区块链数据量多大算正常,区块链 数据量

近年来，区块链技术正在迅速发展，它的应用范围越来越广泛，它的数据量也越来越大。那么，区块链数据量多大算正常呢？

具体而言，区块链数据量的大小取决于其应用场景，比如比特币的数据量会比其他区块链应用要大得多，因为它是一个全球性的网络，每一笔交易都会被记录，从而产生大量的数据。

此外，区块链数据量的大小也取决于其安全级别，比如比特币的安全级别非常高，节点数量也很多，因此它的数据量会比其他应用要大得多。

总之，区块链数据量的大小取决于其应用场景和安全级别，一般来说，区块链数据量在800字以上算正常。因此，要想确保区块链的安全性和可靠性，就必须确保区块链数据量达到正常水平。

Ⅰ What is data blockchain (BlockChain)

Blockchain is a new application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies . Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin.

It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related data using cryptographic methods. Each data block generated contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(1) How much data does the blockchain have? Extended reading

Most public blockchain chains are limited by scalability. The biggest feature of blockchain technology is decentralization, which requires all ledgers in the network to handle the accounting process. Distributed accounting has high security, low misoperation rate, and is also politically neutral and correct.

However, while blockchain technology embraces these characteristics, it sacrifices scalability, cannot meet personalized supervision, and is slightly insufficient in protecting data privacy. Moreover, as the number of ledgers increases, the interaction delay will increase exponentially, which means that the more ledgers in the blockchain network, the higher the latency will be.

II Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: The number of Chinese blockchain patent applications accounts for 84% of the global total. What does this data indicate?

Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: The number of Chinese blockchain patent applications accounts for 84% of the global total. 84% of the volume. What does this data illustrate? Firstly, it shows that the development of blockchain is very rapid around the world, so many commercial investors in China are increasing the construction of blockchain. Secondly, China’s commercial market is very huge, so The demand for blockchain patent applications will be higher and the long-term interests of applicants can be better protected. Furthermore, the value of blockchain is self-evident and can improve the stability of social work. In addition, China’s role in the region The development of blockchain is at the forefront of the world and is conducive to improving China's core competitiveness. It needs to be elaborated and analyzed from the following four aspects. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology: China's blockchain patent applications account for 84% of the global total. This data illustrates What.

1. It illustrates that the rapid development of blockchain around the world has caused many commercial investors in China to increase the construction of blockchain

First of all, it illustrates the rapid development of blockchain around the world. The rapid development of blockchain has caused many commercial investors in China to increase the construction of blockchain. For the development of blockchain worldwide, it is very rapid and is conducive to accelerating the progress of the world's technology industry.

What China should pay attention to:

It should strengthen multi-channel economic construction.

Ⅲ What are the existing problems of blockchain technology

1. Performance issues

Volume issues

Blockchain’s impact on data Backup requirements for storage spacechallenge. Blockchain requires that after a transaction is completed, it is broadcast to the entire network, and every node in the system must back up data.

Take Bitcoin as an example. The block data since the creation block has exceeded 60GB, and the amount of blockchain data is still increasing. This will bring problems to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. A big challenge.

Processing speed issues

The Bitcoin blockchain currently processes a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second, and a confirmation time is about 10 minutes, which can easily cause congestion delays for a large number of transactions, which may Applications with small multiple transactions and highly time-sensitive transactions will be restricted.

Although there are some methods to overcome it, methods to comprehensively solve transaction efficiency still need to be discovered.

Energy consumption is too high

Thirdly, the computing power in the mining process does not produce additional actual social value, and also wastes a large amount of electronic resources. With the increasing popularity of currency, blockchain has gradually become a capital-intensive industry with high energy consumption.

2. Centralization problem

Inequality of nodes

First, in theory, every node in the distributed network should be treated equally , but in order to obtain rewards for mining, each node may increase its computing power to compete for hardware, resulting in node inequality and destroying the randomness of blockchain accounting rights.

