微生物区块链
近年来，随着区块链技术的发展，微生物区块链也受到了越来越多的关注。微生物区块链可以将微生物的知识和技术进行数字化，并使用区块链技术来实现智能合约、可信计算、知识图谱等功能，以实现更高效、更安全的微生物研究和应用。今天，我们就来聊聊微生物区块链技术，以及它的三个关键词：智能合约、可信计算和知识图谱。
智能合约智能合约是区块链技术的一种重要应用，它可以自动执行合同中约定的条款，从而使合同变得更加可靠和安全。在微生物区块链中，智能合约可以自动完成微生物数据的收集、处理和分析，从而提高微生物研究的效率和准确性。此外，智能合约还可以用于记录微生物研究的过程，以便更好地管理和保护微生物数据。
可信计算可信计算是一种新兴的计算技术，它可以确保计算过程的安全性和可靠性。在微生物区块链中，可信计算可以用于确保微生物数据的安全性和可靠性，从而防止数据泄露、数据篡改等行为。此外，可信计算还可以用于提高微生物研究的效率，从而更好地为微生物研究者提供服务。
知识图谱知识图谱是一种可视化的数据结构，它可以将复杂的知识结构化，从而更好地理解和分析知识。在微生物区块链中，知识图谱可以用于构建微生物的知识网络，从而为微生物的研究和应用提供更多的信息和支持。此外，知识图谱还可以帮助研究者更好地理解和分析微生物的特性，从而更好地掌握微生物的研究方向。
以上就是关于微生物区块链技术的三个关键词：智能合约、可信计算和知识图谱的介绍。微生物区块链技术的发展将为微生物研究提供更多的便利，并为微生物的应用提供更多的可能性。
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㈠ What is "blockchain"
Blockchain technology is a technology that jointly maintains reliable databases through decentralization and elimination of trust. Four keywords can be used to describe blockchain technology: trust reduction, decentralization, collective maintenance and reliable database.
When we talk about the concept of "blockchain", Bitcoin is definitely a topic that will not be ignored. In recent years, Bitcoin has begun to enter the public eye, especially in 2017, which has continued to skyrocket throughout the year, making many people aware of this emerging thing.
Blockchain is actually the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin exists because people on the Internet who don’t know each other can move and trade digital currency through the Bitcoin network. And this is driven by blockchain technology. All Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the blockchain ledger. To a certain extent, in the application of Bitcoin, the blockchain plays the role of the underlying database of the bank transaction system. Both are for "keeping accounts". Although it is not very prudent to refer to the blockchain directly as a "database", for the sake of ease of understanding, let's temporarily call it a decentralized, shared and encrypted database. If described in professional terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology.
Blockchain can usually be divided into the following types:
1. Public blockchain. Anyone can access data on a public blockchain, and anyone can issue transactions waiting to be written to the blockchain. Participants in the consensus process (corresponding to miners in Bitcoin at the time) maintain the security of the database through cryptography and built-in economic incentives.
2. Collaborative blockchain. The nodes participating in the blockchain are pre-selected, and there are likely to be good network connections between the nodes. Other consensus algorithms other than proof-of-work can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among a hundred financial institutions, and it is stipulated that more than two-thirds of the institutions must agree to reach a consensus. The data on such a blockchain can be either public or shared internally by these node participants.
3. Private blockchain. The participating nodes are only individual users, and the access and use of data are subject to strict permission management. Most of the internally used blockchain technologies announced by some financial institutions recently are vague and may fall into this range.
The blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization. Anyone can automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily discover whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.
In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.
The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.
Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.
Then,As a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?
In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:
1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.
2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.
3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.
4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.
But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.
The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.
Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.
In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.
Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.
I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.
Supplement
Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.
Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.
Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, bar none. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.
In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.
| What is Blockchain
Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.
It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:
Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.
Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.
Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .
Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.
| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system
In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thereby greatlyIt can significantly reduce transaction costs and significantly improve efficiency. It is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.
Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.
Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.
In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.
| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains
Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.
First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?
Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. There is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to an explosive growth of transaction information and will also bring information. Dramatic increase in storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. PlaceTherefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.
Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.
As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.
(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hongyan Weiyu)
As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" came with Bitcoin is well known for its popularity. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don’t know about the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.
I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.
If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.
To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center. All these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.
Golden Yuan Coupons
This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, and through mathematical methods, it becomes very difficult to illegally modify the ledger. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.
Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.
After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain is somewhatAn unavoidable problem.
For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?
For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system
In layman’s terms, it is to play mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.
In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.
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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.
What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically help you mine coins while using the electric fan. When you use the electric fan, you can automatically mine coins. When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, mined coins can be purchased and repaired. In this way, although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.
And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, what will you do?There is no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours, and once you upload it to the chain, it is equivalent to being bound to you, and you can prove it.
Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.
The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain cannot be changed. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain work together. Agree to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.
At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.
The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .
1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.
If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:
Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.
(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. node, which is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)
(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting, and stamp the time Stamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)
(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)
(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks, and as the transaction progresses Add, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology)
(5) Backup, every participating trader is a block network Each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.
Features
1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.
2. Close to zero trust cost.
The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.
3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.
If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.
The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.
Blockchain, simply put, is the underlying technology that supports ICO (virtual currency). The popular Bitcoin is an application of ICO. In other words, the connotation of blockchain is richer, and its main features are:
1. Blockchain is equivalent to digital trust. Both parties to the transaction can independently enter into digital contracts, and companies providing blockchain services are equivalent to Digital trust company;
2. The purpose and characteristics of blockchain are "3 de-intermediaries" - de-intermediation, de-currency, de-sovereignty; yes
3. Bitcoin is An application of blockchain, Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, and all blockchains apply digital encryption technology;
4. The "3 Go" feature is targeted at the financial industry, and only when high frequency is required Blockchain is only needed in the financial field of transactions;
5. Large platforms with a user base are more suitable for applying blockchain, and small companies’ participation is of little value, so Zuckerberg’s 2018 New Year’s wish includes To study digital cryptocurrency. Kodak also launched a digital currency, sending its stock price soaring.
Furthermore, when it comes to Bitcoin, it can be cashed out and exchanged into the currencies of most countries. Users can use Bitcoin to purchase some virtual items, or use Bitcoin to purchaseReal life objects. In this sense, Bitcoin is similar to the world's currency, close to gold.
Peter Thiel, co-founder of PayPal and an early investor in Facebook, believes that Bitcoin is "undervalued" by people and compares it to gold. He said: "If one day Bitcoin becomes the online equivalent of gold, then it will have room for appreciation."
But on January 3, the "People's Daily" published an article saying, "Whether it is from The increase can still be seen from the value of the currency itself. There is a bubble in the price of Bitcoin. This is an issue that needs no discussion." Data show that in the past 2017, Bitcoin has skyrocketed and plummeted: within a year, the price skyrocketed by about 20 times, and in one day It fell more than 40% within the period.
Indeed, Bitcoin has risks. However, blockchain with richer connotations obviously still has greater room for development.
Last night, screenshots of Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund, encouraging the embrace of the blockchain revolution in an internal group were posted online. In his view, the blockchain revolution has indeed arrived. “I strongly encourage everyone internally to embrace the blockchain revolution and learn blockchain technology. This is my understanding after long-term observation and thinking. I feel the responsibility to tell our entrepreneurs. I don’t want my understanding of blockchain The views have been misunderstood as views on ICO."
However, in the context of the collective entry of Internet companies and investment institutions, the government will definitely take measures.
Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has expressed concerns about this and shelved the proposal of two U.S. companies to launch a Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF).
In fact, this is only a matter of time. Because the "three-go" feature of blockchain is inherently contradictory to government centralization.
㈡ How to apply blockchain How to apply blockchain
1. Financial field:
Blockchain in international exchange and letters of credit , equity registration and stock exchanges and other financial fields have potentially huge application value. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.
2. Internet of Things and Logistics Fields:
Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered a promising application direction of blockchain.
3. Public service field:
Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. However, the centralized nature of these fields also brings some problems. Blockchain can be used chain to transform. The decentralized, fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain is achieved through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network.It can query and resolve domain names, and can be used to ensure that the operating system and firmware of an important infrastructure have not been tampered with. It can monitor the status and integrity of the software, detect bad tampering, and ensure that systems using Internet of Things technology are protected. The transmitted data has not been tampered with.
4. Digital copyright field:
Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing the full life cycle management of digital copyright and also serving as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection. For example, MineLabs, a startup company in New York, USA, has developed a blockchain-based metadata protocol. This system called Mediachain uses the IPFS file system to realize copyright protection of digital works, mainly for copyright protection applications of digital pictures.
5. Insurance field:
In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, Can Thanh Orange does not require the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the policy will realize automatic claim settlement. A typical application case is LenderBot, which was launched in 2016 by the blockchain company Stratumn, Deloitte and the payment service provider Lemonway. It allows people to register customized micro-insurance products through the chat function of Facebook Messenger to provide insurance services between individuals. The high-value items exchanged are insured, and the blockchain replaces the third-party role in the loan contract.
6. Public welfare field:
The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.
㈢What exactly is the blockchain?
What exactly is the blockchain? In essence, blockchain is a distributed, decentralized network database system that will make the storage, update, maintenance, and operation of data different. Blockchain has four indispensable core technologies, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.
