研究区块链的经济学家有哪些,研究区块链的经济学家是谁

近年来，随着区块链技术的发展，越来越多的经济学家开始研究区块链。他们探索区块链在经济学中的意义，并试图从经济学的角度来理解区块链的内涵。研究区块链的经济学家有很多，其中一些最著名的经济学家有：

约翰·罗宾逊（John Robison），他是一位英国经济学家，他在《比特币：一种经济学的解释》一书中深入探讨了比特币的经济学原理。他还发表了一系列关于区块链技术的文章，探索了区块链技术如何影响经济和金融体系的问题。

维克多·罗斯柴尔德（Viktor Roschild），他是一位著名的瑞典经济学家，他在《区块链经济学：一种新的经济学视角》一书中深入探讨了区块链技术的经济学原理。他还发表了一系列关于区块链技术的文章，探索了区块链技术如何影响经济和金融体系的问题。

威廉·贝克（William Beck），他是一位英国经济学家，他在《数字货币：经济学的解释》一书中深入探讨了数字货币的经济学原理。他还发表了一系列关于区块链技术的文章，探索了区块链技术如何影响经济和金融体系的问题。

威廉·波特（William Porter），他是一位英国经济学家，他在《区块链的经济学：从原理到实践》一书中深入探讨了区块链技术的经济学原理。他还发表了一系列关于区块链技术的文章，探索了区块链技术如何影响经济和金融体系的问题。

这些经济学家的研究对于我们理解区块链技术有着重要的意义，他们的研究为我们提供了更深入的视角，帮助我们更好地理解区块链技术的内涵。他们的研究也为我们提供了一些有用的建议，帮助我们更好地利用区块链技术。

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A. "Digital Economy - Implementation and Empowerment of Industrial Blockchain"

"Digital Economy - Implementation and Empowerment of Industrial Blockchain"

Introduction

This book provides a panoramic description of the potential impact and changes of blockchain on various industries, combined with industrial blockchain application cases, such as industrial blockchain in finance. , typical cases in the smart city field, large consumption field, media, communications and other fields, expounding the current status of the industrial blockchain industry, and answering in a simple and easy-to-understand manner what the blockchain is, the current status of the blockchain and the applications of the blockchain, etc. question. It grasps the development trends and laws of the digital economy, and analyzes and interprets the implementation and empowerment of industrial blockchains under the background of the digital economy. It is a good popular science book for learning blockchain knowledge.

The author, Han Yi, holds a PhD in business management. CEO of Titan Digital, an investor in enterprise digitalization, author of the "Six Lines of Growth" theory for enterprise digitalization, and an early researcher of digitalization and blockchain in enterprise applications. Zhao Huan, PhD in digital economics, works for China Telecom and is a high-tech expert involved in Internet innovation and entrepreneurship. Li Bo, Ph.D. (postgraduate) in economics, senior engineer, Ph.D. in industrial economics from the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, chief economist of the Blockchain Industry Center of the National Technology Transfer Eastern Center, and president of Shanghai International Community College.

B. Deng Pengfei: Chain reform/digital reform companies need to prepare five centers

Deng Pengfei, chain reform/digital reform economist, Ren Lian Hainan Global President, brand chain merchant ·Co-founder of Century Network Incubator for Life on the Chain, now head of the "Equal Rights for Enterprise Certificates and Shares" project group at Beijing Open University and the former Softbank Financial Research Institute in Japan, and one of the earliest industry experts in the country to adopt blockchain technology to serve enterprises. 1. We have provided in-depth services to more than 70 companies in chain/digital reform. In 2019, we took the lead in proposing the business model of “equal rights for securities and shares”. In 2020, we co-founded a brand digital chain business and have implemented the AB token economy for many companies. From the model to the merger and acquisition, it has won high praise from the company.

Where are the chain reform/digital reform companies?

Enterprises must first understand why they need chain reform/digital reform, in order to know which companies are suitable for chain reform and realize it through chain reform How can a company maximize its value, and whether it can help the two core needs of easy financing and increasing sales scale.

Enterprise chain reform/digital reform, the first thing to solve is the production relationship problem with users. Every consumer is the creator of corporate wealth and should also be the distributor of rights and interests. Participating users The more there are, the more dividends will be distributed and the higher the market value will be. Only by adopting the blockchain algorithm can we completely change the traditional business algorithm of having fewer people and paying more dividends.

