区块链申论开头怎么写,区块链作文范文

近年来，区块链技术受到了越来越多的关注，它已经成为一个全新的技术领域，被认为是一种重要的技术创新，将改变未来的金融系统和社会经济。本文将从三个方面来论述区块链技术的重要性，即去中心化、可信性和安全性。

去中心化是指区块链技术没有中心控制机构，而是由大量的用户构成的分布式网络。这意味着，没有任何一个组织或者个人可以控制或影响整个网络，这也是区块链技术的核心价值之一。去中心化的特性使得数据的存储和交易更加安全，也使得参与者更加容易进行交易，从而提高了整个网络的可信度。

可信性是指区块链网络的可信度，也是区块链技术的核心价值之一。区块链技术采用了公开的分布式账本，每一笔交易都会被记录在账本上，并且被所有参与者所共享。这使得数据的存储和传输更加安全可靠，也使得参与者更容易进行交易，从而提高了整个网络的可信度。

安全性是指区块链技术提供的安全性，也是区块链技术的核心价值之一。区块链技术采用了分布式账本技术，每一笔交易都会被记录在账本上，并且被所有参与者所共享。这使得数据的存储和传输更加安全可靠，并且可以有效地防止数据被篡改，从而保护参与者的利益。此外，区块链技术还采用了加密技术，使得参与者的数据更加安全。

总之，区块链技术的出现，为我们带来了去中心化、可信性和安全性等优点，将深刻地影响未来的金融系统和社会经济。

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① What functions does petro currency have, what functions does Bitcoin have, and what are their prospects?

In today's rapid development of information technology, physical currency is far from meeting people's needs. Fund flow needs. Virtual currency is an information flow or data flow that replaces the circulation of physical currency in high technology. Virtual currency is different from checks and wire transfers. Virtual currency cannot be transferred and can only be circulated in the online world. Virtual currency is released by each online machine and there is no unified issuance and management specification. According to incomplete statistics, there are currently no less than 10 types of online virtual currencies in circulation on the market, such as Q coins, U coins, etc. Taking Q coins as an example, there are more than 300 million users. It is understood that the domestic Internet already has a virtual currency market size of several billions per year, with a rapid growth rate. Virtual currency is a form of electronic currency that has just emerged in recent years. This virtual currency is essentially a manifestation of goods. It is the result of a series of digital program algorithms calculated through a series of mathematical algorithms. Virtual currency is essentially a currency and can be used for transactions.

One Christmas, an editor from the Financial Times decided to buy his parents a special Christmas gift - Bitcoin. The reason is simple. Before Christmas, the value of Bitcoin exceeded 10,000 US dollars for the first time, rising more than ten times in one year. Young people in Europe and the United States are talking about Bitcoin. A survey found that 20 to 30-year-olds in the United States Among young people, fully 30% have bought Bitcoin. If they don’t know what Bitcoin is, they will definitely fall behind. The idea of ​​taking Bitcoin as a gift not only allows you to try the waters in the currency circle, but also allows your elderly parents to play with something new.

As a result, the editor who bought one hundred US dollars worth of Bitcoin watched the exchange prices every day during the days when Bitcoin was jumping up and down, fearing that the price of Bitcoin would drop and his gift would also be lost. Water drifts. On Christmas Day, he struggled for a long time to help his dad pack the Bitcoin electronic wallet, and then transferred the purchased Bitcoins to his dad as a gift after a lot of trouble. After the transfer was completed, he received the bill—— The transfer fee was $30, and the transaction took an hour to be confirmed. Dad was very happy, and even called me during the New Year to tell him that the Bitcoin in his account had risen to 85 yuan.

Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency right now. To understand what Bitcoin is, we need to explain it in a few steps. First, it is a cryptocurrency, and transactions are very safe and cannot be tampered with, because it relies on a technology called blockchain; second, this blockchain technology is a distributed ledger that securely records transactions. It is a technology that stores transaction data on all networked computers separately. Because each transaction requires at least half of the networked computers to confirm, it ensures security and transaction transparency; third, because it uses a distributed blockchain Technology, Bitcoin is different from the well-known legal currencies such as the RMB or the US dollar. It is no longer issued by a country's central bank, nor does it have the credit endorsement behind the country. There is no central authority to determine the currency value.There is no central trading system to verify transactions.

The Economist's 2016 cover article "Trust the Machine", which introduced "blockchain", was considered by Bitcoin insiders to be a landmark event for Bitcoin to enter the mainstream crowd's vision. The Economist article believes that blockchain, as an emerging decentralized technology, has broad application prospects not only in the field of digital currency, but also in many fields such as supply chain, medical care, and real estate transactions.

However, Bitcoin has risen from less than $1,000 at the beginning of 2017 to a maximum of $20,000. Although this round of rise has made it a household investment, it is still far away from becoming a digital currency that can replace legal tender. Getting further and further away.

If measured by the three main functions of currency, Bitcoin cannot shoulder even one function. The three main intelligences are value reserves, means of circulation and pricing units. Let’s look at why one by one.

Let’s first look at stored value methods. The price of Bitcoin has been soaring, and it has often been on a roller coaster recently. The price often fluctuates by 20% to 30% in a day. If Bitcoin serves as a value reserve, this kind of volatility will obviously make people nervous: If in January last year You bought a car with Bitcoin, and by January this year, the same amount of Bitcoin was enough for you to buy the most expensive sports car.

As a means of circulation, Bitcoin is also very weak and not environmentally friendly. In the example at the beginning, the editor of the Financial Times actually had to pay $30 to transfer Bitcoin, and it took more than an hour for the money to arrive. This is incomparable to the free real-time payment of WeChat wallet, let alone the current system that can handle hundreds of thousands of transactions per second. The reason for this is that Bitcoin has set a rule that it can only process 7 transactions per second, and because it requires at least 50% of networked computers to confirm, each transaction requires 275 kilowatt-hours of electricity. The total annual electricity consumption of Bitcoin is enough for Morocco, a small country in North Africa. In other words, Bitcoin’s existing technology cannot meet the needs of global digital transactions.

Finally, as a unit of account, Bitcoin will also have problems if it becomes widely circulated. For example, if your housing loan is denominated in Bitcoin, then house prices have not increased much in the past year, but your debt may have increased more than ten times if it were converted into RMB. Without a stable currency value, Bitcoin has no way to support slightly more complex financial transactions.

