影谱科技区块链

影谱科技区块链是一种新型的网络技术，它可以将数据存储在一系列的分布式节点上，使用加密技术保护数据的安全性。本文将介绍影谱科技区块链的三个关键词：去中心化、共识机制和智能合约。

去中心化是区块链技术的核心思想，它指的是没有中央机构参与到数据的存储和管理中。影谱科技区块链是一种去中心化的技术，它把数据存储在一系列的分布式节点上，这些节点由网络中的各个节点组成，每个节点都有自己的计算能力和存储能力，这样，即使一些节点出现故障，也不会影响整个网络的运行。这样，影谱科技区块链技术可以实现数据的安全存储和管理。

共识机制是指网络中的参与者之间建立起来的一种协议，它可以确保网络中的参与者都能够达成一致，从而保持网络的安全性和可靠性。影谱科技区块链使用了一种称为“工作量证明”的共识机制，它可以确保网络中的参与者都能够达成一致，从而保持网络的安全性和可靠性。

智能合约是一种可以自动执行的电子合同，它可以在特定的条件下自动执行，而无需人为干预。影谱科技区块链技术支持智能合约，它可以让用户在网络中进行安全的交易，而无需担心第三方操纵。此外，智能合约还可以用来实现自动追踪和审计，从而提高网络的安全性。

影谱科技区块链技术的去中心化、共识机制和智能合约是它的三大关键词，它们可以在网络中实现安全的数据存储、管理和交易，为用户提供更安全、可靠的服务。

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I Does blockchain have any applications in the cultural industry?

At present, the application of blockchain technology has gradually penetrated into various industries, including the financial industry and the Internet of Things. Application industry, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain system management, digital asset trading and other fields. As a leading technology, the application of blockchain in the cultural industry has gradually created various possibilities. Especially after the global epidemic, the cultural industry is facing a stage of reshuffling and upgrading. The cultural industry based on technological innovation also has various possibilities. Recently, we have seen that Hengdian Cultural Exchange, Jiangsu Cultural Exchange, Gansu and other major cultural exchanges have joined forces with the blockchain company Hunan Souyun Technology to create a public service platform for film and television blockchain, integrating blockchain technology with film and television Investment and financing projects, copyright protection, etc. are combined to promote the development of film and television culture.

Ⅱ How to understand blockchain in a simple and easy-to-understand manner

First, we need to realize that blockchain is not only a technological revolution, but also a change in the way of thinking;
Second, the breadth of social cognition of blockchain is increasing, but the depth of cognition is still insufficient;
Third, in the era of blockchain 1.0 and 2.0, the influence of blockchain is expanding, and Bitcoin The rise in currency prices has a certain correlation with the pessimism of the international financial situation. This is not only an affirmation of blockchain technology, but it has also become a hotbed for hot money speculation, and the subsequent blockchain asset bubble cannot Avoid;
Fourthly, blockchain is still in the early stages of industry development. Contrary to the rapid development of the digital currency industry, the progress of blockchain technology is slow. With the continuous development of TPS (Transaction Per Second) Improvement, I believe that in the near future, commercial blockchain projects symbolizing the blockchain 3.0 era will become a reality;
Fifth, from a macro level, blockchain is another world parallel to reality , is the reflection of reality in the blockchain world. At the beginning of this new continent, the effectiveness of mapping was significant. The blockchain world was imprisoned by the inherent patterns of the real world, and every aspect was engraved with the shadow of the former. Therefore, in the field of blockchain research, policies, traditional industries, etc. have become unavoidable hurdles;
Finally, from the perspective of the spiral development law of human society, blockchain is mankind's pursuit of "self" and The active attempt for sustainable development of human society has a winding but bright path. After technological iterations, thinking, and the cultivation of habits, it will usher in a complete transformation.

Ⅲ What is blockchain, blockchain knowledge, what is digital currency, digital currency

The characteristics of blockchain are decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliability Database

For example: For example, the grandson asked Li Zi to borrow 100 yuan, but Li Zi was afraid that he would default on the loan, so he asked the village chief to do a notarization and add the amount to the account. This is called centralization. But if, instead of asking the village chief, you just shout from a loudspeaker in the village, "I, Li Zi, lent my grandson a hundred yuan! Please record it in the account book," then this is called going to Zhongzhong.Heart. In the past, the village chief was highly respected and had control of the entire village's ledger, so everyone kept their money with him. This was the trust that everyone had in centralization in the past. Now, everyone is worried that the village chief will secretly misappropriate everyone's money. What should we do? So everyone issued a ledger to everyone, and anyone who transfers money will announce the news through the loudspeaker. After receiving the news, everyone Everyone records the transaction in their own ledgers, which is called decentralization. With distributed ledgers, it doesn’t matter even if the ledger of Lao Zhang or Lao Li’s family is lost, because other families such as Lao Zhao and Lao Ma have ledgers.

The abbreviation of digital currency is DIGICCY, which is the abbreviation of "Digital Currency" in English. It is an alternative currency in the form of electronic money. Digital gold coins and cryptocurrency are both digital currencies (DIGICCY). Blockchain Technology Services Shengpu Technology

IV Is the combination of blockchain and privacy computing an inevitable trend?