Many people regard "chain reform" as a way of financing, which is wrong. Otherwise, it will become an illegal fund-raising "coin issue" that is cracked down by the state.Behavior.

Without currency issuance, what role does enterprise chain reform play?

Many experts have put forward subjective opinions. Blockchain is just a technology that can be traced, cannot be tampered with, etc., and cannot be used in finance to turn "Ponzi scheme" into "private listing". Behaviors that undermine the financial order such as “issuance of currency” are all attributed to the blockchain. In 2017, Deng Pengfei had an in-depth collision with Sun Xiaolei, director of the Finance Department of Guanghua School of Management at Peking University, on this issue and concluded that: Blockchain should play a financial role in the non-financial track. This is the correct positioning of enterprise chain reform. The minefield is that it cannot be used for financing.



Repositioning enterprise chain reform: accelerating commodity circulation and expanding sales scale

The blockchain distributed super ledger can effectively convert unlimited Large sales flow is related to constant digital tokens. After adopting the correct business model, users can be turned into owners. The "token economy" can be correctly used to give full play to the advantages of consumers and consumer capital to accelerate sales scale. Multiply, rather than use it in financing activities.

Therefore, chain reform/digital reform companies cannot first rely on issuing tokens (coins) to raise funds. Instead, they use the token economy to unite users and become owners, expand sales scale and accelerate commodity circulation.



Which companies are suitable for chain reform: Any company that can create C-end users can carry out chain reform

Enterprise chain reform/digital Five centers that need to be prepared for change

Blockchain technology originated from Satoshi Nakamoto, was developed in the United States, and developed in China. China’s commercial applications rank first in the world, with various public chains, DAPPs, and wallets There is an overwhelming number of innovative underlying technologies and business models.

Entrepreneurs have also obtained some basic information about the blockchain industry in virtual currency in recent years. Since the blockchain proposed on October 24, 2019, it has become a national strategy, especially the DCEP digital The implementation of currency has promoted 2020 to become the first year of the digital economy era, which is about to usher in a new era. In the past, companies put their products online on the Internet, but now they must focus on putting users online on the blockchain and merchants on the chain.

The question is, what preparations are needed for the blockchain/digital reform adopted by physical enterprises? How much does it cost? Which operating departments need to be built and which effective institutions need to be combined? How can we ensure the chance of success in chain reform?

Five centers to protect enterprise chain reform/digital reform

Since enterprise chain reform/digital reform is a necessary industrial transformation and upgrading for enterprises to operate in the digital economy, It is by no means using blockchain to issue coins, orIf it is just an act of token economy, the following five centers are needed to ensure the success rate of enterprise chain reform.

The five major centers refer to the five centers including capital, brand, incubation, operation and policy.

As the earliest institutions and practitioners engaged in chain reform/digital reform, we will have a clearer understanding of the significance of the five centers that enterprises must prepare to fully empower enterprises, and which institution is responsible for Enterprises have created a convenient platform, and enterprises will flock to it.

Understand how the functions of the five centers empower unicorn companies

1. Capital center functions (solve capital needs)

1. The company provides stock guarantees for listed companies in Hong Kong, assisting the company's first round of financing of 1 million to 50 million

2. Supply chain finance provides merchants with 70% of venture capital investment (no fees, no shares)

3. Product issuance and raising of 1 billion to 1 billion industrial funds to assist the construction of corporate industrial chains and upstream and downstream supply chains

4. Listed mergers and acquisitions and project restructuring, independent IPO

2. Brand center function (solve brand value)

1. New upgrade of corporate brand positioning

2. Optimization of products and channels

3. After the enterprise is on the chain, the data becomes the brand

4. Whole-network marketing positioning

3. Incubation center functions (solve from 0 to 1 )

1. Construction of ecological business model for enterprise chain reform/digital reform

2. Implementation of technical architecture

3. Construction of top-level architecture Matching with resources

4. Construction and development of operations team and marketing team

4. Operations center functions (solve industry operations)

1. Digital economy DAPP platform operations, outsourcing of professional talents and market investment teams

2. Collaboration of technology and market value management teams

3. [Input from the entire network marketing team< br />
4. Introduce daily consumer users on the chain

5. Policy center functions (solve the high dimensions of the industry)

1. Professional and industry organizations Matching of experts

2. Government support from the United Nations and local governments for chain reform/digital reform

3. Certification of the project by authoritative institutions

4. [Guaranteed by various policies, laws and regulations to ensure equal, orderly and rapid development

The functions of the above five centers are all managed by The brand digital chain provider provides the entire process, allowing cooperative companies to obtain a full range of escort functions at zero cost.

