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有关区块链的讨论问题,有关区块链的讨论题目

发布时间:2023-12-12-13:09:00 来源:网络 比特币基础 区块

有关区块链的讨论问题,有关区块链的讨论题目

,全文加上h2标签,h3标签,引入图片

有关区块链的讨论

关键词1:区块链技术

区块链技术是一种分布式数据存储技术,它将数据存储在网络中的节点上,每个节点都可以访问和验证数据。因此,区块链技术可以提供安全性和透明度,使用户可以更容易地检查和跟踪数据。此外,区块链技术还可以提供去中心化的服务,使用户可以更容易地进行交易,而无需通过第三方服务提供商。

区块链技术的最大优势在于它的安全性。它使用密码学技术来确保数据的安全性和完整性。这意味着,任何未经授权的更改都将被发现并驳回,从而保护数据不受破坏。此外,区块链技术还可以提供智能合约功能,使用户可以更容易地执行合同,而无需人工介入。

区块链技术的另一个重要优势是其去中心化的特性。它可以提供一个去中心化的网络,使用户可以更容易地实现交易,而不必依赖中央服务提供商。这意味着,用户可以更快地完成交易,而无需等待中央机构的审批。此外,由于它不依赖中央机构,因此它可以提供更低的交易成本,使用户可以更容易地实现跨境交易。

关键词2:区块链应用

区块链应用是指将区块链技术应用于实际场景的实践,以提供更好的服务。区块链应用可以用于许多不同的行业,包括金融、供应链管理、医疗保健、政府服务等。

例如,在金融行业,区块链应用可以用于支付和结算,使用户可以更快地完成交易,而无需等待银行的审批。此外,区块链技术还可以用于保护用户的资金安全,使用户可以更安全地存储和使用资金。

在供应链管理方面,区块链应用可以用于跟踪产品的流通情况,使用户可以更容易地跟踪产品的状态和位置。此外,区块链技术还可以用于改善供应链的效率,使用户可以更快地完成订单。

在政府服务方面,区块链应用可以用于改善政府的效率,减少政府机构之间的冗余工作。此外,区块链技术还可以用于改善政府的透明度,使用户可以更容易地检查和跟踪政府的活动。

关键词3:区块链投资

区块链投资是指投资区块链技术和应用,以获得长期收益。区块链投资可以通过投资区块链公司、投资区块链项目、投资区块链货币等方式实现。

例如,投资区块链公司是指投资区块链技术开发和应用的公司,以获得长期收益。这类公司通常拥有一支专业的技术团队,可以开发出更先进的区块链技术和应用,从而为投资者带来更高的回报。

另外,投资区块链项目是指投资特定的区块链项目,以获得长期收益。这类项目可以是新的区块链应用,也可以是改进现有区块链应用的项目。这些项目可以为投资者带来更高的回报,因为它们可以更好地利用区块链技术的优势。

最后,投资区块链货币是指投资特定的区块链货币,以获得长期收益。这些货币可以提供更低的交易成本,更快的交易速度,以及更高的安全性,因此可以为投资者带来更高的回报。

总之,区块链投资是一种投资区块链技术和应用的方式,可以带来更高的回报,但也有更大的风险。因此,投资者在投资前应该仔细研究并了解投资项目,以确保投资安全。

结语

区块链技术是一种分布式数据存储技术,可以提供安全性和透明度,使用户可以更容易地检查和跟踪数据。此外,区块链应用可以用于许多不同的行业,以改善服务。最后,区块链投资是一种投资区块链技术和应用的方式,可以带来更高的回报,但也有更大的风险。


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『一』What is the concept of blockchain? Is blockchain a scam? The most complete explanation of blockchain

What is the concept of blockchain?

On October 25, 2019, the country advocated the development of blockchain. Overnight, the blockchain concept became popular.

However, many people are hearing about blockchain for the first time.

So, what is blockchain?

Let’s take a look at it from an academic perspective:

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transactions. Information, used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

In fact, blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.

Is blockchain the same as Bitcoin? Blockchain is not Bitcoin. The first application of blockchain was Bitcoin.

What are the characteristics of blockchain? Now let’s take a look at several characteristics of blockchain:

1. Decentralization:

The most important feature of blockchain is decentralization. Blockchain systems are different. Based on a centralized database, it is not controlled by any person or entity. Through distributed storage, data is completely copied and distributed on multiple computers, and each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and management.

