think Tank screened and evaluated thousands of projects and enterprise lists, and finally released the 2020 China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List.

In the context of the outbreak of the epidemic in 2020, the 2020 Blockchain Top 100 List has adjusted the dimensions of enterprise inspection to a certain extent to highlight the performance of outstanding blockchain companies in 2020. It is divided into five main dimensions, namely commercial operation weight accounting for 25%, technology research and development weight accounting for 20%, product application weight accounting for 30%, team composition weight accounting for 15% and marketing promotion accounting for 10%.

Industry development prospects and trend predictions

1. It is still in the introduction period

Currently, my country’s blockchain industry is in the introduction period, and the industry is showing Two main characteristics: First, large industry companies are actively applying blockchain technology to improve their own businesses, but they are still mainly trying, and the main application scenarios are also non-core businesses in the industry. For example, enterprises such as Ping An of China, China UnionPay, and Ant Financial are limited to non-core businesses in their exploration of blockchain applications; secondly, the business development of enterprises focusing on blockchain technology services is mostly in the initial stage, and their product technology systems and The business model is not mature enough, and the demand side’s understanding of blockchain needs to be improved. Blockchain has already formed some application cases in scenarios such as judicial certificate storage, government affairs management, people's livelihood services, food traceability, supply chain management, etc., but it still needs to be further optimized and improved.

The above data refers to the "China Blockchain Industry Market Foresight and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report" by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute.

9. What are the prospects for the future development of blockchain

Shared from District View Network: In 2018, blockchain-linked AI has become the most popular technical term. More and more technology companies have announced their entry into the blockchain market. On the Internet, companies such as Xunlei, Renren, Baofeng, and Tianya have all made blockchain-related actions. These companies have the same fate. They have all experienced prosperity, but after being impacted by the Internet entrepreneurship wave, they began to decline. Then they caught up with the hot spots of blockchain and began to try to counterattack.
Global blockchain industry investment boomHot
According to the "In-depth Analysis Report on Business Model Innovation and Investment Opportunities in the Blockchain Industry" released by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute, as of the end of April 2017, there were a total of 455 blockchain companies in the world, with a cumulative financing amount of 19.47
Billion US dollars. Among them, the total investment and financing of U.S. blockchain-related companies is as high as 1.252 billion U.S. dollars, accounting for 64.3% of the global market; the total financing amount of Chinese blockchain emerging companies is approximately 114 million U.S. dollars, accounting for 5.86%, ranking second only to the United States in the world Second, it is growing rapidly.
The current overall survival status of the blockchain is good, with a survival rate of 87.25%. 47
of all the invested companies have been closed down, accounting for about 10.51%, and another 10 companies have been acquired. Due to changes in the competitive landscape of the Bitcoin market, some companies have been forced to close down. At the same time, some companies in the currency circle have gradually transformed into chain companies
Exploration at the national level has also begun. On March 23, the Department of Information Technology and Software Services of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology announced that it would study and explore the application of blockchain in the industrial field. Previously, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology stated that it was preparing to establish a national blockchain and distributed accounting technology standardization technical committee to explore the formation of a complete blockchain standard system to better serve the development of the blockchain technology industry.

10. What are the challenges and prospects of blockchain-enabled supply chains?

With the continuous development of blockchain technology, supply chains are expected to become the high ground of blockchain applications. . How to play the role of this technology in promoting data sharing, optimizing business processes, reducing operating costs, improving collaboration efficiency, and building a trustworthy system has been discussed by all sectors of society. Existing research has not conducted in-depth discussions on the changes brought by emerging technologies to the supply chain. The development and research status of blockchain have been analyzed, and the technology's effects on transparency in supply, intelligence in manufacturing, and logistics have been discussed. The opportunities and challenges brought by security, platformization in sales, and ecology in governance; based on an in-depth analysis of different operational links, explore how the blockchain empowers the supply chain, and further, from the perspective of blockchain The research results and applications in the field of supply chain are reviewed through three approaches: information sharing, information traceability and trust establishment of chain-empowering supply chain; finally, the future application of blockchain technology in supply chain management is analyzed from two aspects: application exploration and scientific research. The research directions are prospected in order to support the research and development of emerging cross-fields and bring enlightenment to supply chain management practice.
Hongqiao SCM platform improves the operational efficiency and transparency of product suppliers, distributors and retailers. By establishing an effective cooperation model and integrated management system, the platform efficiently manages information flow, capital flow, and physical logistics, greatly shortening the information exchange, logistics and inventory, and order and currency transaction cycles, strengthening order processing efficiency, and improving order fulfillment rate and goods Turnover.