Then why is Bitcoin still soaring? The reason can actually be described in one word: FOMO, which is the abbreviation of For Fear of Missing Out, which means "fear of missing out." Each of us is afraid of missing out on this opportunity to make a fortune. If stories spread about people around us becoming billionaires by investing in Bitcoin, more and more people will buy coins because of the money-making effect. . There are many examples of such rapid bubbles in history. If many investors buy an illiquid asset, the price may double.of rise.

But FOMO is FOMO, and the blockchain behind Bitcoin has huge potential, which is why The Economist calls it a "credit machine."

Some people hail blockchain as the future Internet. But the problem is that the applications of blockchain in various fields mentioned above can actually be completed using centralized databases. Blockchain has not brought technological advancement, and even at the current stage of transaction speed and Frequency has bottlenecks. So why do it? The answer lies in the concept of "decentralization". Centralization means that all data is placed in a core database. As this database grows larger, the security risks it faces will also increase. Similarly, for each individual, if the data is concentrated in one center and it also gives this center great power, how to ensure that this power is not abused? Blockchain technology is the representative of "decentralized" technology. Decentralization, as the name suggests, means that there is no longer a core, a center that gives orders and has authority, but a new organizational model in a decentralized way, where every participant is equal.

So, the people behind the promotion of blockchain applications actually hope to achieve a certain balance between the core and the public, that is, the center and the decentralization. Another problem that centralization may cause is that platform dominance will stifle competition, just like our current digital economy has been dominated by FAANG and BAT. The United States is Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Google, and China’s BAT needs no explanation. The decentralized model led by blockchain can encourage the creation of new competitive markets.

Another point that is also very important is that many experts hope to automate more processes with the help of the transparency and non-tampering characteristics of data on the blockchain, as well as the characteristics of smart contracts. For example, a certain transaction is completed when certain agreed conditions are met, and this process can also be audited. This feature of blockchain is particularly effective in some markets with corrupt governments and lack of rules, which is why there are already blockchain-based real estate transaction applications in some Latin American countries.

Looking back at Bitcoin and the explosive but problematic ICO (Initial Coin Offering) market. Both experts and industry insiders are hotly discussing one word - tokenize, which means adding a token to the chain. Bitcoin mania tells us how amazing the wealth effect of FOMO is. However, some experts believe that the blockchain with tokens can better motivate participants to discover possible security risks on the public chain, making blockchain-based applications more efficient.

Finally, although Bitcoin has now become a "dark horse asset" sought after by funds, the rise of encrypted digital currencies should still trigger thinking and let people ask what money is and how money is created. from? If money is fundamentalBecause a certain story makes more and more people consider credit valuable, then the next generation of cryptocurrency may open up many other possibilities. Look, isn’t it? Venezuela, which is suffering from inflation, has issued a “petro currency”? It is hoped that this kind of petro coin, which claims that each petro coin is directly linked to each barrel of crude oil, will not have its credit shattered as quickly as the gold yuan bonds. After all, Venezuela is rich in oil, and the blockchain itself has credibility that is not easily tampered with.

② What does blockchain mean?

Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology.

Essentially, it is a shared database. The data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". . Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

The Origin of Blockchain

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto ) published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which elaborated on the architectural concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, blockchain technology, etc., which marked the The birth of coin.

Two months later, the theory came into practice, and on January 3, 2009, the first genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, block number 1 appeared on January 9, 2009, and was connected to the genesis block number 0 to form a chain, marking the birth of the blockchain.

③ Provincial Examination Theory: Building a digital government to provide high-quality services

1. The evaluation results of the China Software Evaluation Center show that China’s digital government construction has now entered a stage of comprehensive improvement. In innovative government governance and The role played by service models, improving administrative management and service efficiency, and improving government credibility and execution capabilities is becoming more and more obvious.

Up to now, more than ten provincial-level local governments in my country have introduced and made public digital government planning plans; the number of government websites nationwide has been concentrated to 14,500; many places have coordinated the establishment of provincial government service apps; transportation The Ministry of Ecology and Environment, the Ministry of Ecology and Environment and other departments, as well as local governments in Guangdong and Shandong, promote the opening of government data to the society and promote the improvement of governance capabilities.

Many places strive to “make it as convenient for people to do things as online shopping” through innovative government services. Shanghai, Zhejiang and other places have deepened the integrated online government service system, opened up departmental boundaries, optimized business processes, and provided integrated services to businesses and people; Zhejiang and Jiangxi have jointly promoted cross-regional data sharing and achieved cross-provincial mutual recognition of 11 certificates such as ID cards; Fujian, Guangdong and other places have developed intensive mobile apps or WeChat applets to realize “handheld services”""Fingertip Office".

Some places have made positive progress in the application of new technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and blockchain. Beijing Capital Window's "One-stop Search" search service focuses on deciphering government information "Can't find it, can't find it quickly, can't find it accurately" problem; Shanghai established a big data joint innovation laboratory to bring together multiple data resources to improve people's livelihood services; Zhejiang established a blockchain electronic bill platform to realize the "on-chain cover" of the entire electronic bill process "Poke" to improve supervision efficiency.

The China Software Evaluation Center recommends further accelerating and improving the digital government construction system: strengthen communication and coordination, promote the orderly sharing of government data, and rationalize the top-down, left-right coordination system and mechanism; Formulate relevant standards and specifications for the construction of digital government; promote the standardization of government services, promote the indiscriminate acceptance of government service matters and handle them with the same standards; formulate system specifications for the development and utilization of government data resources, and improve and promote the institutionalization, standardization, and legalization of the development and utilization of government data resources.< br />
2. "Whether the government services are good or not, please give a 'good or bad' rating." "Recently, the "Implementation Measures for "Good and Bad Reviews" of Government Services in S (Trial)" (hereinafter referred to as the "Measures") have been promulgated and implemented. Citizens can evaluate government services regardless of online or offline services, and relevant departments will Satisfactory evaluations arrange 100% return visits. The "Measures" use the evaluations of enterprises and citizens to force government departments to continuously improve service quality, thus making the golden sign of S city's administrative services brighter and brighter.

Yes Evaluating government services is nothing new. What’s special about City S’s “good or bad review” system is that supervision is fully open. Whether online or offline, no matter what matters are handled, companies and citizens can take out their mobile phones Scan the QR code or enter the "Love City" App to rate government services in terms of overall satisfaction, processing timeliness, service convenience, etc. and leave comments to add to them. After submission, all these ratings and content will be made public. In other words, All users can directly see the evaluation results online, which makes "good and bad reviews" get rid of the traditional path of "internal evaluation" of the unit.