2. Non-tamperability:

The blockchain system also has the characteristics of non-tamperability. In the blockchain system, each node is the center and no information can be changed, not even the administrator can modify this information. The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. This situation is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.

3. Publicity:

In a blockchain system, all nodes in the network can easily access information. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to private information being encrypted, blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent. .

4. Independence:

Because of the decentralization of blockchain, it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, so there is no need for a third party whether in transaction or exchange of funds. of approval.

Based on consensus specifications and protocols, the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without any human intervention.

Let’s assume an environment: 6 people live in dormitory 188 of the university

There is a ledger in the dormitory for Xiao Li, who is good at calculation, to keep accounts.

In the beginning, when the dormitory sold paper boxes or bought some public items, Xiao Li would record them in the ledger. If Xiao Li wanted to enrich himself and made false accounts, there would be less money in the account books, but no one would know.

After all, there is already a general ledger room, who would have nothing to do to keep track of the ledgers?

However, one day, because Xiao Li took more, there were obvious errors in the account book. Now, he could no longer hide it, so Xiao Li had to admit his mistake and make up the money.

So, how to solve this problem?

If blockchain is used to solve the problem:

Everyone in the dormitory takes out a ledger, and every time a transaction occurs, everyone records it in their own ledger. , such problems will not arise, because everyone is keeping accounts and can see the transaction records and final results on the ledger.

Xiao Li can’t change, you can’t change, and neither can your lower bunk. No one can change it.

This is because the previous accounting model was a centralized accounting model, and the current accounting model is a decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone is the accountant.

If someone wants to change it, it will obviously be ineffective if they only change the data on their own account book, unless they bribe three people.

So, is blockchain a scam?

With the emergence of the great benefits of blockchain, in a short period of time, the prices of blockchain-related assets have soared, and ordinary investors are becoming more and more interested in blockchain. And criminals have also taken aim at this. There are some criminals who wear the gorgeous cloak of "blockchain" and use the blockchain to commit fraud or issue digital currencies without permission, leading many people to think that the blockchain is a scam.

But in fact, it is not. Blockchain is just a technology. If it can be used well, it will benefit the public and promote the development of the industry.

In particular, the application of blockchain is very wide and can be applied to almost everything of value to human beings.

Medical field: For example, when you go to the hospital for medical treatment, you can directly check the previous medical treatment in your own database, which greatly saves medical resources and saves medical expenses for repeated examinations.

Food Traceability: You know the origin of the food on your tableWhere? Which logistics team is transporting it? This information can be tracked using blockchain. It can provide us with a single source of truth.

Supply chain application: For example, when we buy a product on a certain product, it leaves the factory, goes to the distributor for logistics turnover, goes to the seller's store warehouse, and then reaches the consumer's hands. During these processes, if something goes wrong, only you will know about it, and others, especially consumers, will not.

Well, this is where I introduce you to the relevant knowledge about the concept of blockchain. I hope it can be helpful to you.

『二』What is blockchain? If you don’t understand blockchain technically, will there be any operational impact?

Blockchain is a distributed system data storage, point-to-point communication, New application models of electronic information technology such as consensus mechanisms and data encryption. Its essence is distributed system data information, and with the conclusions it brings, it goes to "blockchain technology". Blockchain applications can be used in many scenarios in life. Let’s take a look at the analysis of blockchain applications!

Technology is a double-edged sword. Just like nuclear technology is a physical technology, blockchain technology is an underlying technology in terms of technology. Nuclear technology can be used as nuclear bombs and nuclear power generation. Similarly, digital currency can be used as a management method for industrial chains and life factors, which may promote more sustainable social development, and may also be used by evildoers as the most convenient means of crime.

Including blockchain coins, if my country adopts legal digital currency, blockchain coins can be decentralized. The blockchain that supports the operation of Bitcoin is blockchain technology, but the alliance chain usually has one or several companies as the core control alliance, which becomes decentralized.

『三』What are the basic knowledge about blockchain

1. Application of blockchain technology in banking industry

Blockchain technology is the largest The characteristic of is decentralization, and this feature will reduce a lot of costs for the banking industry. The development of digital currency will make it possible to realize real-time digital transactions in banks. For example, in bill transactions, bank bill transactions have always relied on a third party to realize the transfer of valuable certificates. Even electronic bill transactions require interactive authentication through information from the central bank's ECDS system. . Blockchain technology can realize point-to-point transfer of value and no longer requires centralized system control. This not only speeds up the speed of ticket transfer, but more importantly, it can reduce errors caused by human factors and reduce processes. Naturally, it will reduce the bank's demand for personnel and save the bank's labor costs.

