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A. What is blockchain technology

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is simply a series of associated cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The original English version of the Bitcoin white paper does not actually appear in the word blockchain, but uses chain of blocks. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.
The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is distributed cryptographically to ensure that it cannot be tampered with or forged. Account book.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access. , a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data.

B. What are the service applications that use blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology has a distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with, ensuring the transparency and sharing of information, thereby making business activities The cost of establishing trust and reaching consensus between peers has dropped significantly. This article provides an in-depth interpretation of four typical business scenarios: supply chain finance, commodity traceability, technology and medical care, and industrial Internet.
1. Blockchain adds supply chain finance. Today, the supply chain of most commodities, from the provision of raw materials to the manufacturing of finished products, involves several upstream and downstream small and medium-sized enterprises; and these enterprises are faced with the challenge of unlocking supply chain working capital. pressure. Supply chain finance refers to banks and other financial institutions making systematic financing arrangements for all member companies of the supply chain, thereby forming a win-win situation for core buyer companies and suppliers: the buyer optimizes working capital, and the supplier generates additional operating cash flow, thus Minimize risk throughout the supply chain. There are three pain points in traditional supply chain finance: 1. Information cannot be shared, efficiency is low, and credibility is poor; 2. Bill circulation is inconvenient, contract settlement is slow, and there are often financial risks; 3. Credit cannot be transferred and financing is difficult. The blockchain can realize the following functions: 1. Sharing information between core enterprises, multi-level suppliers, and financial institutionsShare transaction data, receivables and payables data and protect business privacy; 2. Transfer of corporate claims and automatic settlement of funds to accelerate corporate collection and repayment; 3. Core corporate payment commitments are transferred and transmitted between multi-level suppliers and financial institutions Core corporate credit.
2. Blockchain traceability In the field of commodity traceability, blockchain and Internet of Things technology are combined to trace the entire process of commodity circulation to prevent unscrupulous traders from taking advantage of the information asymmetry in the commodity chain to produce counterfeit and inferior commodities. Shoddy goods. This prevents certain participants from tampering with data or falsely claiming that information is lost when circumstances are detrimental to them, making it difficult to provide evidence and pursue accountability. In addition, blockchain traceability can open up information islands in different links of the supply chain and improve the collaboration efficiency of the supply chain.
3. Blockchain helps medical services Blockchain technology can open up multiple links such as hospital prescription issuance, pharmacist review, drug distribution, drug payment, and process supervision. Through blockchain distributed storage and accurate matching of information on the chain with patients, the one-time dispensing effectiveness of prescriptions is ensured, prescription modification or abuse is prevented, and supervision is facilitated. In the future, patient information, prescription information, drug circulation information, etc. will be encrypted and desensitized through blockchain technology, which can open up more medical application scenarios.
4. Integration of Blockchain and IoT Industrial Internet At the 5th World Internet Conference, the supET Industrial Internet platform, which integrates Internet of Things and blockchain technology, was selected as the world's leading Internet scientific and technological achievement and became the only The award-winning industrial Internet platform.

In addition, blockchain data sharing, blockchain judicial chain, blockchain charity, trusted digital content copyright services, etc. In industries such as government, finance, industry and logistics, healthcare, retail and the Internet, blocks have a wide range of business application scenarios.

C. Which emerging areas has China participated in and formulated rules for the development of goods?

China has participated in the formulation of international rules for the sale of domestic goods in many emerging areas. Some important areas and Rules include:

Artificial intelligence: China is one of the largest artificial intelligence markets in the world. It participates in discussions and rule formulation by international organizations, standardization bodies and expert groups, such as UNESCO The organization's "Principles of Artificial Intelligence Promoting Social and Economic Development" and the International Organization for Standardization's artificial intelligence standards.

Blockchain: China is at the forefront of the world in the application and development of blockchain technology. The Chinese government supports the innovation and development of blockchain technology and participates in the formulation of rules by international organizations and standardization bodies, such as the International Organization for Standardization’s blockchain standards.

E-commerce: China is one of the largest e-commerce markets in the world, and it participates in the formulation and coordination of international e-commerce rules, such as the World Trade Organization’s E-commerce Agreement.

5G: China is one of the largest 5G markets in the world. It participates in the rule formulation and coordination of international organizations and standardization bodies, such asInternational Telecommunication Union’s 5G standard.

Cybersecurity: China attaches great importance to cyber security and participates in the formulation and coordination of cyber security rules by international organizations and standardization agencies, such as the United Nations' cyber security principles and the International Organization for Standardization's cyber security standards.