Is the combination of blockchain and privacy computing an inevitable trend?

Our current thinking framework on this issue is: if it is not combined with privacy computing technology, will the application of blockchain technology be limited and unable to develop forward; if it is not combined with blockchain technology, privacy will Are computing technologies limited and unable to move forward? If both are necessary for each other, then the trend of their combination is inevitable.

The following is our thinking on this issue:

1. Is the application of privacy computing technology a rigid need for blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology has huge Advantages, but without privacy computing technology, the application of blockchain technology will be greatly limited, because the privacy protection problem of data on the chain cannot be solved, which makes a large number of scenarios involving sensitive data reluctant to apply blockchain technology, such as finance and medical fields.

(1) Limitations of blockchain technology

First, the data on the chain is open and transparent, and the compliance processing and privacy protection capabilities of data are insufficient. Blockchain serves as a distributed ledger. Although the openness and transparency of the system and data are conducive to evidence storage and tamper-proofing, there is also the risk that the data can be easily copied and personal privacy leaked. The blockchain requires different nodes on the public chain to verify and maintain transactions and transaction status to form a consensus, so each participant can have a complete data backup and all transaction data is open and transparent. If you know a participant's account, it is easy to obtain each transaction record and thereby infer his social identity, property status, etc. Taking the consumption scenario as an example, there are barriers to competition between platforms, and users also want to retain consumer privacy. Therefore, the blockchain lacks the ability to protect user flow, logistics information, marketing information and other data related to corporate and personal privacy, which often results in data The owner is unwilling to let the data enter circulation. Transactions in the on-chain system are no longer controlled by the central ledger. Users conduct transactions using unique private keys.The transaction process is encrypted and the data before encryption is difficult to restore. Using only the private key as the transaction certificate makes transactions in the blockchain more anonymous and uncontrollable. On a distributed ledger system, all transfers are made in the form of addresses. Once financial crimes such as fraud or money laundering occur, even if the address can be publicly queried, it is extremely difficult to track the funds, and the private key is difficult to prove as a transaction voucher. Because of the identity of the user, many companies and individuals conduct illegal transactions such as money laundering through the blockchain, which is not conducive to the compliance processing and legal sharing of data.

Second, insufficient data processing capabilities restrict the further implementation and commercial expansion of the technology. On-chain computing is limited by the performance of network consensus, making it difficult for on-chain transactions to be real-time and efficient. Blockchain The computing power of smart contracts needs to be expanded. Taking Bitcoin, the largest encrypted payment system, as an example, it can only process about 3 to 7 transactions per second5, and the validity of the currently generated transactions is affected by network transmission. It often takes about 10 minutes of accounting cycle to process. Nodes on the network collectively know the contents of the transaction. In addition, if there are two or more nodes on the chain competing for the accounting rights at the same time, you still need to wait for the next accounting cycle to confirm the accuracy of the transaction. In the end, the chain with the longest block and the most accounting content will complete the confirmation. .

The fully decentralized system has insufficient compatibility with most existing systems in reality, and lacks systems and functions for on-chain and off-chain collaboration and multi-business development, which restricts the further implementation of blockchain technology. In the process of blockchain technology implementation, first of all, each industry itself has a mature system, and the completely decentralized form of blockchain may not be suitable for all fields and industries; secondly, the platform design and actual operating costs of blockchain Huge, its low efficiency and delayed transaction flaws are very obvious. Whether it can make up for the loss of the replacement of the original system requires a certain amount of actuarial calculation and comparison; in addition, using blockchain to store data requires sorting out the original data format. When it comes to sensitive data in the fields of government affairs and justice, it is even more necessary to establish a trusted channel linking online and offline data to prevent data entry errors, which brings high human and material costs.

(2) The help of privacy computing technology to blockchain technology

Privacy computing technology ensures that data is generated, perceived, released, and disseminated to storage, processing, use, and destruction. Privacy in the life cycle process complements the privacy protection capabilities of blockchain technology and makes data "available and invisible". By introducing privacy computing technology, the user's income and expenditure information, address information and other personal data are presented in the form of cipher text. During the data sharing process on the platform, it can not only prevent data leakage, but also ensure the security of the user's personal privacy. It is conducive to further breaking the data island effect and promoting multi-party data collaboration on a larger scale. Privacy computing technology can form a technology combination with blockchain technology to improve data processing capabilities and expand the scope of applications. Privacy computing technology regulates dataStandardized processing can improve the efficiency of data processing and data sharing, and improve the data processing capabilities of the blockchain. In addition, the technology combination of privacy computing technology + blockchain technology can be applied to cooperation fields that lack centralized systems but have strong demand for sensitive data sharing, expanding the application scenarios of blockchain technology.

Is the application of blockchain technology an urgent need for privacy computing technology?

(1) Limitations of privacy computing technology

First, there is a lack of security inspection for data sharing. , restricting the credibility of data circulation

The entire process of data sharing involves multiple processes such as collection, transmission, storage, analysis, release, and accounting. Privacy computing mainly solves the problem of "availability or inconvenience" of data throughout the process. visible" problem, but it is difficult to ensure that the data source and calculation process are trustworthy.