2. Application of blockchain technology in the insurance industry

Blockchain technology also has incomparable advantages in the insurance industry. From a data management perspective, insurance companies’ application of blockchain technology can effectively improve risk management and control capabilities, including insurance companies’ risk supervision andThere are two aspects of risk management for policyholders.

The application of blockchain technology in the insurance industry can strengthen the internal risk supervision of insurance companies. Blockchain technology can record the daily operating processes of insurance companies on nodes, and can achieve in-process control over the company's capital flow, investment status, compensation payments and other businesses, and improve the company's risk management and control capabilities.

3. Application of blockchain technology in the securities industry

The application of blockchain technology in the securities industry can increase the flexibility of securities issuance. Companies issuing securities can use smart contracts , by setting the method and time of securities issuance, securities can even be issued 24 hours a day under the most ideal condition.

4. Blockchain technology and financial infrastructure

Blockchain technology uses a decentralized mechanism to exchange value, which will lead to a modern world characterized by centralization. Some financial infrastructures have undergone earth-shaking changes.

5. Application of blockchain technology in supply chain

The application of blockchain technology in supply chain first provides credit guarantee , the blockchain records the circulation information of commodities, etc., which can prove the true reliability of commodities and their circulation, so as to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the utility of enterprises on the chain, etc., and has become an important factor for corporate bank loan credit, financing credit, An effective guarantee for transaction credit.

『四』 A comprehensive explanation of blockchain and Bitcoin, teaching you to understand the relationship between the two, and be prepared for trouble

When talking about blockchain, "Bitcoin" is often inseparable ", because today's cryptocurrencies are all issued in the name of blockchain, some people can easily confuse the two concepts. Next, Kelian Cloud Technology will comprehensively explain the difference between blockchain and Bitcoin and teach you to understand the relationship between the two.

Blockchain is a distributed account. Simply put, it is a decentralized ledger that can be viewed and joined by many people. For example, each block is equivalent to each knot on a rope. When each new transaction enters the blockchain, it means that something has happened. To mark the occurrence of something, a symbol will be used. Tie a knot and record detailed information on the specific knot.

Bitcoin uses blockchain to realize value storage and transactions. In addition, the technical difficulty of the blockchain itself is not the most difficult. The most difficult thing is its application scenarios and the regulatory issues it will face. .

There are three classifications of blockchain, namely public blockchain, private blockchain, and joint blockchain; the other classification is without authority and permission.

Therefore, cryptocurrencies use blockchain technology, but blockchain technology is not exclusive to cryptocurrencies

When the financial crisis came, some investors chose to invest in cryptocurrencies. In order to avoid corresponding asset risks, thanks to the mechanism of blockchain to solve trust problems, this technology has been applied in financial management and transactions. main tableNowadays, blockchain can track various types of transactions and can also play a role in anti-counterfeiting and traceability in various scenarios. Issues such as copyright, trademark, and academic fraud have been exposed.

In addition, blockchain technology can also simplify transactions, make the entire transaction process open and transparent, and track every link of the transaction event to ensure that both parties have a certain degree of trust.

When "mining", the open source blockchain network can ensure trust and has the characteristics of being non-tamperable. When the networked computers undergo sophisticated algorithms, the correct answer comes out, and the "absentees" You will get mining rewards and can use servers all over the world, but the whole process is still very energy-consuming.

It may be this misunderstanding that causes the public to confuse the concepts of Bitcoin and blockchain. Although more than 90% of current blockchain projects have issued coins, there are very few projects that can actually be implemented. In addition, the crazy mining practice of Bitcoin wastes graphics cards and electricity to a large extent.

Bitcoin is an open source version of blockchain technology, that is, a network developed for everyone. It is popular for its decentralization advantages. However, as a public blockchain, Bitcoin However, mining consumes a lot of computing power, resulting in serious power consumption in many countries.

Therefore, for an emerging technology, it is best not to blindly trust or invest in it. Only by recognizing its true purpose can you see everything objectively and be prepared.