D. What is blockchain service

First of all, I am happy to answer your questions and explain what blockchain is.
Blockchain is an information technology field terms of.
Essentially, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
As an emerging technology, blockchain has the characteristics of non-tamperability and anonymity. While it brings opportunities to national development and convenience to social life, it also brings certain security risks. Through the combination with the field of communication, it is used by some lawless elements to spread illegal and harmful information, carry out illegal and criminal activities on the Internet, and damage the legitimate rights and interests of citizens, legal persons and other organizations. Some blockchain information service providers have a weak awareness of security responsibilities, and their management measures and technical support capabilities are imperfect, posing new challenges to Internet information security.
"Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations"
Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations

" Article 9 stipulates that blockchain information service providers develop and launch new products, New applications and new functions must be reported to the national and provincial, autonomous region, and municipality Internet Information Offices for security assessment in accordance with relevant regulations.

Article 11 of the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" stipulates that blockchain information service providers shall pass the approval within ten working days from the date of providing services

State Internet Information Office

The blockchain information service registration management system fills in the service provider’s name, service category, service form, application field, server address and other information to perform the registration procedures. The platform can conduct the assessment itself or entrust an assessment agency with corresponding qualifications to conduct the assessment, and submit a security self-assessment report through the National Internet Security Management Service Platform.

Auction qualifications required for digital collections and NFT platforms, blockchain qualifications, ICP, ED qualifications, online publishing service qualifications, information network dissemination of audio-visual program qualifications, online cultural management qualifications, and network security level protection qualifications You can continue to ask questions and leave messages online
Editor: Long Yixinan-yanga7609

E. Blockchain information service refers to

Blockchain information service refers to the utilization area A service model that uses blockchain technology to provide information services.
Blockchain technology is a distributed accounting technology that can store information on the blockchain and encrypt the information, hash calculations, etc.format, making the information non-tamperable and traceable. Therefore, blockchain information services can be used to provide credible and reliable information services.
Blockchain information services have a wide range of specific application areas and can be used to provide various information services, such as identity authentication, data storage, trade records, etc. For example, in the field of identity authentication, blockchain technology can be used to store users’ identity information to achieve fast and secure identity authentication. In the field of data storage, blockchain technology can be used to store various data, making the data trustworthy and reliable. In the field of trade records, blockchain technology can be used to store trade records, making trade records non-tamperable and traceable.
In general, blockchain information service is a service model that uses blockchain technology to provide information services. It has the advantages of reliable information storage, non-tampering, and traceability. Blockchain information services have a wide range of applications and can be used to provide various information services, such as identity authentication, data storage, trade records, etc.
In actual use, blockchain information services also have some problems. For example, blockchain technology currently has limited processing power and cannot process large amounts of data as quickly as traditional databases. In addition, blockchain information services also need to solve issues such as data privacy protection and legal compliance. However, with the continuous development of blockchain technology, these problems will gradually be solved.

F. What is the blockchain service in the blockchain?

In many cases of blockchain industry applications, we can always see the word BaaS. BaaS is Blockchain as The abbreviation of a Service, translated into Chinese as "Blockchain as a Service". So what exactly is Blockchain as a Service BaaS? With this question in mind, we followed Xiao Wang from the Renren Blockchain Technology Team to discuss it in detail.
According to Xiao Wang: Blockchain as a Service BaaS is a concept mainly proposed by the two giants Microsoft and IBM. To put it bluntly, it is actually a new type of cloud service, a cloud service that combines blockchain technology. . For example, Microsoft's Azure cloud computing platform and IBM's Bluemix Garage cloud platform both provide blockchain as a service BaaS.
Blockchain as a Service (BaaS) is a space created by companies such as Microsoft and IBM from their own cloud service networks to run a certain blockchain node. Compared with ordinary nodes and exchange nodes, the main purpose of BaaS nodes is to quickly establish the development environment you need and provide a series of operational services such as blockchain-based search queries, transaction submissions, and data analysis. These services can both It is centralized or decentralized, and is used to help developers verify their concepts and models faster. The serviceability of BaaS nodes is reflected in: stronger tools, making it easier to create, deploy, run and monitor blockchains. .

G. What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models

What is blockchain technology and how does it changeChanging business and financial models? Joining the EU and NATO is just a cake-cake given by the West to satisfy hunger. In fact, at least in the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine, and before Russia and Ukraine fail to completely resolve the border issue, the dreams of the EU and NATO are just a dream for Ukraine! In Zhuang Ci's view, the positioning of basic subject research centers should be high enough and can be built on the basis of research institutes or universities with good foundations. The government should provide sufficient and stable support funds. An ideal operating model is to follow the example of Japan. "World's Top International Research Center (WPI)" program.

H. Blockchain Technology

Background: After the birth of Bitcoin, it was discovered that the technology was very advanced, and blockchain technology was discovered. Bitcoin and blockchain technology were discovered at the same time.