Industrialized and large-scale mining has given rise to mining pools

Theoretically, if the mining pools collude to control more than 51% of the computing power for system supply, a dual Although the costs of payment far exceed the benefits in the actual process, the possibility of collusive supply cannot be denied.

3. Privacy and security issues

Private keys are easily stolen

First, the current blockchain uses an asymmetric key mechanism. It has high security, but the private key is stored locally and can be easily stolen by hackers.

The transparency of blockchain data can easily lead to privacy leaks

Every participant in the public chain can obtain a complete data backup, and the entire system is open and transparent. The currency protects privacy by isolating the connection between the transaction address and the holder’s true identity.

When the blockchain needs to carry more businesses, how nodes verify information and execute commands requires more consideration.

4. Upgrade and incentive issues

The number of participating nodes in the public chain is huge

Whether it is upgrading or fixing errors, the system cannot be shut down and centralized. , it may be necessary to consider relaxing the issue of decentralization.

There is a competitive game between each node

It requires the improvement of incentive compatibility mechanism, such asHow to enable self-interested nodes in a decentralized system to spontaneously carry out block data verification and accounting work, and to design reasonable penalty functions to suppress irrational competition, is another challenge facing the blockchain.

IV What to do if the blockchain information is getting larger and larger

Over the past few years, with the vigorous development of Bitcoin, the number of Bitcoin transactions has increased, and the volume of a single block has There is a maximum limit of 1MB, so the free space in the block becomes smaller and smaller. As shown in the figure, the median block size doubled in 2015, growing rapidly from 292KB in January to 749KB in December.

Bitcoin block size

The issue of expansion received full attention and discussion in 2015. Around June 2015, many expansion plans were launched one after another, represented by BIP100, BIP101, BIP102, BIP109, BIP248 and other plans (Table X).

Although various plans have been proposed, they can basically be divided into two categories: the long-term rule-based faction and the short-term shelving faction. The long-term allocation is ideal and rule-based. It is finalized in one go and no more fussing. The typical representative is BIP101/103, which sets a growth rule and no longer adjusts. The short-term group believes that the future is unpredictable and fixed rules are too simple and violent to solve problems. They hope to set up a short-term and multi-year plan to avoid it for the time being and put it on hold until the future. The representative is BIP100. However, due to the complexity of the voting process, it was later simplified to BIP102/ 109 and so on, while BIP248 has been postponed to 2020, and has simply doubled in recent years.

Since June 2015, after more than half a year of extensive and repeated discussions, the long-term rule-based faction has basically been completely defeated. After Pieter Wuille proposed Segregated Witness at the Bitcoin Hong Kong Scaling Conference in December 2015, the scaling issue has even been simplified to only an upgrade to 2MB, but it has been mired in debate about the implementation time.

A seemingly simple expansion technical issue has caused the Bitcoin community to spend more than half a year, hold several global technical conferences, and engage in countless private wars of words, but there is still no clear conclusion. The profound reason behind this is that raising the block limit value cannot truly solve the Bitcoin expansion problem. Scaling issue

In general, based on the understanding of the Bitcoin network, there are two divisions: clearing system and cash system.

Clearing system

The Bitcoin blockchain is a global, distributed, limited-capacity, expensive system. The value content of each transaction is different. When the block capacity is not enough, we should ensure that high-value transactions enter the block. High-value transactions have the willingness and ability to pay high enough network fees to obtain blocks with high enough priority.

As Bitcoin prospers, the number of transactions will become larger and larger, and the limited block capacity will make low-value transactions (such as sending 1 cent) forever.It is far from possible to enter the block, because it is impossible for low-value transactions to pay high network fees. Then the network degenerated into a clearing system, low-value transactions were driven out, and these transactions were replaced by third-party accounting systems.

Before the emergence of the Lightning Network, third-party accounting systems were mainly off-chain wallet providers. Users trust a third-party wallet platform and deposit Bitcoins into it. Transfers between users on the same platform only bring about changes in account balances and do not generate Bitcoin transactions.