"For these real-name "dissatisfied" and "very dissatisfied" "Satisfactory" evaluation is not something that the organizers are done with just receiving it. The 'Good Negative Review' system automatically generates a negative review work order, pushes it to the 12345 hotline platform, and transfers it according to the 12345 hotline working mechanism. The organizer will conduct a return visit within 10 working days to verify and provide corresponding feedback. We arrange 100% return visits to connect with the parties involved. "H, the relevant person in charge of the S Municipal Government Service Data Management Bureau, said that the bureau regularly summarizes the results of "good and bad reviews" and releases "good and bad reviews" to the society through the provincial government service network, "Love City" App, news media and other channels. "Evaluation" results and accept social supervision.

How to score government services? As long as the applicant handles government service business through online, offline, self-service terminals, or 12345 hotline, Can be evaluated. Simply put, it is service matters and service channels.and evaluation objects are fully covered.

When handling online, the Provincial Government Service Network and mobile government service platforms such as "Love City" App and S City Handheld Government WeChat Mini Program have set up a "good or bad review" function, and workers can choose Online evaluations are made from "one star" which means "very dissatisfied" to "five stars" which means "very satisfied".

Offline "good and bad reviews" are equally convenient. In the S City Administrative Service Hall, each service window is equipped with an evaluator, and workers can directly score. "If you are not satisfied, and the service provider does not want to give a rating in person due to personal reasons, you can also scan the QR code to evaluate our service." A staff member in the administrative service hall said that the window staff is now completing the matter. The clerk will be proactively reminded to score.

After learning that the service could be evaluated, Ms. Hu, who came to consult on the talent settlement policy, happily took out her mobile phone, scanned the QR code to enter the evaluation page, clicked "Five Stars", and wrote a message: "The window is small My sister is enthusiastic and meticulous, and her answers are detailed and thoughtful." Ms. Hu said: "So many open channels make government services more transparent, and I applaud S City's 'good bad reviews' system!"

There are malicious "bad reviews" What should I do if I give a "good review"? H revealed: "The evaluation results will not be adopted for verified false or malicious reviews. Any fraudulent 'good reviews' or malicious 'bad reviews' will be investigated and dealt with in a timely manner to ensure 'good reviews'" The results of negative reviews are objective, true and accurate."

"Through the 'good negative review' system, problems in government service work are discovered, and problem-solving is the core, sharing worries for the government and relieving citizens' worries. "H also said that the "good and bad review" system can form a powerful supervision and supervision mechanism, so that government services can develop in the direction of better quality, higher efficiency, and continuous improvement of people's satisfaction.

3. Nowadays, government digital construction is in full swing all over the world. It saves citizens’ time on the front end, allowing them to complete most of the application work online; on the back end, it uses cloud computing, AI, data mining and other technologies to reduce government manpower expenses, and through data aggregation, it can further understand people’s livelihood conditions. . Window personnel can apply for social security with just a few clicks of their fingers, and government departments can also obtain information on employment flows and growth.

However, relevant United Nations departments warned after conducting a survey in the UK that we should be wary of the impact of government digitalization on human rights, especially for vulnerable groups. The impact of government digitalization is huge.

It is very convenient for us to solve everything on mobile phones and computers. However, among the people who need welfare assistance most, many are the elderly, disabled, and illiterate who are inconvenient to use digital devices. Some even cannot afford computers, mobile phones and the Internet at home. Data from the British telecommunications regulator Ofcom in 2017 showed that only 47% of low-income people used broadband Internet at home, and only 42% of the unemployed and 43% of low-income people were online.Handle banking business online. Due to the reduction of public employees, people often face AI customer service robots and long waiting times when making phone consultations. Government digitalization does not provide enough help to vulnerable groups.

The United Nations survey stated that if it were not for the actions of charities and volunteers, many vulnerable groups would not be able to receive government relief funds on their own.

In order to improve efficiency and facilitate the public, the British government has opened up the backends of the tax system, employment and pension system (DWP), etc. to share information. In this way, it seems that the efficiency of the government has been improved. However, when submitting the tax system, employers as ordinary users will still make mistakes, but the efficiency of manual processing of errors is very inefficient. The United Nations investigation report mentioned that fifty full-time employees Civil servants can only deal with 2% of errors every month. Even sometimes errors that can be quickly discovered and solved manually have to wait for complex processing by the system. This results in many people successfully receiving welfare benefits five or even ten weeks after submitting their applications, and many of them are waiting to get money to pay rent and buy food.

The UK has also launched a risk analysis and intelligence system based on artificial intelligence data matching to determine whether people applying for benefits have falsified their tax payment status and debts, and to verify the identity of the applicant. This part of the work is often outsourced to private IT service companies, and it turns out that they do not do it well.

The United Nations found in its investigation that many people were inexplicably classified as high-risk groups because they did not understand the algorithm evaluation standards, but they did not know how to reduce their risk index, which ultimately brought a lot of consequences to their lives. trouble. However, the British government believes that if a clear reference for algorithm evaluation is given, on the one hand it will damage the intellectual property rights of IT service companies, and on the other hand it may cause someone to exploit loopholes and deceive the system.

After investigation, the United Nations proposed that judging from the current situation in the UK, government digitalization is essentially a political orientation. The government provides benefits to those who have the ability to read and write, and can operate electronic devices to declare online, to help them escape poverty and return to society to create value, because these people can more easily adapt to society. As for those who do not know how to access the Internet and cannot fill out the forms themselves, it will be more difficult for them to reintegrate into society, so the government chooses to put their needs later. This is the main reason why the United Nations plays the "human rights card" warning.

However, social problems are complex, and hunger and poverty cannot be completely linked to a policy. But we have to admit that on the road to government digitalization, it is indeed not easy to balance efficiency and fairness.

The security of data, the training reserves of technical personnel, and the popularization of digital skills in society as a whole will take time to complete. If government digitization is rashly implemented on a large scale, the result is likely to be like that in Britain today: from government civil servants to ordinary people, everyone has a distrust of this system.If you don’t know much about it, you will still have to wait a long time to make a phone call. What’s even more annoying is that other countries will come to promote how advanced your government’s digitalization is...

But what’s even more frightening is that government digitalization It may cause greater fragmentation in a society that is already stratified.