From the perspective of trustworthy data sources, in the data collection process, the data content itself may be incomplete, and there may be errors in data entry; in the data transmission process, the data transmission may be Other client-side attacks lead to data leakage during the transmission process; during the data storage process, the party storing the data may tamper with the data or copy the data and resell it to the black market, which will not be recorded by privacy computing technology. If the identities of all parties involved in data sharing cannot be guaranteed to be “credibly verified,” it may lead to data privacy being “unworthy of its name.” From the perspective of trustworthiness of the calculation process, during the data analysis and release process, the data sharing party may privately tamper with the data operation results and release content, and falsify the final data processing results. Therefore, once the information is verified and added to the privacy computing environment, it is difficult to find whether the data has been tampered with or leaked, and it is difficult to prevent data falsification at different points in time. This is especially true when it comes to finance, government affairs, medical care, and charity. In other key areas, if the data is incorrect, a series of legal issues will be difficult to pursue.

Second, the overall level of business levels is uneven, which restricts the expansion of technology platforms

Currently, the technical implementation paths of privacy computing are mainly divided into three types: multi-party secure computing, federated learning, TEE Trusted Execution Environment. The three technical paths have their own application flaws and problems. Due to the limited technology mastery and R&D capabilities of different companies in the industry, the actual application scope of the technology platform is limited and the scalability is insufficient.

Although multi-party secure computing has complex and high-standard cryptographic knowledge, its computing performance has the disadvantage of low efficiency in the actual application process. As the scale of applications expands, adopting appropriate computing solutions to ensure linear changes in computing latency and the number of participants is a major challenge currently faced by technology manufacturers. Although multi-party secure computing can ensure the privacy and security of multiple parties during data fusion calculation, other technical means still need to be matched to prevent data leakage and tampering in data access, control, transmission and other aspects.

The current applications of federated learning technology in the industry usually use third-party platforms as the basic model, and privacy calculations are performed on top of the basic model. Such a basic model itself has the hidden danger of being implanted with viruses by developers. In addition, the federated learning mechanism defaults to all participants being trusted parties and cannot prevent a certain participant from maliciously providing false data or even corrupted data, thereby causing irreversible harm to the final training model. Since federated learning requires each participating node to perform calculations, the computing power and network connection status of the nodes will limit the communication efficiency of federated learning.

The core hardware technology of TEE Trusted Execution Environment in China is currently controlled by a few foreign core suppliers such as Intel, Qualcomm, and ARM. If purchased from abroad in key areas, there will be very high security risks and applications. risk. Third, data sharing lacks an authority confirmation mechanism. Applied privacy computing that restricts data circulation uses data from multiple parties to jointly calculate and produce results. However, in the actual cooperation process, due to the different business levels and data quality of each data sharing party, It is difficult to achieve reasonable confirmation of ownership in every aspect of data processing.

According to the conventional profit distribution mechanism, data owners with high-quality data and high achievement contribution rates should obtain more profits from it. However, privacy calculations only take into account the "availability and invisibility" of the data. It is difficult for the sharing party to judge from the final result whose data has contributed the most to the results, resulting in unfair distribution of benefits. If there is a lack of reasonable achievement contribution evaluation mechanism and benefit distribution mechanism, it will be difficult to motivate data owners and other data holders to cooperate. Especially in the scenario of distrustful multi-party cooperation, the trust cost of cooperation will be further increased, making multi-party collaboration difficult to achieve and restricting the practical application of data circulation.

(2) The help of blockchain technology to privacy computing technology

Blockchain technology records all aspects of data circulation and all participants to realize the data sharing process. Clearly defined powers and responsibilities enhance the credibility of data circulation. In the data transmission process, the blockchain records the data provider and confirms the authenticity and validity of the data provider's identity, which is conducive to the confirmation of data rights and provides a reference for a fair and feasible benefit distribution mechanism; in the data storage process, the district Blockchain ensures that every modification of data is traceable and prevents malicious tampering of data. Blockchain technology can be used as the underlying platform of privacy computing technology, ensuring the true validity of the encrypted data itself, improving the credibility of data circulation in the privacy computing platform, and expanding the application scope of privacy computing technology.

3. Conclusion

The integration of privacy computing technology and blockchain technology is an inevitable trend. For the circulation of data assets, without privacy computing, the security and privacy protection issues of the data itself cannot be solved; without blockchain, the issue of data confirmation and data network collaboration on a larger scale cannot be solved.question. Combining blockchain and privacy computing to build a large-scale data circulation network has become a consensus exploration direction in current practice.

What will change when the combination of blockchain and privacy computing changes?

1. Formation of a large-scale data circulation network and data element market

Currently, there are three problems in data circulation: data protection and data confirmation of data owners are difficult to achieve; different sources The cost of data integration and processing is too high and there is a lack of unified standards; the distribution mechanism of data benefits is imperfect.

As mentioned above, the combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology can solve the problem of privacy protection on the one hand, and the problem of data confirmation and multi-party collaboration on the other hand, thereby establishing a large-scale data circulation network.