As an entrepreneurial small and medium-sized enterprise, it is difficult to complete the construction and operating costs of five functional centers. Looking at the chain reform companies in recent years, few companies will become unicorns in the industry. This is precisely because when companies are carrying out chain reform/digital reform construction, the implementation process does require the cooperation of very cumbersome functional centers to operate. It came out vividly and vividly.

Misunderstandings about enterprise chain reform

Some companies often use the sales funds obtained from chain reform for industrial venture capital during the operation process, and some use cultural The exchange's version policy has been regarded as the only way out for enterprise chain reform, while neglecting the establishment of a business ecological structure. This is the misunderstanding caused by not laying out five centers. The establishment of a brand digital chain business organization will play a very important role in providing enterprises with the development of an effective combination of industry and finance.

The ecological structure of industry and finance for enterprise chain reform/digital reform

Under the development of market economy, industry and finance are the top-level structures that all enterprises should lay out. The ecology of industry and finance is "Raising, investing, managing and exiting", in the more than 20 years of financial liberalization, how many small and medium-sized enterprises have talked about industry finance and industry finance institutions, and how many have actually implemented it?

Facing today’s industrial and financial planning in the era of digital economy, small and medium-sized enterprises have everything in place, but the time has come for chain reform. No matter what business model the chain reform/digital reform adopts, It will be designed as a mechanism to encourage growth or cut leeks, but it will be a new business structure for industry and financial ecology.

In the past, the Internet solved the information gap. After 20 years of development, the era from the Internet economy to the mobile Internet 2.0 has passed, and the digital economy 3.0 era is about to usher in. In this era , will iterate various criticisms and monopolies in the Internet era, and every value created by users will be recorded in the blockchain super ledger, forming an open and credible havoc value. It is like the lowest gene in the digital economy. It will only make companies and users better and better.

Enterprise chain reform/digital reform requires three steps to build an ecological structure

The first step is to match the company with appropriate financial products to solve corporate financing problems, including those provided by the capital center Various products mainly include equity financing for listed companies and small and medium-sized enterprises, industrial investment funds, listed mergers and acquisitions and IPOs.

The second step is to carry out a new industrial upgrade. The brand digital chain provider completes the chain reform/digital reform, establishes a blockchain DAPP and a new digital economy business model to lock users to create value in the long term and solve the problem of natural growth of enterprises. Sales growthquestion.

The third step is to cooperate with Hong Kong listed companies with a price-to-earnings ratio of more than 5 times the sales scale, achieve mergers and acquisitions, listings or independent IPOs, and implement "equal rights for securities and shares" to all investors and operators An equity exit mechanism.

When laying out these three steps, companies cannot unilaterally rely on a financial product to solve the sales scale problem, or only rely on independent IPOs to achieve financing problems. Instead, they should stand in the digital economy era and give full play to The overall thinking of brand, finance, chain reform/digital reform, listing and mergers and acquisitions, and the realization of new industrial and financial implementations such as enterprise chain reform and merchant on-chain on the platform of brand chain merchants can create a company into a unicorn in the industry.

C. "Digital Solution" Central Bank Digital Currency CBDC, new contribution from Algorand

Currently, China's digital renminbi is advancing steadily. The pilot areas have expanded from "10+1" to 23 regions in 15 provinces and cities. The cumulative number of digital RMB transactions is approximately 264 million, with an amount of approximately 83 billion yuan, and the number of merchant stores has reached 4.567 million. In addition, the European Union and the European Central Bank actively support a digital euro, while India has pledged to launch a digital rupee.

At a time when central bank digital currencies are in the ascendant, the Algorand public chain created by Professor Silvio Micali, Turing Award winner and cryptography pioneer, has been The Republic of the Marshall Islands selected the blockchain infrastructure to issue the world’s first central bank digital currency and continues to demonstrate its ability to empower “FutureFi” in the field of central bank digital currency (CBDC).

On July 12, the Algorand research team released "Issuing Central Bank Digital Currency Using Algorand" (Issuing Central Bank Digital Currency Using Algorand) annual report, which has conducted continuous research on the CBDC progress of central banks around the world for more than a year, and proposed a CBDC hybrid model based on a public blockchain instance in a two-tier retail system.