The high degree of digitization of government business will almost inevitably lead to large-scale reductions in front-line business personnel. When these vulnerable groups cannot express their needs offline, will we completely ignore their existence and indulge in a false happiness? Handling all affairs online may become the last resort for vulnerable groups to isolate themselves from society. A straw.

This is the situation that is currently occurring in the UK. Those who are unable to carry out identity verification and welfare applications have almost completely "disappeared" from the welfare system. It seems that the government has reduced welfare expenditures, but the poverty situation has not been alleviated, and has even become worse.

No matter how powerful machine vision is, it will ultimately be no match for human eyes. No matter what form our government digitization will take in the future, discovering the needs of every circle and listening to the voices of every group are the most important things. It doesn't matter whether it's through the eyes and ears of a machine or the eyes and ears of a human being. It's just a different means of transportation on our road to happiness.

4. Currently, the battlefield of the mobile Internet is shifting from "App ecology" to "mini program ecology", and there are actually signs of this ecological migration. Three years ago, the "Guangdong Affairs" WeChat mini program was officially launched; the General Office of the State Council officially launched the "National Government Service Complaints and Suggestions" mini program. "Mini program + government affairs" is becoming the standard and blue ocean for government service innovation.

Official data from WeChat shows that 650 million people have used mini programs to receive government services, accounting for more than 80% of China’s mobile Internet users. Compared with the emerging “zombie government apps”, government services Service applets are an area of ​​innovation worthy of attention.

In the PC era, some government websites hope to increase their influence through search engine bidding rankings and gain more patronage from netizens. In the era of mobile Internet, we have seen many provincial and municipal government apps specializing in planning operational activities and promoting online and offline downloads and installations to increase installed capacity and user numbers. However, there is a question here: Do netizens who click on the website actually use the website’s services? Do they download, install and register the government app and actually use the app’s services? Maybe they are just for the small gift given on site?

WeChat mini-programs are decentralized, have no application market, cannot be forwarded to Moments, and have only a few third-party rankings. This change in judging standards, promotion methods, and communication methods can be said to be for Tailor-made for "Mini Program + Government Affairs". The government service mini program itself does not exist and does not need to control traffic and users. What is needed is to plan and design service content based on public needs.and make services easy to obtain and complete. For example, birth certificates, pension withdrawals, and various document correlations are currently pain point services. "Guangdong Province" and "Gan Futong" are all reflecting their own advantages and characteristics, but There are also many government service mini-programs that are still entering this field with the product design thinking and operation methods of PC websites and mobile apps. The outcome can be imagined.

Since the "Guangdong Province" mini program pioneered the "My Certificate" service, mobile government applications represented by mini programs have gradually bid farewell to the rigid PC era service design and display model and truly begun Care about users’ pain points, needs and usage habits. Associating users' certificate information is not only an effective means to solve users' immediate needs, but also a measure to enhance user stickiness, turning the government service applet from a low-frequency application into a high-frequency application in daily life.

In addition to the association of certificates and licenses, more and more user application scenarios such as provident funds, social security, taxation, driving, marriage registration appointments, etc. are being awakened. Things that originally needed to be found and searched through search platforms and government service platforms Content is provided with priority in the "Popular Services" category of the Mini Program. As application scenarios become more and more abundant, the application scope and value of electronic certificates involving citizens' personal rights will also become wider and wider, and users will receive more and more digital dividends.

Government websites, online service halls, government service networks, government Weibo, government WeChat, mobile government Apps... Since the beginning of government digital transformation, these platforms, applications and channels have all faced us. The difference in the user interface of digital government is that the focus and needs of different development stages are different, so its external capabilities and influence are different. Similarly, due to the lack of participation and obstacles to gain, so far, there are few excellent government websites or platforms that can make us blurt out.

The difference between the experience of the government service mini program and the previous government service platform is: first, the user base of the mini program is all the users of national-level applications such as WeChat or Alipay, so the mini program should not Occupying a certain traffic entrance, it itself is at the traffic entrance; secondly, the user experience standards of mini programs are derived from the experience standards of parent platforms such as WeChat or Alipay, and follow the original user habits. Therefore, individual provincial government service agencies use design It is obviously not feasible to design the experience of small programs based on the idea of ​​​​App.

“Mini Program + Government Affairs” is no longer about changing the public’s habit of obtaining government services in terms of entry methods, service interfaces, and usage processes, but it is about changing the dull, rigid, and rigid design thinking of previous government service platforms. With service logic, at a time when PC government affairs are declining and mobile government affairs are in stasis, it has reshaped the experience standards for digital government in the intelligent era and recalibrated the development direction of mobile government affairs.

Judging from the public opinion caused by the recent release of "marriage certificates" and "divorce certificates" by mini programs in various places, the public has paid enough attention to "mini programs + government affairs"Therefore, government services in the post-mobile era will not be limited to imitation of original paths and thinking. Advocating individual and personality values, emphasizing participation, advocating service warmth, and emphasizing "sense of presence" will become future government service innovations. direction of development.

5. More than 100 government services such as document application, matter processing, and provident fund online inquiry in J Province can be processed online through the mini program. The newly launched J Provincial Government Service WeChat applet is a provincial government service platform that breaks time and geographical restrictions. It is jointly created by the J Provincial Government Service Office and the Tencent Cloud team. It aims to allow users to stay at home without leaving their homes. You can handle political affairs at home.

In the past, to handle a government business, users had to submit written materials to the acceptance window, and they usually had to go through layers of review, which was time-consuming and labor-intensive. It is even more inconvenient if it is a cross-regional government matter.

Now, for citizens, this small program not only saves them the trouble of repeated errands for cross-regional and cross-department affairs, but also allows them to view the latest news on local government services in real time and understand the latest policies and regulations. , to grasp the latest service needs.

As a government affairs mini program platform that provides convenient services to the public, the J Provincial Government Service Mini Program covers provincial, municipal, and county government affairs services and people’s livelihood services, opening up the province’s government service system and improving the While the government works efficiently, it also truly allows the people to run less errands, get things done more easily, and avoid adding to obstacles.

6. The Fourth Plenary Session of the 19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly pointed out: "Establish and improve institutional rules for the use of the Internet, big data, artificial intelligence and other technical means for administrative management. Promote the construction of digital government and strengthen data ownership. Sharing in an orderly manner and protecting personal information in accordance with the law." At the starting point of the new era, taking the construction of digital government as the starting point, we can profoundly optimize the government governance structure, carry out institutional arrangements reasonably and effectively, and improve resource allocation, service processes, element integration and operating mechanisms. on, exerting a strong leading role and technical effect.