Cash system

The cash system means that all transactions should enter the block. When the block capacity is not enough, the block size limit should be increased in time to expand the system. Transaction blocking may occur in the short term, but in the long run all transactions should be able to be added to the block. Everyone enjoys the tremendous convenience and advantages brought by the Bitcoin system.

IV What is blockchain expansion

Expansion is when a container or carrier is not enough to support or carry the needs of existing things, we A means of alleviating the pressure on the current container or load by expanding the capacity of the container or the volume of the load to meet the growing demand.
At the beginning of the birth of Bitcoin, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto did not specifically limit the size of blocks. The maximum block size could reach 32MB. At that time, the average block size was 1~2KB.
At that time, there were few Bitcoin users and the transaction volume was not that large, which did not cause block congestion. However, with the linear rise in the price of Bitcoin from 2013 to the present, more and more users have caused congestion on the Bitcoin network. The problem of rising user transaction fees gradually emerged.
Up to now, there is a backlog of hundreds of thousands of transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain at its peak. The average transaction fee of Bitcoin has increased 376 times since September 2010. The processing speed of 7 transactions per second is obviously too high. To meet user needs, the Bitcoin community began to explore how to “expand” Bitcoin.
By modifying the underlying code of Bitcoin, the purpose of improving transaction processing capabilities is achieved.
There are two development and design solutions for Bitcoin expansion itself, namely first-layer and second-layer expansion technologies.
· The first layer of expansion technology is to improve the blockchain itself, making the blockchain itself faster and larger in capacity. In general, it is to change the content of the consensus part of the blockchain.
· The purpose of the second-layer expansion technology is to move calculations off-chain, that is, to solve problems through side-chain technology.
Expansion protocol and outcome
Expansion protocol generally requires the support of miners, and can be roughly divided into methods such as modifying the block size, soft fork, hard fork, and segregated witness.
Take Bitcoin as an example:
Bitcoin is now split into the large block Bitcoin Cash (BCH) and Segregated Witness. Segregated Witness is now recognized as Bitcoin in the market, and the big block coin is named Bitcoin Cash. The foreseeable future development direction of Bitcoin will be mainly off-chain transactions.. Including Lightning Network and side chains. These two new things are currently immature, but many people have high hopes.
Bitcoin will develop a large number of Segregated Witness transactions and make more derivative technologies based on Segregated Witness. It is most likely that technology will drive Bitcoin forward.
Bitcoin Cash will focus on on-chain transactions, focus on developing currency functions, reduce transaction friction as the main method, and profit from a wider range of on-chain users as the main development direction.
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VI Where is the data in the blockchain stored?

The data in the blockchain all exist in the terminal or in the server. Because we are talking about blockchain, its user terminal can also be a server, and the server can also be a user terminal, so it is all stored on these devices.

Ⅶ Big Data and Blockchain

This story still has to start with Bitcoin

Bitcoin, an electronic cash system, is simultaneously disintermediated ( Electronic cash between individuals does not require the intervention of a trusted third-party intermediary) and is decentralized (maintained by an institution) (both parties to the transaction can complete transactions without establishing a trust relationship)
< br /> Hash function: Convert an arbitrarily long string into a fixed-length output (the calculation process cannot be too complicated). As long as the input string changes slightly, the output of the hash function will be completely different.

Blockchain: Divide large things into many blocks for storage. As long as one thing is tampered with and the data below are different, it will be discovered

Uses blockchain (data structure hash function) to ensure that the ledger cannot be tampered with, uses digital signature technology to ensure that only you can use your own account, and uses p2p network and POW consensus mechanism to ensure decentralized operation.

Blockchain is a method that uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access security. A new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm.

Three elements:

The essence of blockchain is a distributed ledger, a kind of database. The blockchain uses a hash algorithm to ensure that information cannot be tampered with, uses public keys and private keys to identify identities, and collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized and disintermediated manner.

Big data and blockchainThe difference is mainly reflected in the following aspects.