Under this model, the central bank has full control over the CBDC, while licensed service providers (LSPs) such as commercial banks, remittance services and other financial technology companies can facilitate distribution and transactions. Blockchain-based retail CBDC also promotes wider financial inclusion compared to traditional systems, especially for those in the informal economy who may have difficulty opening a traditional bank account. Overall, the proposed design is expected to help central banks make it easier and more economical than traditional centralized digital currencies.Achieve the scale of CBDC operations.

The Algorand research team released its first research report on CBDC in 2021. This report has a new section focusing on the benefits of CBDC and the central bank’s role in primary role in the wider context of the digital age. The report defines four key trends in the digital age, including the growing digital economy, asset tokenization as a new business model, growing demand for alternative forms of currency, and decentralized finance as a new form of finance. system. These trends directly challenge one of the key tasks of central banks: ensuring price stability. Public blockchain use cases, such as the model proposed in the report, can help central banks continue to fulfill their responsibilities in the digital age.

The report was co-authored by several leading economists and researchers. Among them, Dr. Andrea Civelli graduated from Princeton University and focuses on monetary policy transmission and inflation modeling research. She is currently an associate professor of economics at the Walton School of Business at the University of Arkansas and a senior economist at Algorand.

Dr. Co-Pierre Georg, associate professor at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, chairman of the Financial Stability Research Group of the South African Reserve Bank (South African Central Bank), and a member of the Economic Advisory Board of the Algorand Foundation. He received his PhD from the University of Jena, Germany degree, and visited MIT, Princeton University, Oxford University and Columbia University.

Pietro Grassano, Director of European Business Solutions at Algorand, has worked at J.P Morgan for more than 15 years and has served as the agency's manager in France, Italy, Greece, etc. Leadership positions in European country branches. Earlier, he worked at BNP Paribas Asset Management and Arthur Andersen Consulting. Naveed Ihsanullah, Director of Engineering Research at Algorand, focuses on distributed systems and has over 20 years of experience in next-generation application security software.

In addition to the introduction and conclusion, the main contents of the other six parts of the report are: 1. Benefits of central bank digital currency: emphasizing four aspects of the digital era The main trend, the challenges posed to central banks, also inspired central banks to issue CBDC. 2. Designing an efficient CBDC: Based on the experience of various CBDC projects, the principles for designing an efficient central bank digital currency are outlined. 3. Economic considerations of issuing CBDC: Discuss the economic impacts of issuing CBDC, from balance sheet and financial stability impacts to monetary policy effects. 4. Algorand protocol: Overview of Algorand protocol, includingA high-level overview of the design principles and the protocol itself. 5. Use Algorand to issue retail CBDC: Algorand’s method of issuing retail CBDC, including relevant design considerations and a detailed introduction to Algorand network support use cases. 6. Use Algorand to issue wholesale CBDC: Algorand’s design method and related use cases for wholesale CBDC.

Algorand consultant emphasized that CBDC is the lifeline of commercial banks

After the emergence of CBDC, From an international perspective, there are still certain differences. Commercial banks in some countries even regard the digital currency that may be issued by the central bank as an existential threat.

Co-Pierre, one of the main authors of the research report "Issue Central Bank Digital Currency Using Algorand", Associate Professor at the University of Cape Town, South Africa, and Economic Advisor to the Algorand Foundation Dr. Georg believed in a recent interview with the media: "Commercial banks really should not regard digital fiat currencies as a threat" and "central bank digital currency is providing a lifeline to commercial banks."

For large technology companies, the Georg, who currently serves as chairman of the Financial Stability Research Group of the South African Reserve Bank, believes that: "Commercial banks have indeed gone backwards, and they will be afraid of technology giants."

Just as central banks have viewed blockchain-based, fiat-currency-linked stablecoins as a potential threat to regulating the economy, commercial banks have also realized that if Facebook’s Libra survives, “as we know it "That would be the end of the banking industry," Georg said. "It would be an entity without financial regulation, with 2.3 billion customers and more cash than JP Morgan Chase Bank's market capitalization. How will banks, including U.S. banks, compete with It competes? They can't."

The problem, Georg believes, is that commercial banks operate within walled gardens. "They do products, they don't do infrastructure," he said. "Commercial banks should thank the central bank for providing a lifeline in terms of public infrastructure. They can all come together, they can compete, and importantly, they can compete with technology companies." Competition."