『Wu』 Seven major misunderstandings about blockchain

Seven major misunderstandings about blockchain
Blockchain-based systems have broad prospects for the future, but We need to be very clear about what blockchain can do. Imagine blockchain technology in the next 20 years, its impact may be as big as the Internet.
But what is shocking is that today we mainly see projects that seem to be based on decentralized design, but in fact there are some misconceptions about blockchain.
If we want technology to continue to advance in the right direction, we need to translate this enthusiasm into productive and realistic expectations, thereby reducing the likelihood that the supply chain will hit "rock bottom" once it does. ”, it may be discarded in the corner along with the meaningless proof of concept, and no one cares about it.
Let’s look at the top seven myths that place unrealistic expectations on blockchain:
Myth 1: Highly scalable
Compared to traditional (server-based) transactions Compared to other methods, blockchain deployments are not truly scalable, and transaction times currently depend on the slow side. They are only scalable for certain types of transactions, such as those with small payloads and close to certain limits. You can't just pile information on the blockchain.
Myth 2: It is absolutely secure
Although blockchain is based on encryption standards, the method of ensuring privacy is completely outside of any blockchain standards and implementations. Only encryption experts can trulyUnderstand and validate blockchain integration. However, each implementer is responsible for ensuring security, so the way this is handled is largely the same as how financial transactions were managed in the old days.
Myth 3: Trustworthy
Blockchain ensures the integrity of transactions and information, otherwise anything stored in the blockchain cannot be trusted. You need to be sure that it is truly trustworthy by ensuring that the parties storing facts in the blockchain are trustworthy and can ensure the authenticity of the facts. This governance model allows multiple parties to take joint responsibility for the infrastructure while requiring secure access to store facts in the blockchain.
Myth 4: You can put anything in the blockchain
Blockchain is a protocol expressed in code, and it is not defined according to any standard. There is no standards body to provide rules or guidance for the implementation of sanctions.
Typically, you can only handle small payloads, and you still need agreed upon standards between all participants for anyone to understand what is stored.
Myth 5: Anything can be expressed in a smart contract
While this is technically possible, in practice, blockchain is limited to simple and easy-to-understand use cases. Smart contracts are very complex in nature. By design, once published, you cannot modify or fix them. They contain very complex interactions and irrevocable consequences.
Myth 6: If you don’t like public chains, please choose private chains
Private chains are not a channel for obtaining privacy or accessing restricted information. In fact, you could even argue that private blockchains shouldn’t be a public option. Nonetheless, enterprise blockchains may not realize any of the inherent advantages of blockchain technology, and privately developed blockchains may lack the community and academic scrutiny necessary to ensure their properties.
Myth 7: The size of the community does not matter
Blockchain products driven by the community are being forked in various aspects by private players who are strengthening their role in various ways. However, a large community of adopters, users, academics, and implementers is the only force that ensures cryptographic properties are effective. Only the open source blockchains with the largest community and installed adoption base will last. The rest can be considered laboratory experiments, 99.9% of which will "die".
Technically savvy people move forward based on use cases and a set of first principles in mind. First, there may never be one blockchain to govern them all. Two different use cases require different blockchains. Some will have many participants, some will have few, some will require strong privacy around the facts, and some will have full transparency.
With all of the above in mind, what we can do together now is innovate, attack real business problems, and launch proof-of-concept drives to better understand the power of blockchain.

『Lu』 One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One articleTo understand the Internet blockchain, you have to study the brief history of the technological development of the blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for the emergence of the blockchain, and infer the future of the blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a team of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets in less than eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger, and the purpose is to preventSomeone tampered with the records, and until the end of the fight, it was clear who lost and who won.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. 1974 The birth of the TCP/IP protocol: determines the position of the blockchain in the Internet technology ecology

In 1974, the development of the Internet took the most critical step, which was developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Card. The Internet core communication technology jointly developed by EN and TCP/IP was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and servers. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the Slashdot mailing list of the underground hacker site in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of these areUsing a secure hashing algorithm, it can determine whether an Internet user downloaded what they wanted and whether they are the victim of a man-in-the-middle or phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to explain the blockchain to the public completely and clearly. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Placed in a giant server, we ordinary users can access Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.server.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. 10 minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total amount of money at this time was50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain fit into Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

Therefore, the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishingRelay nodes and lightning nodes, these two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will learn from the B/S structure of the object it wants to subvert, and establish a data server center to become a blockchain. The relay node can also be accessed using a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: A guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

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