(1) Data volume. Blockchain technology is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The amount of data processed by the blockchain is small and has a meticulous processing method. Big data manages massive amounts of data, which requires breadth and quantity, and the processing methods will be rougher.

(2) Structured and unstructured. Blockchain is a block with a rigorously defined structure. The chain composed of pointers is a typical structured data, while big data needs to process more unstructured data.

(3) Independence and integration. In order to ensure security, the blockchain system's information is relatively independent, while the focus of big data is the integrated analysis of information.

(4) Direct and indirect. Blockchain is a distributed ledger, which is essentially a database, while big data refers to in-depth analysis and mining of data, which is a kind of indirect data.

(5)CAP theory. C (Consistency) means consistency, which means that any read operation can always read the result of the previously completed write operation. That is, in a distributed environment, data at multiple points is consistent. A (Availability) refers to availability, which refers to obtaining data quickly and returning operation results within a certain time. P (Tolerance of Network Partition) is partition tolerance, which means that when a network partition occurs (that is, some nodes in the system cannot communicate with other nodes), the separated system can still operate normally. CAP theory tells us that a distributed system cannot meet the three requirements of consistency, availability, and partition tolerance at the same time. It can only meet two of them at the same time. As the saying goes, "You can't have your cake and eat it too." Big data usually chooses to implement AP, and blockchain chooses to implement CP.

(6) Basic network. The underlying infrastructure of big data is usually a computer cluster, while the infrastructure of the blockchain is usually a P2P network.

(7) Source of value. For big data, data is information, and value needs to be extracted from the data. For blockchain, data is an asset and the inheritance of value.

(8) Calculation mode. In the big data scenario, one thing is assigned to multiple people. For example, in the MapRece computing framework, a large task will be decomposed into many subtasks and assigned to many nodes for calculation at the same time. In the blockchain scenario, multiple people are allowed to do one thing repeatedly. For example, many nodes in the P2P network record a transaction at the same time.

Ⅷ What is the Internet of Things, what is big data, what is the blockchain

1. What is the Internet of Things

ThatTo put it simply, big data assists decision-making by analyzing and mining a full amount of non-sampled data.

Characteristics of big data

Big data refers to massive and high-volume data that are intended to serve the purpose of decision-making and require new data processing models to collect, store, manage and analyze their content. Growth rates and diverse information capital.

Big data has the following essential characteristics:

1. The fundamental purpose is to serve decision-making. Big data can help various organizations and individuals greatly improve their decision-making capabilities and make better decisions. Decision-making and judgment;

2. Large scale, big data usually refers to the amount of data above 100T, which is difficult to rely on traditional computing methods to effectively calculate, but must rely on new computing methods and data mining tools;< /p>

3. High frequency. Big data is data generated by user participation and interaction. It is used to understand user-related data in a timely manner based on the user’s network traces. This kind of data is high-frequency based on days or even hours. data. The frequency of traditional data is very low, and a lot of data is calculated by month or even year;

4. Fast, big data is real-time data and can respond in real time. For example, entering a keyword in the Internet search box can be displayed instantly, while traditional data collection methods are seriously lagging behind;

5. Always online. Online is a prerequisite for big data. From this perspective, big data is always online and can be called at any time. By analyzing user traces on various network terminals, big data can better analyze users' behaviors, emotions, thoughts, hobbies and needs for better decision-making and analysis.

Three key points of big data

First, the availability of data. At present, the development of big data in China is seriously restricted by the lack of openness of government information. Many data are difficult to obtain, making it difficult to realize real big data mining and analysis. This requires the government to open more data in a timely manner to improve the reliability of the data. Gain degrees.

Secondly, carry out scientific model construction. The scientific nature of the model directly determines the quality of data analysis, which requires a high level of modeling. Of course, a larger amount of data will also help in the reasonable construction of the model.

Third, use experts to refine opinions. Unique, high-quality perspectives based on data mining that provide the basis for decision-making are highly dependent on high-quality data interpretation, which reflects the value of industry experts.

Provided by IoT Media