As a national e-government comprehensive pilot province, Guangdong has been building an integrated digital government with government Internet thinking since 2018, and has promoted "handheld government fingertips" with mobile construction ideas, and is the first of its kind in the country. A new model of government informatization construction of "government-enterprise cooperation and separation of management and operation".

In the past two years, Guangdong has successively launched the "Guangdong Series" mobile service platforms, including the country's first one-stop enterprise-related mobile service platform "Guangdong Business Link" and the country's first electronic signature based on mini programs. Chapter platform "Guangdong Letter", the country's first integrated provincial, city and county government affairs map data platform "Guangdong Government Map", the country's largest provincial-level integrated government service platform Guangdong Government Service Network, the country's most integrated government terminal Guangdong Government Service All-in-one machine, etc.

On January 1, 2020, the "Regulations on Optimizing the Business Environment" was officially implemented, which clearly requires the continuous streamlining of enterprise-related business licensing matters, optimizing approval services, optimizing the construction project approval process, and establishing a smooth and effectiveGovernment-enterprise communication mechanism, etc.

Guangdong acted quickly. For example, "mobile phone ID card" is not only applicable to individual users, but mobile phones have also become corporate ID folders. Take the application for entrepreneurial subsidies as an example. Previously, enterprises were required to bring 10 certificates and materials, including industrial and commercial business licenses, tax registration certificates, and legal person commitment information. Now, through "Guangdong Business Connect", the required certificates and licenses can be automatically associated and the materials filled in automatically. At the same time, corporate staff only need to log in once to enjoy one-stop services, including applying for business licenses, operating permits, tax declarations and payment, and other 329 high-frequency government services all in one place. At present, Guangdong has reduced the number of application materials submitted for business start-up by 56%, and the time for starting a business has been reduced to three working days.

In addition, the Guangdong Government Service Network has also launched more than 10,000 "one thing" themed integrated services such as "I want to get land" and "I want to start a business" to realize "one thing at a time" for enterprises. "Do" and continue to optimize the business environment.

In view of the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, select financing products through "Guangdong Business Connect", and the platform automatically integrates corporate tax payment, provident fund payment, electricity consumption and other data to form an analysis report, which is provided to financial institutions to accelerate Loan applications are reviewed and approved, and the approval results are actively pushed to the enterprise, making it easier for the enterprise to keep track of the loan approval progress at any time.

“Data in the cloud and services in the cloud” is one of the core concepts of Guangdong’s “digital government” reform and construction. As an important carrier of "service sinking", the government service all-in-one machine was launched in May 2019 and is mainly deployed in grassroots service centers in towns (streets) and villages (communities). It is used for processing tasks that require the collection of faces, photos and fingerprints, and printing Service items such as receipts, licenses and certificates.

“This effectively makes up for the problem of ‘cannot handle online services and often queues at offline windows’, and extends the integrated administrative service capabilities of ‘digital government’ to the ‘last resort’ in towns and villages. Meter extension is a powerful tool to achieve equalization, universal benefit and convenience of basic public services, allowing grassroots people, especially people in remote mountainous areas, to get services nearby and around them without leaving the village." Relevant person in charge of the Provincial Government Service Data Management Bureau explain.

With the movement of a finger, you can easily report fire hazards around you, such as aging wiring in rental housing, electric vehicles parked illegally in the corridor, etc. The public can check the report status and processing results at any time, and can also declare fire damage online.

In fact, this is a social governance management platform developed based on the "Guangdong Government Map", which associates spatial geographical information with government affairs databases to achieve grid management of people, households, houses, buildings and other elements. , encourage the public to report and provide feedback on community issues anytime and anywhere. At the same time, combined with the precise positioning capabilities of the "Guangdong Political Map", incidents reported by the masses are quickly assigned and pushed to the corresponding grid members, which greatly improves the efficiency of community management. This is also Guangdong's exploration of creating a new pattern of co-construction, co-governance and shared social governance. .

The fundamental purpose of building “digital government” is to make technology truly serve the general public.Serving corporate competition and social governance, making people's lives better, making corporate development more dynamic, and making social governance smarter. In the next step, Guangdong will continue to make efforts in consolidating the basic supporting capabilities of digital government, deepening the construction of integrated government service platforms, accelerating the promotion of "Internet + supervision" and other fields. Focusing on the service needs of the public and enterprises, Guangdong will accelerate the promotion of Internet + government services. Extend to the grassroots level, continuously improve the efficiency and transparency of government services, continue to improve the business environment, so that enterprises and the public can do things with less errands, do things more easily, without adding obstacles, and better share the results of the development of Internet + government services.

Answer requirements
1. Based on the "given information 2", please summarize the characteristics of the "good and bad reviews" system of S city's administrative services.

Requirements: closely follow the material, be accurate, comprehensive, and clearly organized, no more than 300 words.

2. The underlined sentence in "Given Information 3" mentions that "handling all affairs online may become the last straw for vulnerable groups to separate from society." Please talk about it. your understanding of this sentence.

Requirements: clear point of view, clear logic, comprehensive content, no more than 300 words.

3. If you are a staff member of a certain government department and you are going to participate in a "Digital Government" seminar in the near future and introduce "Mini Program + Government Affairs" to the participants, please follow the "Give "Definite Information 4" and write an introduction material.

Requirements: comprehensive content, accurate expression, clear organization, only the main text, no more than 400 words.

4. The underlined sentence in "Given Information 6" mentions, "The fundamental purpose of building a 'digital government' is to make technology truly serve the general public, corporate competition, and Focus on social governance to make people’s lives better, make enterprise development more dynamic, and make social governance smarter.” Please write an article based on your understanding of this sentence, choose your own angle, draw up your own topic.

Requirements: (1) Clear views and substantial content; (2) Complete structure and clear hierarchy; (3) Connect with reality and not stick to "given information"; (4) 1000~1200 words .