On the basis of the establishment of a large-scale data circulation network, a real data factor market can be formed, and the value of data as a production factor can be fully explored.

2. Promote the development of data assetization

The so-called assets refer to those formed by past transactions or events of an enterprise, owned or controlled by the enterprise, and expected to bring consequences to the enterprise resources of economic benefit.

The capitalization of data is to allow data to find value in the market, which can create new economic benefits for enterprises.

The formation of large-scale data circulation networks and data element markets will greatly promote the discovery of data value and the development of data assetization.

From the perspective of the enterprise, the data accumulated in the enterprise's production and operation activities will become valuable assets. On the one hand, the analysis and application of these data will push companies to improve their own business; on the other hand, sharing data with external organizations can promote greater value from the data, and the company itself will gain more benefits from it. . This will in turn further promote the digital transformation of enterprises and the management of data assets. In the future, the inventory of data assets may become the company's "fourth statement" in addition to the balance sheet, cash flow statement, and income statement.

The development of data assetization will also promote the formation of a new service system around data value mining. This includes data confirmation, pricing, transactions and other aspects. Ding Botao, deputy director of the Institute of Information of the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, divides institutions in the future data asset service system into four categories:

The first category provides intermediary services, including data brokers and data agents.

The second category provides data assessment. Due to information asymmetry or information confusion in the data market, it is necessary to provide compliance assessment, data quality and data price assessment.

The third category is consulting service companies that provide price consulting, such as legal and economic consulting or listing guidance.

The fourth category provides professional technical services, including data development, data processing services, dataAccording to the delivery service. The development of data assetization will bring about the improvement of people's cognition, the improvement of production efficiency, the reorganization of production factors, the generation of innovation, economic development and the improvement of the overall welfare of the whole society.

3. Changes to existing business formats

The combination of blockchain and privacy computing will increase the enthusiasm of enterprises and individuals to share and utilize data, and further promote the breaking of "data silos" ". Its changes to the existing business format are mainly reflected in the following aspects:

First, it will bring new data and technological changes.

First of all, this will promote the arrival of the era of data density. The core of the era of dense data is a huge change in the way data is circulated and used. Data will flow and be calculated between subjects in a dense form, significantly reducing the risk of data leakage and supporting the development of various forms of business under the premise of compliance. Previously, data was encrypted and could only be used for transmission or storage, but in the future, data can be calculated in an encrypted state. This will bring about a series of new problems and challenges, triggering chain reactions in many related technical fields.

Second, this will reshape the big data industry. As data circulation becomes more secure, previously sensitive data areas are gradually opening up. Taking government data as an example, privacy computing makes it possible to model and analyze data from multiple parties such as governments, enterprises, and banks, further releasing the value of data applications and creating diverse application opportunities.

Third, the artificial intelligence industry will receive a new round of development. Data, algorithms and computing power are the three elements for the development of artificial intelligence. In recent years, the development of artificial intelligence has encountered a bottleneck due to a lack of available data. In the future, the development of 5G and the Internet of Things will make everything interconnected and the amount of data will increase significantly. The application of blockchain + privacy computing technology can enable artificial intelligence to use massive data to optimize models and truly move towards "intelligence". Fourth, this will bring new opportunities for the development of the blockchain industry. The combination of blockchain and privacy computing will expand the number of nodes in the alliance chain, thereby further expanding the scope of data resources that can be used collaboratively.

Second, based on technological changes, the combination of blockchain and privacy computing will bring changes to many traditional industries.

In the field of government affairs, on the one hand, interconnection and data sharing between different government departments can be achieved, thereby promoting collaboration between different government departments, improving government efficiency and decision-making quality, and promoting the construction of smart cities; On the other hand, it can promote the two-way opening of government data and private data. Government data is open to society and can be used by businesses or academia to release more value. Opening private data sources to the government can improve the efficiency of government decision-making and government affairs processes.

In the financial field, various fields such as payment, credit reporting, credit, and securities asset management will undergo changes as a result. Overall, it mainly affects financial risk control and marketing.aspect. The combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology can expand data sources, including using Internet data outside the financial system, to achieve multi-party data sharing and joint modeling, while complying with legal regulations and not leaking the original data of all parties, thereby effectively Identifying credit ratings and reducing risks such as long credit and fraud will also help with the accurate pricing of financial products such as credit and insurance. Similarly, the sharing and integration of internal and external multi-party data will also help improve the anti-money laundering screening capabilities of financial institutions.

In the medical field, in the future, in many fields such as disease treatment, drug research, and medical insurance, blockchain and privacy computing can promote the construction of medical informatization and bring about huge changes. In terms of disease treatment and drug research, the combination of blockchain and private computing can promote more medical data to be combined for analysis and research, thereby bringing new breakthroughs in the treatment of many diseases. In terms of medical insurance, the combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology can mainly allow insurance companies to apply more data, improve the design, pricing, and marketing of insurance products, and even promote insurance companies' health management of customers.

The combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology is currently mainly used in government affairs, finance, and medical fields. However, in the future, its application will not only be limited to these three fields, but will also be used in more fields. Play a role.