1.1 The purpose of the birth of Bitcoin:

①Currency transactions have records, that is, ledgers;

②The disadvantages of centralized institution accounting - it can be tampered with; Yi Chaofa

Bitcoin solves the first problem: anti-tampering - hash function

1.2 hash function (encryption method)

① Function: convert any A string of length, converted to a fixed-length (sha256) output. The output is also called a hash value.

② Features: It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x)=h(y).

③Application: md5 file encryption

1.3 Blockchain

①Definition

Block: Split the general ledger into zones Block storage

Blockchain: On each block, add a block header. It records the hash value of the parent block. By storing the hash value of the parent block in each block, all blocks are connected in order to form a blockchain.

②How does the blockchain prevent transaction records from being tampered with?

After the blockchain is formed, tampering with any transaction will cause the hash value of the transaction block to be different from that of its sub-blocks. , tampering was discovered.

Even if you continue to tamper with the hash value in the sub-block header, the hash value in the sub-block will be different from that in the grandchild block, and the tampering will be discovered.

1.4 The essence of blockchain

①The essence of Bitcoin and blockchain: a big ledger visible to everyone, only recording transactions .

②Core technology: Through cryptographic hash function + data structure, it ensures that the ledger records cannot be tampered with.

③Core function: Create trust. Fiat currency relies on government credibility, and Bitcoin relies on technology.

1.5 How to trade

①To conduct transactions, you need an account number and password, corresponding to the public key and private key

Private key: a string of 256-bit binary numbers. No application is required to obtain it, or even a computer is required. It can be generated by tossing a coin 256 times. The private key is obtained

The address is converted from the private key. The address cannot reverse the private key.

The address is the identity, which represents the ID in the Bitcoin world.

After an address is generated, it can only be known by everyone if it enters the blockchain ledger.

②Digital signature technology

Signature function sign (Zhang San’s private key, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si) = signature of this transfer

< p> Verify Korean verify (Zhang San’s address, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si, signature of this transfer) = True

Zhang San uses his own signature function sign() The private key signs this transaction.

Anyone can verify whether the signature was issued by Zhang San himself who holds Zhang San's private key by verifying the Korean vertify(). It returns true, otherwise it returns false.

sign() and verify() are cryptographically guaranteed not to be cracked. ·

③ Complete the transaction

Zhang San will provide the transfer information and signature to the entire network. Under the premise that the account has a balance, after verifying that the signature is true, it will be recorded in the blockchain ledger. Once recorded, Zhang San's account will be reduced by 10 yuan, and Li Si's account will be increased by 10 yuan.

Supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many transactions.

In the Bitcoin world, private keys are everything! ! !

1.6 Centralized Accounting

① Advantages of Centralized Accounting:

a. No matter which center keeps accounts, don’t worry too much

< p> b. Centralized accounting, high efficiency

②Disadvantages of centralized accounting:

a Denial of service attack

b Stop service after getting tired

p>

c Central institutions are vulnerable to attacks. For example, destroying servers and networks, committing self-intrusion, legal termination, government intervention, etc.

All attempts at confidential currencies with centralized institutions in history have failed.

Bitcoin solves the second problem: how to decentralize

1.7 Decentralized accounting

①Decentralization: Everyone can keep accounts. eachEveryone can keep a complete ledger.

Anyone can download open source programs, participate in the P2P network, monitor transactions sent around the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting.

② Decentralized accounting process

After someone initiates a transaction, it is broadcast to the entire network.

Each accounting node continues to monitor and continue transactions across the entire network. When a new transaction is received and the accuracy is verified, it is put into the transaction pool and continues to be propagated to other nodes.

Due to network propagation, the transactions of different accounting nodes at the same time are not necessarily the same.

Every 10 minutes, one person is selected from all accounting nodes in a certain way, and his transaction pool is used as the next block and broadcast to the entire network.

Other nodes delete the transactions that have been recorded in their own transaction pool based on the transactions in the latest block, continue accounting, and wait for the next selection.

③ Features of decentralized accounting

A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within these 10 minutes can be recorded.

The accounting node that obtains the accounting rights will be rewarded with 50 Bitcoins. After every 210,000 blocks (approximately 4 years), the reward is halved. The total amount is about 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040.

Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin.

④ How to allocate accounting rights: POW (proof of work) method

Compete for accounting rights by calculating mathematical problems on several accounting points.

Find a random number that makes the following inequality true:

There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying your luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining.

Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights.

If a certain accounting node finds the solution first, it will announce it to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, a new round of calculation will start again after the new block. This method is called POW.

⑤ Difficulty adjustment

The generation time of each block is not exactly 10 minutes

As Bitcoin develops, the computing power of the entire network does not increase.

In order to cope with changes in computing power, the difficulty will be increased or decreased every 2016 blocks (approximately 2 weeks), so that the average time for each block to be generated is 10 minutes.

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