"When you talk to many players in the market, they view CBDC as a product that can be sold to central banks," Georg said, "This is not the right approach. If you build a product, you end up just owning Facebook, whereas if you build infrastructure, youEventually we will have the Internet. ”

This means that information can be shared in much the same way as the early developers of the Internet, which Georg claimed took about 30 years to Develop standards for network interactivity. At the same time, he also believes that CBDC has the need for interoperability from the beginning, and there are too many things that can be done.

< p> Combined with research including Algorand, Georg suggested that CBDC in some countries can have more than one ledger and one protocol, and is not necessarily divided into inter-bank wholesale CBDC and consumer-oriented retail CBDC.

“You can have a retail ledger that has a higher cost of participation but provides you with smart contracts; you can also have a retail ledger that doesn’t have smart contracts but has very high transactions per second ," Georg said. "As a central bank, you can operate both at the same time. ”

As for blockchain, Georg said that an unnecessary fight is that some in the banking community view blockchain-based CBDC as real-time Competitors to settlement systems.

"The existing payment system works well," he said, and is cheap and reliable. Never failed. However, real-time settlement systems do not “facilitate some of the new innovations we are seeing from private crypto-assets that require decentralized ledgers,” such as the tokenization of physical or digital assets. Given the phenomenal growth of cryptocurrencies, this space is clearly There's potential.

"If you can bring it into public infrastructure, assuming it's well regulated and maintained by trusted institutions, then this new type of infrastructure Can support new business models at the heart of the digital economy. I think that's why blockchain comes in," he said. "You need a distributed ledger to make sure that no one in the system can copy the data, and the secret superpower of blockchain is that it makes the data unique. ”

In terms of potential, he noted that “the last iteration of payment systems came in the 1960s and 1970s, when digital payments were introduced. "Because of the support of technology, "Blockchain can indeed promote new business models. ”

(END)

Reprinting for commercial and non-commercial purposes must obtain authorization from the author and indicate "Produced by Hermetz Digital Workshop".

D. Who invented Bitcoin

The founder of the concept of Bitcoin is Satoshi Nakamoto.

On December 12, 2010, when Bitcoin gradually became popular, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet.

As a descendant of samurai, Satoshi Nakamoto was born in Beppu, Japan in 1949. His mother, Senko, was a Buddhist and brought him up hard and lived in poverty.

After his parents divorced in 1959, Satoshi Nakamoto’s mother remarried and immigrated to California with her three sons. Satoshi Nakamoto did not get along well with his stepfather, but according to his brother Arthur, Satoshi Nakamoto showed talent in mathematics and science at a very young age, but also showed a side of "unfeeling and weird interests".

Satoshi Nakamoto graduated from California Polytechnic State University, majoring in physics. Upon graduation, he joined Hughes Aircraft, where he worked in defense and electronic communications. Later, Satoshi Nakamoto worked for the U.S. military, and his experience was classified as a state secret. Now searching his files, this period of his life is completely blank.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto published an article in an email group discussing information encryption on the Internet, outlining the basic framework of the Bitcoin system. In 2009, he established an open source project for the system, officially announcing the birth of Bitcoin. On December 12, 2010, when Bitcoin gradually became popular, he quietly left and disappeared from the Internet.

E. Zhu Jiaming: Recommended Preface to "Quantum Era and Digital Economy 2.0"

Professor Zhu Jiaming, Chairman of the Academic and Technical Committee of the Digital Asset Research Institute and Economist, wrote a new book for Dr. Han Feng Author of the preface to "The Wealth of Nations on Blockchain". This public account is hereby published to share with all readers.

"No one predicted that in the first two decades of the 21st century, the development curve of quantum science and technology would intersect with the blockchain and encrypted digital currency, the DiFi curve. But , this is really happening, and it is indeed changing people's traditional concepts of wealth, transforming the wealth structure, and reshaping the shape of wealth."

——Zhu Jiaming

Text:

p>

Han Feng and his team’s new work "The Wealth of Nations on Blockchain" will be published soon, and the English version will also be published in the United States soon. The title of the book is "The Wealth of Quantum Era", which is translated into Chinese as "The Wealth of Quantum Era". wealth". I am very pleased with this and would like to recommend a preface to the Chinese version of "The Wealth of Nations on Blockchain".