Third, data rights and interests will be redistributed.

This may be the most core and profound change brought about by the combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology, and is closely related to everyone’s vital interests.

First of all, this involves the redistribution of interests among different links in each industrial chain.

Take the aforementioned application in the field of advertising and marketing as an example. Previously, the distribution of interests in advertising and marketing was mainly between advertisers and channel providers. However, in the future, the application of blockchain and privacy computing technology will enable data collaboration on a larger scale. This will require solving the problem of multi-party data collaboration among advertisers, multiple channels, and consumers, which involves multiple parties. division of powers and responsibilities and redistribution of interests.

Secondly, this also involves the redistribution of interests between enterprises and individuals.

One of the important rights and interests of users involved in the EU's GDPR, the US's CCPA and other bills is "portability". That is to say, third-party applications cannot block personal data. Once an individual requests to download, the APP needs to provide a convenient API to facilitate individuals to copy data. American companies have gradually provided APIs to users. If there is a lack of functionality in this area, individual customers can file lawsuits, and the company will also face huge fines. China's "Personal Information Protection Law" also has relevant provisions. Article 45 of the "Personal Information Protection Law" stipulates that "individuals have the right to access and copy their personal information from personal information processors", "individuals request access,If their personal information is copied, the personal information processor shall provide it in a timely manner. If an individual requests the transfer of personal information to his or her designated personal information processor, and meets the conditions specified by the national cybersecurity and informatization department, the personal information processor shall provide a way for the transfer. ”

At present, Chinese companies’ blockchain + privacy computing exploration is mainly concentrated in the To B service field, but blockchain is a global business. If such a model has emerged in the United States, China will most likely not will not be affected at all. With the improvement of consumer-level software and hardware technology capabilities, the combination of blockchain and privacy computing technology will gradually revolutionize data services between individuals and institutions. For individual users, there will be opportunities to obtain Have complete control over their own private data, and obtain stronger technical guarantees for the data privacy requirements involved in the data business process. Currently, the domestic industry is still discussing issues related to To C services.

Why has the application of blockchain + privacy computing not yet become popular on a large scale?

First, the practical application of blockchain + privacy computing mainly involves situations that require multi-party data collaboration, and the actual demand has not yet exploded. .

From the perspective of the development of privacy computing technology, privacy computing is still in the early stages of implementation. It mainly solves the problem of data collaboration between two parties. There are not many scenarios involving multiple parties, so there are many At that time, we had not yet realized the need for blockchain + privacy computing applications.

From the perspective of blockchain technology development, the application of blockchain technology in many fields is not strictly needed at present. Many problems It can be solved using blockchain, but it can be solved without using blockchain technology, and the cost of applying blockchain technology to solve it is higher. Therefore, the current construction of blockchain projects is mainly driven by government departments and large enterprises, because the government From the perspective of long-term development of large enterprises, forward-looking investment construction and technology layout can be made, but most commercial organizations need to measure input and output.

Combination of blockchain technology and privacy computing technology , mainly used to deal with data collaboration issues. From the perspective of data governance, most organizations are currently dealing with their own internal data governance issues. After the internal data system is sorted out, data collaboration with external parties is involved. Therefore, It still takes time.

Second, the implementation of blockchain + privacy computing is more complicated and involves the creation of new business models, the redistribution of rights, responsibilities, and interests, so it will take longer. < /p>

Take the implementation of applications in the field of advertising and marketing as an example. Most of the current applications are only implemented on the privacy computing platform. They mainly involve data collaboration between two parties, directly apply privacy computing technology, and continue previous commercial applications. However, if blockchain technology is introduced, it will have to solve the problem of multi-party data collaboration among advertisers, channels, and consumers, which may involve the division of rights and responsibilities and the realignment of interests among multiple parties.Distribution, the formation of new business models takes time to explore.

What problems still need to be solved for the large-scale popularization of applications?

Before the application of blockchain + privacy computing can be rolled out on a large scale, three conditions need to be met:

First, from the perspective of the external environment, it requires the whole society as a whole The improvement of digitalization level. For example, blockchain + privacy computing will form a highway for data circulation in the future, but there must be enough cars on the road. At present, the digitalization of the whole society is advancing rapidly. Most institutions are carrying out their own internal data governance. They need to process their own data first before they can have more needs for collaboration with external data. This will take time. .

Second, from the perspective of technological development, investment is still needed to mature the technology. The application of blockchain + privacy computing technology actually sacrifices the efficiency of data circulation and improves security. However, the efficiency of data circulation is also very important. In the future, a certain balance needs to be formed between efficiency and security. Security It must be guaranteed and sufficient efficiency must be met, which involves the research and development of many technologies, the formulation of industry standards, the development and improvement of technology productization, and the further reduction of technology costs, which will take time.

Third, the improvement of relevant laws and regulations and the formation of data transaction business models are also needed. However, compared with the first two conditions, this condition is relatively less important at present. Because as demand explodes and technology improves, relevant laws, regulations, and business models will be formed. This condition is not the most critical factor limiting the application of blockchain and privacy computing technology at this stage.