④ Popular explanation of what blockchain is

Question 1: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principle of 10-point blockchain in plain language: decentralization A distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly Payment transactions are carried out without the involvement of a third party.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain.part of a chain or main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation?
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to satisfy market participants. There is a demand for information, so intermediaries and centers are born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information among all nodes on a network.The open code of information makes the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by the global unified market programmatic, protocol-based and executable. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 2: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with the total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology underlying Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas international affairs, compared with China, the United States had already won 15 awards at the end of last year.Blockchain patents and blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will become more and more eye-catching, and will form a huge trend. New trend...>>

Question 3: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", a new form of distributed artificial intelligence, and will establish a new interface and shared interface for human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 4: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain refers to a technology that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. plan.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat and Taobao.Ali is keeping the ledger. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

Question 5: Explain in an easy-to-understand manner what blockchain is. Blockchain can be understood as a database system in a sense. The development of blockchain can be divided into 1.0 and 2.0
1.0 is represented by Bitcoin, and its main application is virtual currency or digital currency application. The blockchain at this time can only be used for simple digital currency transactions.
2.0 is represented by the now popular ethereum (Ethereum) and the upcoming hyperledger. The blockchain at this stage can not only meet the corresponding digital currency transactions, but also use smart contracts to customize currency or asset transactions. If we use the database analogy, the emergence of smart contracts can be understood as allowing users to define functions or stored procedures in the database and call and execute them.
Different from traditional databases, the blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism, p2p (network), hash and other specific elements, making it open, decentralized and non-tamperable. characteristic.

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can anyone explain it in simple terms? Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a ledger that records all transactions. It is decentralized. What is decentralization? For example, when you buy something on Taobao, you place an order and pay it to Alipay. Alipay will not transfer the money to the seller until you receive the goods. Alipay is the third party in that center. Without it, it means decentralization, just like buying things offline. If you pay with one hand and get the goods with the other hand, there is no third party.
The blockchain itself is a series of cryptographically related data blocks generated.
Look carefully to see if it looks like a ledger. The pieces one by one are blocks, and connected together they are the blockchain.
Many companies are developing this technology, including ours, and its prospects are incredible. For details, you can go to our official website and hope to adopt it, thank you

Question 7: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People from every industryThe understanding is different, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of brand-new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are fully applied in the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This makes people’s interest in BitcoinConfidence in applied blockchain technology continues to increase, and people are increasingly aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, blockchain is not the same as Bitcoin. , and its application will never be limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is highly valued by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 8: Easy to understand Explain clearly what is blockchain. The English name of blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on asset digitization and launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 9: What is the so-called "blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 10: What does blockchain mean? Regarding blockchain, I think you have already seen the concept on the Internet. Let me explain it based on my understanding!
First, let’s talk about its characteristics: 1. Openness and transparency 2. Decentralization 3. Anonymity 4. Information cannot be tampered with and eliminated 5. No trust cost
Blockchain is like a public ledger , everyone has the right to record and read, and everyone will jointly supervise to ensure its accuracy, and the recorded content will be permanently saved, and can only be added but not deleted! However, as the number of blocks continues to increase, costs will increase and efficiency will decrease. (I’m not sure whether technology can be used to make up for this. I hope someone who understands technology can point it out.)
Blockchain is divided into public chain, private chain, and alliance chain. Public chain: accessible to everyone, everyone has read and write permissions, completely open, transparent and decentralized. Private chain: Open to individuals or institutions, in which the owner of the private chain can set various permissions to make it partially centralized. Alliance chain: Open to specific organizations or groups, it is also "partially decentralized". According to the ledger at the beginning, members can view and transact, but cannot record and confirm bills, or require permission from the alliance. (The latter two do not have cost and efficiency issues)
Regarding blockchain, countries have begun to recruit talents in this area. For this, you can search online for "Central Bank Recruiting Digital Currency R&D Personnel". In addition, you can increase your understanding of blockchain by understanding its existing applications. What we usually refer to generally refers to public chains. Currently, those used abroad include Bitcoin, Ethereum and other domestic blockchains. Chain
1. Open and transparent: Every piece of data is verified by everyone and can be viewed by everyone at any time.
2. Decentralization: For example, when we shop on Taobao, we conduct transactions through the intermediary Taobao, and blockchain allows both supply and demand parties to directly contact each other for direct transactions through blockchain technology.
3. Anonymity: No personal privacy information is required to complete transactions on the blockchain, only your unique alphanumeric signature is required.
4. Information cannot be tampered with or deleted: Once the data has been verified and recorded, no one has the authority to modify it, let alone delete it!
5. No trust cost: The trust crisis in reality will not appear in the blockchain. Transactions in the blockchain do not require you to trust the other party. Only when both of you have enough "digital assets" to trade can it be carried out, and Under the supervision of the entire network, transactions will not be broken. If you have no idea about the cost of trust, just think about how many intermediaries there are in your city, or just think about Jack Ma, and you will know how big the cost of trust is.
I am still learning more about blockchain. I am Li Ailin. If you have any questions, you can discuss and learn together!

⑤ 2022 Provincial Examination Essay Model Innovation-Driven Development

When my country built the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, not one inch of the railway we built was made in China. Foreigners once said: China's engineers who can build railways have not yet been born! On the other hand, now, the "Fuxing" shuttles across the vast land like a silver dragon. The continuous improvement of high-speed rail allows us to go at will, and the road is no longer long. This series of changes is the outstanding result of the Chinese people's continuous innovation. Historical experience tells us that development can only be achieved through continuous innovation.

Only innovation can solve endless problems. If it is poor, it will change, if it changes, it will be general, and if it is general, it will last. The world is constantly changing. When society develops to a certain level, the original development method will encounter bottlenecks. At this time, it is necessary to actively adjust, actively change, and seek new development paths to ensure stable and sustainable development. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, my country's scientific and technological undertakings have been vigorously developed, and many innovative achievements have been unveiled frequently. But the science and technology competition is not a short-track speed skating, but a marathon with only nodes and no end. If we are only satisfied with the existing results, we will not be able to cope with the new round of competition and challenges. Therefore, innovation should be sustainable. In the face of new problems and new contradictions in the development process, we must continue to innovate development methods with the courage to be the first.

Only innovation can seize the opportunities of the times. "Those who do not seek change will succeed, and those who do not seek refuge will advance." Today, informatization is profoundly affecting the entire world. Information technology represented by artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, etc. is accelerating breakthroughs in new application directions in various fields, from Internet+-style smart life devices in life, to regenerative medicine in the field of life sciences, to national security Strategic information security, etc., all tell us that only by grasping technology can we take the initiative, and only by seizing the development of informatization can we seize historical opportunities. Therefore, innovation has become the only way out for development, and only innovation can deliver high-scoring answers that promote high-quality development.