The title of the book "Blockchain Wealth of Nations" connects "blockchain" and "wealth of nations" and faces great challenges because it needs to answer why "blockchain" can lead to and create The new “wealth of the nation”? In this regard, this book does give this answer: In the new era of interaction between the digital economy and the quantum era, it is the new data wealthIn the era of consensus, the "Quantum Mechanics Big Data Reality View" will completely replace the "Newtonian Mechanics Small Data World View". Wealth is no longer a thing, at least not just a thing. Wealth has become a form of the evolution of credit resources, and supports and realizes the global The credit consensus is the blockchain. Therefore, it is now necessary to update the traditional concept of "wealth". "Whether the concept of wealth can keep up with the times can determine a person's living conditions and social status, and even the future of a country."

The author cites Adam Smith, Hayek and Brian Arthur, the founder of complexity economics. Brian Arthur's ideas are similar to those of Adam Smith and Hayek. Judging from the entire history of human wealth consensus, most of the time wealth consensus is achieved through decentralized free markets. It’s just that Brian Arthur realized that although the essence of the market economy is the continuous extension and expansion of the division of labor, as well as the huge, dispersed and random transactions, the market can eventually become an object of calculation, a calculation body, a decentralized Computing system, "From this perspective, the economy becomes a system that develops programmatically in a series of events, and it becomes algorithm-driven." Although Brian Arthur did not directly mention the blockchain, but Blockchain is a programmed algorithm structure that can provide a technical credit basis for highly complex economic activities.

Before 2008, it was proposed that wealth was a decentralized "credit consensus". Although human economic history can provide a lot of proof, it was still difficult for people to accept it. The first-generation Internet TCP/IP protocol established a large-scale, barrier-free data circulation infrastructure. More importantly, the breakthrough in private key signature technology has laid the underlying technical foundation for solving the problem of data ownership. The birth of Bitcoin in 2008 proved that the "credit consensus" supported by the blockchain can become the basis of wealth, or even directly become wealth. Satoshi Nakamoto’s historical status “lies in discovering a truly decentralized model for issuing currency—that is, Bitcoin, which uses distributed computing to achieve wealth consensus.” “Bitcoin has established a new milestone in the history of mankind’s consensus on wealth.” Further analysis shows that Bitcoin is a form of wealth based on the blockchain, which meets the six basic conditions of the "wealth consensus" proposed in this book: (1) Confirmation of asset rights; (2) Disclosure of accounting information across the entire network; (3) Large-scale transactions; (4) In line with the values ​​​​of global geeks; (5) Anchoring the total limited scarcity and the mining computing power of the entire network; (6) Decentralized distributed computing.

This book especially hopes that readers will pay attention to "decentralized finance DeFi reaches a wealth consensus", relies on distributed computing to provide financial services currently provided by the banking system, and reaches a new wealth consensus, especially "on Ethereum. DeFi Ecosystem”. “The rise of this wave of DeFi has allowed people to see that in the world of blockchain decentralized computing, various functional applications corresponding to banking services have begun to spring up like mushrooms after rain, just like the British industrial revolution.The banking industry after the revolution has already begun to form a huge wave of new wealth consensus for the world. This time, the stage is the global digital economy." This book also attempts to interpret the IPFS phenomenon and proposes that Filecoin is likely to be the future construction of the new Internet WEB 3.0 "Being a benchmark for decentralized storage" on the track.

In any case, the author's concept of "data assetization wave" and the analysis of "the bull-bull cycle of global blockchain wealth consensus", It is forward-looking. In the author’s opinion, Bitcoin’s growth from a few cents to tens of thousands of dollars (in 2018) is a process of forming a wealth consensus, and people eventually get used to the cyclical fluctuations of bear and bull markets during the period. " History It took almost thousands of years to form a wealth consensus like gold on the Internet, but Bitcoin was completed in almost ten years, so this is a new era of wealth consensus."