What other trends are hidden in the application of blockchain + privacy computing?

1. The trend of localization

The application of blockchain + privacy computing involves network security and data security, and will become an important part of new infrastructure in the future. This is an important aspect related to cyberspace sovereignty, national security and future development interests, so localization in this field is the future trend.

In the localization of blockchain + privacy computing technology applications, the localization of software is relatively easy to achieve. The difficulty lies in the localization of hardware, and the most difficult part is the localization of chips.

The development of this part is related to the development of the information and innovation field. Xinchuang, the information technology application innovation industry, is the foundation of data security and network security, and is also an important part of new infrastructure. The industries involved in Xinchuang include IT infrastructure: CPU chips, servers, storage, switches, routers, various clouds and related services; basic software: databases, operating systems, middleware; application software: OA, ERP, office software , government affairs applications, streaming version signing software; information security: border security products, terminal security products, etc.

In the field of blockchain + privacy computing, some companies are already trying to localize their products. For example, as mentioned earlier, AntChain has self-developed password cards, privacy computing hardware, and self-developed trusted chain chips, and also launched the Moss privacy computing all-in-one machine. Startup companies such as Nebula Clustar and Rongshu Lianzhi are also conducting research and development of related localized hardware products.

2. The trend of combining software and hardware technologies and integrating more technologies

At present, in the practice of combining blockchain and privacy computing technology, software and The trend of combining hardware technology and integrating more technologies. This is mainly due to several needs:

First, it is the need to strengthen data security.

Privacy computing mainly solves the problem of data not being leaked during the calculation process. Blockchain mainly solves the problem of certificate storage. The combination of the two can only solve part of the problem of data security. From generation to calculation to death, data will involve multiple links such as collection, transmission, storage, calculation, and destruction. Its life cycle may last for decades. To truly ensure data security, a more comprehensive system is needed. A standardized solution so that each link has a corresponding technical system to ensure data security. In the data collection stage, the device trust architecture needs to be carefully designed, in the network transmission stage, security protocols need to be rationally used, and in the storage stage, both encryption and performance need to be taken into consideration. , In the data calculation stage, it is necessary to flexibly choose trusted execution environments and dense state operations. In addition, the trustworthiness and security of the computing environment are also crucial in building defense in depth. The technical map of these security assurance capabilities will involve trusted computing, software and hardware supply chain security, isolation technology, transparent encryption of network and storage, key management, trusted execution environment, etc. Each of these technical points has room for the combination of software and hardware and the integration of multiple technologies.

Second, there is the need to improve computing performance.

The performance of privacy computing is currently relatively low, and it exists at three levels: stand-alone computers, between stand-alone computers, and between computer clusters.

On a single computer, privacy computing uses cryptography technology, and the calculation process involves many steps of encryption and decryption, which increases the amount of calculation geometrically. Taking the fully homomorphic algorithm as an example, the speed of ciphertext operations on general-purpose chips is 100,000 times slower than plaintext operations. This means that if you use a fully homomorphic algorithm to perform the same operation on Intel's latest Icelake processor, the result will be equivalent to Intel's first-generation 8086 processor, which is a setback of several decades. This makes fully homomorphic encryption unusable in real situations. Computational power issues are also the fundamental reason why fully homomorphic algorithms have not been widely used.

Between stand-alone machines and between computer clusters, communication efficiency issues between stand-alone machines and between clusters will be involved.. On the one hand, mainstream privacy computing technology, whether it is federated learning or multi-party secure computing, has communication problems. The expansion of ciphertext and transmission times will cause network transmission efficiency between single machines to become one of the bottlenecks of privacy computing. On the other hand, since most private computing scenarios span multiple parties, and multiple parties need to communicate through the public network, there is currently a huge gap in the bandwidth and latency of the public network.

Performance problems will become more and more serious as time goes by. In 2021, the implementation of privacy computing is still in a very early stage. It is mainly applied within some institutions or between two or three parties. The amount of data processed is small, and this problem is not yet obvious. However, in the future, the arrival of multi-party data exchange requirements and the rapid increase in data volume brought about by the development of 5G and the Internet of Things will ultimately lead to explosive growth in data volume, which requires a large amount of computing power.

By then, the performance of privacy computing will face huge challenges. We are now in a golden age of architecture in terms of hardware innovation. This is because the rapid development of mobile Internet has led to the rapid development of application scenarios and the rapid development of upper-layer software. This has caused the hardware and even chips that support the bottom layer of the computer to need to be changed accordingly, entering a new round of innovation cycle. .

From the perspective of the long-term development of the combination of blockchain and privacy computing, the combination of software and hardware and the integration of multiple technologies can improve performance, security and computing effects for privacy computing; for blockchain In other words, it can encourage more institutions to join the alliance chain at low cost and expand the application scope of the alliance chain.