Only innovation canRealize your beautiful vision. To focus on innovation is to focus on development, and to pursue innovation is to seek for the future. Chang'e captures the moon, Beidou builds the Internet, Tianwen runs into fire... Every step in the aerospace field brings us one step closer to the dream of stars and sea. Every step forward is inseparable from the hard work and innovation of generations of astronauts. Today, we have built the Chinese dream of realizing the great rejuvenation of China. The blueprint is grand, but the task is arduous. On the way forward on the new journey, there are endless foreseeable and unforeseen risks and challenges. The road to a better life will not be a smooth road and requires hard bones and dangerous shoals. We have responsibilities on our shoulders and skills in our hands. Only innovation can truly change the development model and resolve deep-seated contradictions when encountering challenges, thereby moving towards a better vision.

Innovation is the soul of a country’s development and the inexhaustible driving force for a nation’s progress. Innovation must be comprehensively promoted and key breakthroughs made, so as to ensure positive interaction and mutual promotion among all aspects, and to form synergy in the overall development situation. If we “create” unswervingly, we will be able to draw a sea of ​​stars for development.

⑥ Sample application essay: Based on the digital era, promote digital development

-Please based on all the given materials (only given materials), please focus on "Building new advantages for Guangdong's development in the digital era" , Build Guangdong into the world's leading digital development highland", draft your own topic and write an argumentative essay. (50 points)

Requirements:

(1) The topic of the article is closely related to the given material and has strong ideological nature;

(2) The argument is clear , solid evidence and rigorous argumentation;

(3) Complete structure, clear organization, and smooth writing;

(4) The length should be 800-1000 words.

(Please write according to the above requirements, there is no format requirement, the number of words is generally about 1,000 words)

"When the world is different, things will be different, and when things are different, you will want to change." Building an era of teaching characters is an inherent requirement to promote the development of digitalization. We must be unswerving and cannot complete our efforts. We must adhere to overall planning, accelerate the construction of a digital service system, and vigorously build a digital government. Only by complying with the development of the times can we respond to the propositions of the times.

Strong cooperation between government and enterprises will create a digital government and foster a good environment for digital development. Reform is the intrinsic driving force of development. Guangdong is at the forefront of the country on the road to digitalization, vigorously promoting digital government reform and building an e-government service system by scientifically coordinating and integrating resources through government-enterprise cooperation, separation of management and operations, and decentralization of services, using scientific and technological innovation and other means. For example, in order to establish a political system in Guangdong,APPs such as "Guangdong Affairs, Guangdong Affairs" and "Guangdong Business" launched by the service service terminal platform have improved the efficiency of administrative services, simplified the work process for the masses, and achieved multi-faceted and multi-angle application integration in various fields. Internet-wide service. Guangzhou plays a more exemplary role in the government service system, combining high-quality resources and in-depth collaboration between government departments to effectively build digital development on the basis of digital government construction, leading the simultaneous improvement of government functions, convenience and digital office, etc.

Enterprise transformation and upgrading, strengthening the construction of ecological civilization, and stimulating the power engine of digital development. The "13th Five-Year Plan" period is a critical period and window period for digital development. To speed up the transformation and upgrading of enterprises, the vigorous development of blockchain has been listed as a key task in the first year. We must use the energy to grasp the iron to leave a mark and step on the stone to leave a seal, adhere to the province's "one game of chess", first "establish" and then "break" ". In recent years, Guangdong Province has promoted the development of the software industry through three-chain collaboration, vigorously guided the digital upgrading of small, medium and micro enterprises and introduced a series of preferential support policies, significantly improved the treatment of talents, increased investment in basic research, combined with the construction of ecological civilization, and provided indispensable support for development. Exhaust motivation. Breaking the obstacles to digital development and coordinating "creating the new" and "breaking the old" requires both hands. Both hands must be managed and managed to achieve ecological and intelligent transformation of development methods, promote the transition of Guangdong Province to a strong manufacturing province, and achieve harmonious symbiosis between man and nature.

Build smart cities, achieve precise epidemic prevention, and stimulate the vitality of digital development. Improving people's livelihood and comprehensively enhancing people's sense of happiness and gain are the fundamental purposes of digital development. The people are the creators of history. , the basic force that determines the destiny of the party and the country. Therefore, responding to the people's livelihood and resolving their concerns is undoubtedly the only way to promote long-term peace and stability of the country. The ancients said: "Things that benefit the people will flourish." Building a smart city is the right path It is an indispensable part of this "big freehand". Doing a good job in intelligent construction, improving the quality of citizens' lives, optimizing citizens' travel methods and providing citizens with safe epidemic prevention services are "good fortune" for us to paint this picture. Therefore, we must write every stroke carefully to complete the new historical picture of "wisdom for the people, people first".

"Those who know begin to act, and those who do know will achieve success." There is an era. The proposition of the times, each generation has its mission of the times, we must understand responsibilities, shoulder the mission, implement actions, and let the construction of the digital era promote Guangdong to become a pioneer in global digital development.

⑦ General concept of blockchain Summary

Although it is a front-end developerI can post it, but it can’t stop me from gossiping about all kinds of hot topics. Below is a brief summary of some of the conceptual things learned.

1. Blockchain technology was born with Bitcoin, so first understand the concept of Bitcoin

2. What is Bitcoin

(1) , Digital currency based on distributed network

3. Operating principle of bit system

(1) All nodes will save complete ledgers

(2 ), the ledger maintains consistency

4. Blockchain accounting principles

Hash functions are widely used in blockchain technology

(1), Hash function hash: any information will get a short summary information after hashing

(2), hash characteristics: simplified information, identification information, hidden information, verification information

(3) Blockchain accounting will hash the bill information of the time node to form a block

(4) The Bitcoin system will record accounting once every 10 minutes, that is, every The time interval between block generation is about 10 minutes

(5) When recording the next bill, the hash value of the previous block and the current bill information will be hashed together as the original information

(6). Each block contains information about previous blocks, and these blocks are combined to form a blockchain

5. Bitcoin ownership - asymmetric encryption Application

The Bitcoin system uses the elliptic curve signature algorithm. The private key of the algorithm consists of a 32-byte random number. The public key can be calculated through the private key. The public key is processed through a sequence of hash algorithms and The encoding algorithm obtains the Bitcoin address, which can also be understood as a digest of the public key.