In the third chapter of "Blockchain Wealth of Nations" Chapter six focuses on what is the reality view of Newtonian mechanics and the reality view of quantum mechanics. In the author’s opinion, Newtonian mechanics has limitations: “Newtonian mechanics believes that the universe is composed of isolated atoms, and atoms have no other internal connections except interaction. , atoms will be in a deterministic position in space and time, and their motion will follow a deterministic orbit, which is determined by Newton's three laws." Newtonian mechanics laid the foundation for the industrial revolution. Later, the famous French mathematician Laplace Newtonian mechanics has been elevated to a supreme position. The concept of "Laplace's Demon" provides a theoretical basis for centralized thinking, that is, "the belief in the existence of a supreme divine brain." Today, the Industrial Revolution has gone far, and mankind has entered the After the industrialized society, it quickly entered the information society, and the digital economy became the main economic form. Therefore, the reality view of Newtonian mechanics must also be the reality view of quantum mechanics. Because the reality view of quantum mechanics is not just a theory that describes the microscopic world. , should be the basis for our understanding of the entire universe in the future. Not only that, "Quantum reality and big data can reveal to us that part of the original invisible overall connected world that traditional Newtonian mechanics cannot reveal, which provides a consensus for future global wealth." "The new form has opened up an extremely broad space." So, what is the reality of quantum mechanics? The author believes that: the core of quantum mechanics is non-local integrity, and the representative phenomenon is the existence of quantum entanglement.

This book The title of the seventh chapter of the book is "Looking at the achievement and calculation of wealth consensus from the perspective of distributed computational thinking." The first section discusses "Maxwell's demon element calculation can suppress the entropy increase of complex systems", and the questions raised are particularly profound. The most creative. In 1871, the British physicist Maxwell, based on the second theorem of thermodynamics, hypothesized a physical demon (Maxwell's demon) to detect and control the movement of a single molecule. It is generally believed that: "Maxwell's demon" The hypothetical experiment is a direct challenge to the principle of entropy increase. On the surface, "Maxwell's Demon" cannot be realized in the real world. However, if "Maxwell's Demon" is understood as aA typical "calculation" process, entropy reduction can be achieved. The author introduces a paper "Research on Several Issues in Quantum Statistics and Thermodynamics Inspired by Quantum Information" written by Academician Sun Changpu and others, proposing the "Maxwell's Demon" mechanism and Landauer's principle, which is a universal element The calculation mechanism, if the sun is used as an external source to drive dissipation, can overcome quantum non-local uncertainty and achieve entropy reduction. In other words, assuming that the entire universe is a quantum computer, which is driven by certain energy such as the sun and dissipates heat at the same time, a local orderly low-entropy world can be realized through calculation. The most fundamental computing mechanism comes from "Maxwell Demon".

Therefore, the author reasoned: "The mining system of the Bitcoin blockchain is obviously such a distributed Maxwell's Demon computing system. Each miner's mining Machines are Maxwell's demons. While keeping accounts for the entire network, they find the correct solution among astronomical random numbers (hundreds of two to the power of two) through calculation. Although this process of Maxwell's demon consumes a lot of energy. , but the calculated consensus can support the market value of Bitcoin globally (unlike banks that can only trust a centralized institution, the global consensus is difficult to calculate)."

The author reinterprets "Maxwell's Demon" from the perspective of quantum mechanics, providing an idea and even a framework from quantum science to blockchain to "credit consensus" wealth. According to this idea and framework, we will naturally re-understand Shannon's concept of information entropy and why the more uncertain signal code sets contain more information. To interpret Shannon, we need to introduce Professor Wiener's view that the principle of entropy increase is actually the process of decreasing the order of energy information.

Humanity longs for a low-entropy world. Human economic activities and all technological progress so far are exactly the process of increasing entropy that is constantly intensifying. This situation needs to be eased and ended. In the quantum era, Maxwell's demon calculation, whether blockchain is a hope and possibility requires more theoretical and empirical support. However, if blockchain has the function of "reducing entropy" rather than "increasing entropy", That will be the revolutionary significance of blockchain.

I said at South China University of Technology on November 30, 2019: "The quantum era refers to the impact and change of quantum science and quantum technology on other scientific and technological disciplines." Han Feng later said that his concept of "Quantum Era" was inspired by me. In fact, in the field of blockchain and digital currency, Han Feng is a rare PhD candidate in quantum physics at Tsinghua University and has been immersed in quantum science for many years. This will undoubtedly help him combine and integrate quantum science with the digital economy. Han Feng explains the characteristics of the quantum era in this book: The basic characteristic of the quantum era is the quantum holistic view of reality. Accordingly, it is necessary to describe the world through big data. Big data also develops layers of economic and social aspects that were originally ignored by the atomic world. The so-called "invisible" relationships, creativityConcepts, community visions, future values, etc., will become the wealth of the future quantum era through technologies such as blockchain and encryption. Due to the development of quantum technology and blockchain, the digital economy 1.0 with ambiguous property rights will rapidly be upgraded to the digital economy 2.0 with clear data property rights. This is the general trend. It should be said that whether it is 1.0 or 2.0, the protagonist is big data. This is a big data description of the quantum holistic reality, which far exceeds the small data reality of Newtonian mechanics. In the postscript, Han Feng added an introduction to the credit oracle machine that cooperated with the Fuzhou government, and wished them a new chapter in the practice of digital economy 2.0.