END

Editor | Lingluyuan

Source | Zero One Finance "Blockchain + Privacy Computing Frontline Practice Report (2022)"

< p>Ⅳ How blockchain empowers digital film and television copyright protection

In the Internet era, the low cost of copying digital copyright works has led to frequent infringement incidents. With the development and improvement of blockchain technology, this technology has played an increasingly important role in digital copyright protection. A digital film and television copyright protection platform based on blockchain technology can be established. Provide enterprises with copyright confirmation, trading and other services to inject more vitality into the development of the film and television industry. Blockchain company Hunan Souyun Technology has teamed up with Hengdian, Jiangsu, Gansu and other cultural exchanges to create a film and television blockchain public service platform, integrating blockchain technology with film and television investment and financing projects, copyright protection, etc., to promote the development of film and television culture .

VI What are the main application areas of blockchain technology?

Answer: The main application areas of blockchain technology include the financial field, the Internet of Things and logistics, public services, and digital copyright. , insurance field and public welfare field.

1. Financial field

Blockchain has potential huge application value in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges.

2. Internet of Things and Logistics Field

Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved.

3. Public service fields

Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields, but the centralized nature of these fields also brings Some problems can be solved using blockchain.

4. Digital copyright field

Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, prove the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensure the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. sex.

5. Insurance field

In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs.

6. Public welfare fields

The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.

VII What exactly is the blockchain?

What exactly is the blockchain? In essence, blockchain is a distributed, decentralized network database system that will make the storage, update, maintenance, and operation of data different. Blockchain has four indispensable core technologies, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

Then let’s talk about how blockchain is different from traditional data processing to help everyone understand what blockchain is and give everyone a general understanding of blockchain. cognition.

1. Data storage in blockchain: block chain data structure

In terms of data storage, blockchain technology utilizes "block chain data structure" To verify and store data.

What does the blockchain structure mean? Everyone has seen an iron chain, with one link within another. In fact, each link can be regarded as a block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain.

How does this so-called "iron chain" store data? To put it simply, the difference between blockchain and ordinary stored data is that on blockchain, the data in the next block includes the data in the previous block.

Take reading as an example: when we read a book, we finish page 1, then page 2, page 3...
What about in the blockchain? If each block is marked with a page number, then the content on page 2 contains the content on page 1, and the content on page 3 contains the content on page 1 and page 2......Page 10 contains the content of the first 9 pages. It is such a chain nested layer by layer. In this way, the original data can be traced back. This is the traceability of the blockchain.

The "blockchain data structure" of blockchain makes it traceable, which is naturally suitable for many fields, such as: food traceability, drug traceability, etc. In this way, the probability of tainted milk powder, fake vaccines, and fake and substandard food incidents will be greatly reduced, because once a problem occurs, through traceability, we can clearly know which link caused the problem, and accountability and recovery will be clearer.

2. Data update in the blockchain: distributed node consensus algorithm

In terms of data update, blockchain technology uses the "distributed node consensus algorithm" to Generate and update data.

Every time a new block is generated (that is, when data is updated), an algorithm needs to be used to obtain the approval of more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network to form a new block. To put it bluntly, it is a vote, and it can be generated if more than half of the people agree, which makes the data on the blockchain non-tamperable.

Why do you say that? Let’s make an analogy: we compare the blockchain to a ledger, because it records data. In the traditional world, the bookkeeping power lies with the bookkeeper, and the ledger belongs to the bookkeeper alone. So in the blockchain, everyone owns this account book. If you want to update the account, you must vote. Only if more than half of the people agree can you update the account data.

In this process, we will involve several terms: distributed, node, consensus algorithm. These terms are actually very easy to understand:

Everyone Accounting (that is, everyone has a ledger, and the ledger is scattered in everyone's hands) is the so-called "distributed";

The accounting method that everyone discusses, votes for, and unanimously agrees on is The so-called "consensus algorithm";

Every person participating in accounting is a so-called "node".

3. Data maintenance in blockchain: cryptography

In the data maintenance stage, the difference of blockchain is that it uses cryptography to Ensure the security of data transmission and access.

The cryptographic principles applied in the blockchain mainly include: hash algorithm, Merkle hash tree, elliptic curve algorithm, and Base58. These principles actually ensure data security on the blockchain through a series of complex operations and conversions.

4. Data operations in the blockchain: smart contracts

A smart contract is a commitment agreement defined and automatically executed by a computer program. To put it bluntly, it is executed with code a set of trading rules,Similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards, if you turn this function on, you don't have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it expires.

The outstanding advantage of smart contracts is that they largely avoid a series of problems caused by trust.
Many of us have encountered the situation of being borrowed money: a friend who is short of money borrows 2,000 yuan from you and promises to pay back the money after the salary is paid next month, but next month he finds other excuses. Also, dragging it around would be pointless. We didn't have much money, but we were still friends. Even though you were depressed, let it go.

Then, after having a smart contract, he cannot default on his debt, because in the smart contract, once the terms in the contract are triggered, the code will automatically execute, whether he wants it or not, as long as he sends Once you have earned your salary and have money in your account, he has to pay you back.

To summarize the contents of this section, there are four indispensable core technologies in the blockchain, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

We can understand it this way: distributed storage corresponds to the data storage stage, the consensus mechanism corresponds to the data processing and update stage, cryptography corresponds to data security, and smart contracts correspond to data operational issues.

Can Ⅷ "Film and Drama Blockchain Public Service Platform" invest in film and television projects?