(1). Transfer is to transfer Bitcoin from one address to another

(2). The address private key is an asymmetric relationship. The private key passes through a series of (including two hashes), you can get the address, but the private key cannot be obtained from the address

(3) After the transfer is successful, it is broadcast to other nodes, and other nodes forward it to the relevant node after successful verification. Neighboring nodes, the broadcast information contains the original information and signature information

(4) Verification, other nodes verify whether the signature information is generated by the payer using the private key to sign the original transaction information. If Only record it (then verify that there is sufficient balance)

6. How to mine Bitcoin

(1) Complete accountingNodes can obtain a certain amount of Bitcoin rewards given by the system (this reward process is also the issuance process of Bitcoin, so everyone calls accounting as mining)

(2) There is only one person in a period of time Accounting can be successful, so it is necessary to collect original transaction information that has not been collected, check whether there is a balance, and sign correctly

(3) In order to increase the difficulty of accounting, only one person can account for about ten minutes. The hash result needs to start with several 0s, and random number variables are introduced when hashing

(4) As more miners join, the game becomes more and more difficult, the calculation difficulty increases, power loss, etc. Increase, domestic electricity costs are low, and China’s computing power accounts for more than half of the entire network

(5). Only the fastest decrypted block in the network will be added to the ledger, and other nodes will copy it. , ensuring the uniqueness of the ledger. If a node cheats and causes the entire network to fail, it will be discarded and never recorded in the general ledger. Therefore all nodes will abide by the common protocol of the Bitcoin system.

[Thinking about which fields blockchain will extend to]:

From the above concepts, it can be concluded that blockchain technology has such security, uniqueness, Decentralization.

In principle, some information leakage can be avoided, allowing the confirming party to confirm your identity without exposing your real user information.

At present, blockchain technology is mainly used in Bitcoin. I think the greater significance in the future should be in areas that require data privacy and security.

[Thinking about the bottlenecks and limitations of the current development of blockchain]:

Since each node participates in the entire ledger recording activity, it will inevitably cause waste and loss of resources. . It also increases the computational difficulty of each node, and subsequent development and popularization require hardware improvements for each node.

⑧ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, We have to study the brief history of blockchain technology development starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and prizes.Reward and adopt a consensus mechanism that is willing to accept defeat and cannot cheat!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt them as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) come together to play mahjong for money,No one brought any cash, B said to let the beauty she brought keep accounts, A said that we didn’t know this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C and D, agreed that everyone would keep every card on their mobile phone (blockchain node) ) Simultaneous accounting (decentralization). After playing mahjong at the end, when you check out with electronic money directly on your mobile phone, everyone will check the accounting results. The accounting results should be the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information system.information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers do notGet information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathThe game even consumes more than 40% of the battery in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer maintains informationTherefore, everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. The intelligence generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of BitcoinContracts, tokens, ICO and blockchain basic platforms

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a combination of various original Internet technologies, such as The clever combination of network architecture, routing, network-wide synchronization, and network security encryption technology can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games.

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the World Wide WebB/S (C/S) structure.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman’s terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis, the The global Internet covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structure of the Internet to implement functions.Expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

⑨ Discussion on the impact of the E-commerce Law

The impact includes positive and negative impacts. From different perspectives of different subjects, the impact is different, with pros and cons. There are positives and negatives. In particular, don't think that just because it is a law, it must only have positive effects. This understanding is wrong. For example, the statement on the impact of business licenses in the given information has both advantages and disadvantages. Secondly, the internal logic of the presentation of the data in this question is deliberately broken. For example, at the beginning of the data, it talks about Jack Ma’s views, and then quotes the scholar’s ​​views. Please note that the scholar’s ​​views not only repeat Jack Ma’s views, but also put forward new ones. View. Some law professors have pointed out that existing legal resources are sufficient to curb malicious behavior in the field of e-commerce. The introduction of the "E-Commerce Law" will cause confusion and overlap in law enforcement and judiciary, increase management costs, and also hinder e-commerce itself. Can you see that there are two viewpoints here? Then, the data provides factual evidence for Jackma's point of view, and deliberately avoids discussing the scholar's first point of view - "law enforcement issues". The scholar's first point of view - "enforcement issues" - was expressed indirectly in the process of discussing taxation. This part is very difficult. On the surface, it talks about the objects and channels of law enforcement, but in essence it is about law enforcement. - "Law Enforcement Issues" - the development of arguments. So the whole material is to put forward one point of view, then not talk about it, then put forward another point of view, and then talk about it in conjunction with the first point of view, interlocking with each other and mixing with each other. You will feel that there are many things, but they all seem to be one thing, which will test your ability to understand accurately. Also, the information deliberately goes around and around to mislead you. For example, how should e-commerce be taxed? This is the issue that attracts the most attention after business license. E-commerce operators are worried that taxes will increase their operating costs, while consumers are worried about whether taxes will be increased on future purchases. Do you understand the mystery of this text? What it talks about in the front is how to collect it, and what it says in the back is whether it will increase. This directly changes the concept. Please note that the normal logic is to first decide whether to accept it or not, and if so, then discuss how to accept it. But the setting of this piece of information is that in the front it directly skips whether to increase or not, and directly talks about how to collect it, but later it talks about whether to collect | increase. You think it talks about whether to close it, but in fact, its first sentence indirectly states that it must be closed, it’s just a matter of how. Do you understand this scheming and hidden pit?In addition, the last paragraph of the information deliberately puts personal purchasing agents, cross-border e-commerce and physical stores together, and uses a pairwise comparison to make a circle. To put it simply, it is to compare personal purchasing and cross-border e-commerce first, and then cross-border e-commerce and physical stores. In the end, who has improved and who has not changed? It has gone in a very big circle, and it is clear that it wants to stun you on purpose. Do you understand? I hope everyone can notice the difficulties, make precise breakthroughs, and work hard. The reference answer requires operators to obtain a business license, which increases the operating costs of some operators, but at the same time raises the entry threshold for e-commerce, allowing legal operators to gain more development space, helping sellers to leverage their first-mover advantage and form a " A winner-takes-all situation. The content overlaps with other laws, which may easily lead to confusion in law enforcement; it also increases tax costs, but it is still in the buffer period. In terms of infringement disputes, the rights of the respondent are further protected, the complainant's burden of proof and the respondent's right to know are clarified, and the liability for compensation for malicious notices is doubled, which is conducive to reducing malicious complaints. In terms of overseas purchasing agents, cosmetics cross-border e-commerce and large purchasing agents must follow the same unified supervision as physical stores, losing the advantage of timeliness and limiting their development space.