Then let’s talk about how blockchain is different from traditional data processing to help everyone understand what blockchain is and give everyone a general understanding of blockchain. cognition.
1. Data storage in blockchain: block chain data structure
In terms of data storage, blockchain technology utilizes "block chain data structure" To verify and store data.
What does the blockchain structure mean? Everyone has seen an iron chain, with one link inside another. In fact, each linkWe can think of it as a block, with many links linked together to form a blockchain.
How does this so-called "iron chain" store data? To put it simply, the difference between blockchain and ordinary stored data is that on blockchain, the data in the next block includes the data in the previous block.
Take reading as an example: when we read a book, we finish page 1, then page 2, page 3...
What about in the blockchain? If each block is marked with a page number, then the content on page 2 contains the content on page 1, the content on page 3 contains the content on page 1 and page 2...Page 10 contains The content of the first 9 pages is such a chain nested layer by layer. In this way, the most original data can be traced back. This is the traceability of the blockchain.
The "blockchain data structure" of blockchain makes it traceable, which is naturally suitable for many fields, such as: food traceability, drug traceability, etc. In this way, the probability of tainted milk powder, fake vaccines, and fake and substandard food incidents will be greatly reduced, because once a problem occurs, through traceability, we can clearly know which link caused the problem, and accountability and recovery will be clearer.
2. Data update in the blockchain: distributed node consensus algorithm
In terms of data update, blockchain technology uses the "distributed node consensus algorithm" to Generate and update data.
Every time a new block is generated (that is, when data is updated), an algorithm needs to be used to obtain the approval of more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network to form a new block. To put it bluntly, it is a vote, and it can be generated if more than half of the people agree, which makes the data on the blockchain non-tamperable.
Why do you say that? Let’s make an analogy: we compare the blockchain to a ledger, because it records data. In the traditional world, the bookkeeping power lies with the bookkeeper, and the ledger belongs to the bookkeeper alone. So in the blockchain, everyone owns this account book. If you want to update the account, you must vote. Only if more than half of the people agree can you update the account data.
In this process, we will involve several terms: distributed, node, consensus algorithm. These terms are actually very easy to understand:
Everyone Accounting (that is, everyone has a ledger, and the ledger is scattered in everyone's hands) is the so-called "distributed";
The accounting method that everyone discusses, votes for, and unanimously agrees on is The so-called "consensus algorithm";
Every person participating in accounting is a so-called "node".
3. Data in the blockchainMaintenance: Cryptography
In the data maintenance stage, the difference of blockchain is that it uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access.
The cryptographic principles applied in the blockchain mainly include: hash algorithm, Merkle hash tree, elliptic curve algorithm, and Base58. These principles actually ensure data security on the blockchain through a series of complex operations and conversions.
4. Data operations in the blockchain: smart contracts
A smart contract is a commitment agreement defined and automatically executed by a computer program. To put it bluntly, it is executed with code A set of transaction rules, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn this function on, you don't have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it expires.
The outstanding advantage of smart contracts is that they largely avoid a series of problems caused by trust.
Many of us have encountered the situation of being borrowed money: a friend who is short of money borrows 2,000 yuan from you and promises to pay back the money after the salary is paid next month, but next month he finds other excuses. Also, dragging it around would be pointless. We didn't have much money, but we were still friends. Even though you were depressed, let it go.
Then, after having a smart contract, he cannot default on his debt, because in the smart contract, once the terms in the contract are triggered, the code will automatically execute, whether he wants it or not, as long as he sends Once you have earned your salary and have money in your account, he has to pay you back.
To summarize the contents of this section, there are four indispensable core technologies in the blockchain, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.
We can understand it this way: distributed storage corresponds to the data storage stage, the consensus mechanism corresponds to the data processing and update stage, cryptography corresponds to data security, and smart contracts correspond to data operational issues.
㈣ What is blockchain and how to make money with blockchain
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
The ways to make money in the blockchain are as follows:
1. Coin speculation. Coin speculation is like stock speculation. Coin speculation is the lowest threshold for making money in the blockchain;
2. Vendors, district Blockchain is a global market. Like small traders, you can move from a low-price platform to a high-price platform to sell and earn the price difference;
3. Earn commissions for promotion. The blockchain method is to register first Exchange account, generate your own invitationLink, and then promote, if someone registers the exchange through your link and generates transactions, you can get a commission;
4. Mining, "mining" in Bitcoin is the process of accounting;
>5. Technical support, provide blockchain technical support to some teams and enterprises;
6. Open a trading website and charge handling fees;
7. Develop wallets, which are the infrastructure of the blockchain. Just like the "Alipay" or "WeChat Pay" of blockchain;
8. Be a blockchain project or infrastructure equipment supplier.
Warm reminder: The above explanation is for reference only and does not make any suggestions. There are risks in entering the market, so investment needs to be cautious. Before making any investment, you should ensure that you fully understand the investment nature of the product and the risks involved. After understanding and carefully evaluating the product, you can make your own judgment on whether to participate in the transaction.