Investing in the film industry requires certification of the business qualifications of the production company, the use of the company's public account for payment, and signing of corporate contracts If you follow the contract and pay attention to the progress of the film at all times, you can basically avoid investment scams. If the company promises high daily interest, weekly interest and monthly interest rebates, you have to be careful in this case. Now there is a blockchain company Hunan Souyun Technology teaming up with Hengdian and Jiangsu Several cultural exchanges have built a public service platform for film and television blockchains. Blockchain has brought new solutions to film and television crowdfunding. It can rely on smart contracts + distributed accounting + tradable tokens, allowing The value of digitally divided film and television products can be safely stored and traded. Integrate blockchain technology with film and television investment and financing projects, copyright protection, etc. to promote the development of film and television culture.

Ⅸ What is blockchain and digital currency

The characteristics of blockchain are decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliable database

An example: For example, the grandson asked Li Zi to borrow 100 yuan, but Li Zi was afraid that he would default on the loan, so he asked the village chief to do a notarization and add the amount to the account. This is called centralization. But if, instead of asking the village chief, a loudspeaker in the village shouts, "I, Li Zi, lent my grandson a hundred yuan! Please record it in the account book," this is called decentralization. In the past, the village chief was highly respected and had control of the entire village's ledger, so everyone kept their money with him. This was the trust that everyone had in centralization in the past. Now, everyone is worried that the village chief will secretly misappropriate everyone's money. What should we do? So everyone issued a ledger to everyone, and anyone who transfers money will announce the news through the loudspeaker. After receiving the news, everyone willEveryone records the transaction in their own ledger, which is called decentralization. With distributed ledgers, it doesn’t matter even if the ledger of Lao Zhang or Lao Li’s family is lost, because other families such as Lao Zhao and Lao Ma have ledgers.

The abbreviation of digital currency is DIGICCY, which is the abbreviation of "Digital Currency" in English. It is an alternative currency in the form of electronic money. Digital gold coins and cryptocurrency are both digital currencies (DIGICCY). Blockchain technology services Shengpu Technology

X What are the technical applications of blockchain

Original title: Analysis of market status and development trends of China’s blockchain industry in 2019 and widespread application to accelerate digital China Construction

The blockchain industry as a whole is entering the 3.0 stage and accelerating the process of Digital China, making great contributions

my country's blockchain industry has developed after ten years. Basically, a relatively mature industrial chain has been formed. Under the conditions of national policy promotion and increasing demand in downstream application fields, the market scale of my country's blockchain industry continues to develop, with high geographical concentration and obvious industrial cluster effects. As the maturity of blockchain technology continues to increase, the blockchain industry is entering the 3.0 stage as a whole, with good performance in finance, logistics, copyright protection and other fields, making a huge contribution to promoting my country's digital construction and accelerating the process of Digital China. the power of.

Blockchain industry industry chain analysis: Many downstream application fields have huge development potential

From the perspective of the industry chain, my country’s blockchain industry includes upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure; midstream Blockchain application and technical services;

Downstream blockchain application fields and other links. Upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure mainly provide necessary hardware, technology and infrastructure support for blockchain applications. Among them, hardware equipment includes mining machines, mining pools, chip manufacturers, etc.; general technologies include distributed storage, decentralization transaction, data services, distributed computing and other related technologies.

Downstream application fields include the combination of applying blockchain technology with existing industries, mainly including the financial industry, logistics industry, copyright protection, medical health, industrial energy and many other fields. As an emerging technology, blockchain There are many downstream application fields and huge development potential.

Midstream blockchain applications and services include basic platform construction and the provision of technical service support. The basic platform construction is divided into general basic chains and vertical domain basic chains; technical service support includes technical support and service support. Support is similar to upstream related technologies, and is responsible for providing buyers with a series of technical support based on blockchain products such as blockchain security protection; service support includes a series of services such as digital asset trading venues, digital asset storage, and media communities.

Blockchain industry industry chain analysis

Source: Compiled by Qianzhan Industry Research Institute

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my country’s Internet giants have also laid out their plans in the blockchain industry, with the main entry point being the blockchainRegarding the application of blockchain technology in the financial field, most companies such as Alibaba, Internet, Tencent, JD.com, and 360 have launched new blockchain + financial models through their own financial companies using blockchain technology to broaden the application scenarios of blockchain technology.

Analysis of development trends of my country’s blockchain industry

1. With the continuous development of my country’s blockchain technology and the continuous expansion of blockchain application fields, my country’s blockchain industry will It will appear that blockchain has become the forefront of global technological development and opened up a new track for international competition;

2. The blockchain field has become a new hot spot for innovation and entrepreneurship, and technological integration will expand new application space;

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3. Blockchain will be widely implemented in the real economy in the next three years and become an important support for the construction of Digital China;

4. Blockchain will create a new platform economy and open up a new era of sharing economy. Times;

5. Blockchain accelerates the process of "trusted digitization" and drives finance to "shift from virtuality to reality" to serve the real economy;

6. Blockchain supervision and standard system It will be further improved and the foundation for industrial development will continue to consolidate the six major development trends.