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㈤ Application model of blockchain
I think blockchain applications can be divided into three models:
1) Build ecological business collaboration. Abbreviated as C, the focus is Collaboration. The key points are to distinguish the main roles in the ecology and design a role-based incentive mechanism. If the collaboration is done well, it will become a self-ecological organization DAO (de-centralized autonomoue organization). This is the most ideal scenario. Of course, in actual scenarios, complete decentralization is not very realistic. The blockchain ecosystem can have a center, or even be based on mature commercial organizations. By building an ecosystem layer model, the enterprise can be transformed without changing the In the case of core product and service models, the boundaries of interests of the enterprise are downplayed and flexible collaboration is formed with external resources.
2) Establish cross-organizational data and process connectivity. D for short, data sharing is the core of this model. Based on digital sharing, process links are realized to achieve business automation or automated value iteration. This is what is commonly referred to as the combination of blockchain and AI. AI requires iterations of data and automation. Blockchain is the basis for data sharing.
3) Related to asset trading, referred to as T, through digital mapping, a new model of asset trading and management is realized, especially to improve transparency and transaction efficiency. The reduction in credit costs brought by the blockchain can reduce the granularity of transactions, bring better asset liquidity, and can also aggregate and utilize micro-values that could not be cashed in before. The distributed transaction model of the blockchain allows end-to-end transactions to be independently designed, more flexible.
I personally think CDT is the main paradigm of blockchain applications.
㈥What exactly is blockchain
What is blockchain?
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system [1].
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.
The current situation of digital currency is that a hundred flowers are blooming. Here are some common ones: bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, dashcoin. In addition to currency applications, there are also various derivative applications, such as Ethereum, Asch and other underlying application development platforms, as well as NXT , SIA, BitShares, MaidSafe, Ripple and other industry applications.
On January 20, 2016, the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Seminar announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency. The expression of the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Seminar has greatly enhanced the confidence of the digital currency industry. This is the first time that the five central bank ministries and commissions have expressed a clear attitude towards digital currencies since they issued a notice on preventing Bitcoin risks on December 5, 2013. [4]
On December 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Alliance - China FinTech Digital Currency Alliance and FinTech Research Institute were officially established, with Huobi being one of the co-initiators. [5]
Some areas where blockchain can be used are:
▪ Smart contracts
▪ Securities trading
▪ E-commerce
▪ Internet of Things
▪ Social communication
▪ File storage
▪ Proof of existence
▪ Identity verification
▪ Equity crowdfunding
We can compare the development of blockchain to the development of the Internet itself In the future, something called finance-internet will be formed on the Internet, and this thing is based on blocks.Chain, its precursor is bitcoin, that is, traditional finance starts from private chains and industry chains (local area network), and the bitcoin series starts from public chains (wide area network), both expressing the same concept - digital assets (Digital Asset), and ultimately to an intermediate The equilibrium point converges.
The evolution of blockchain is:
▪ Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency
▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts
▪ Blockchain 3.0 ——The implementation of distributed applications in various industries
Blockchain is divided into three categories, which is introduced in detail in the book "Blockchain: Defining the New Pattern of Future Finance and Economics" [2] issued by Currency, < br />Hybrid blockchains and private blockchains can be considered as broad private chains:
Public Blockchains (PublicBlockChains)
Public blockchains refer to: any individual or group in the world Transactions can be sent and effectively confirmed by the blockchain, and anyone can participate in its consensus process. The public blockchain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain. The virtual digital currencies of all major bitcoins series are based on the public blockchain. There is only one blockchain corresponding to this currency in the world. .
Consortium (Industry) Blockchain (ConsortiumBlockChains)
Industry Blockchain: Multiple preselected nodes are designated within a certain group as bookkeepers, and the generation of each block is jointly performed by all preselected nodes. Decision (pre-selected nodes to participate in the consensus process), other access nodes can participate in transactions, but do not participate in the accounting process (essentially still managed accounting, just become distributed accounting, how many pre-selected nodes, how to determine the number of each block The bookkeeper becomes the main risk point of the blockchain), and anyone else can conduct limited queries through the open API of the blockchain.
Private Blockchain (privateBlockChains)
Private Blockchain: Only uses the general ledger technology of the blockchain for accounting. It can be a company or an individual, and has exclusive access to the writing of the blockchain. With access permissions, this chain is not much different from other distributed storage solutions. (Dec2015) Conservative giants (traditional finance) all want to experiment with private blockchains, while public chain applications such as Bitcoin have been industrialized, and private chain application products are still being explored.