Finally, behind the evolution of quantum science and quantum technology, there is still a philosophical question, whether it is so-called "determinism" or "indeterminism". Han Feng believes that the debate between Einstein and Bohr on "whether God is still a dice" actually ends in the same direction. In his 1933 lecture at Oxford University, Einstein clearly stated that the essence of quantum existence is "non-locality". In fact, the whole of non-local existence is "deterministic", just like the wave function as the integrity of quantum The description is "determined" by the Schrödinger equation (this is not essentially different from the Newtonian mechanical equation that determines the orbit of atoms), but when we measure the wave function, it is localized, and what we get is the statistical distribution result of big data. This is random and "indeterministic".

What I want to say personally is: No one predicted that in the first two decades of the 21st century, the development curve of quantum science and technology, blockchain and encrypted digital currencies, and the DeFi curve would emerge. A situation of intersection. However, this is actually happening, and it is indeed changing people's traditional concepts of wealth, transforming the wealth structure, and reshaping the form of wealth.

If there is any aspect of this book that deserves improvement, it is that some chapters are too personal and the text appears complicated. Therefore, the author should consciously pursue simplicity and conciseness of expression in future revisions. Writing is actually an art.

F. BT40 | Blockchain Thinkers Closed Seminar (No. 6)

Time:

July 18, 2020 ( Saturday) 14:00-18:00 pm

Location:

Online (preliminarily determined to use Tencent Conference, the conference number and conference password will be notified separately)

Blockchain Thinkers Forum of 40 (BT40)

China Mobile Communications Federation Blockchain Professional Committee

China Circulation Industry Management Political Research Conference Area Blockchain Working Committee

China Association for Trade in Services Blockchain Professional Committee

China Communications Industry AssociationBlockchain Professional Committee

Computer Agriculture Application Branch of Chinese Agricultural Society

China Blockchain Ecological Alliance

China Blockchain Research Alliance
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Peking University Blockchain Club

Beiyou University National University Science and Technology Park Institute of Financial Technology

Mr. Guo Shanqi: Founder of Consensus Economics (Consenomics), District Founder of the Blockchain Thinkers 40 Forum (BT40), chief consensus economist of the Blockchain Working Committee of the China Circulation Industry Management Political Research Association, and deputy secretary-general of the Blockchain Professional Committee of the China Mobile Communications Federation.

Professor Wang Zhongmin: PhD in Economics, professor, doctoral supervisor, national expert with outstanding contributions, enjoys special allowance from the State Council, former vice chairman of the National Council for Social Security Fund, 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Member, member of the 9th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

Professor Chen Xiaohua: Digital economist, founder of blockchain economic theory, review expert for major projects of the Industrial Internet (blockchain direction) of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Director and Chief Digital Economist of the Blockchain Professional Committee of the China Mobile Communications Federation, Secretary-General of the Digital Economy Development Research Group of the China Science and Technology System Reform Research Association, Director of the Financial Technology Research Institute of the National University Science and Technology Park of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Tsinghua University Global Private Equity Member of the Think Tank of the Equity Research Institute, expert member of the Blockchain Laboratory of the School of Digital Finance of Zhejiang University, off-campus tutor of the School of Economics of the Central University of Finance and Economics, part-time professor of the School of Information Management of Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics, expert in charge of the "Financial Circle" magazine column of the National Development and Reform Commission, and Xiongan New District Expert consultant at the Construction Development Research Center.

Main representative works: "Internet Financial Risk Control", "Introduction to Financial Technology", "Artificial Intelligence Reshaping the World", "Uncovering the Secret of Blockchain", "5G New Momentum" and other books, 8 consecutive books In 2017, he was rated as an "Advanced Individual" in the industry education and training work of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and won the title of China's Economic Leader of the Year in 2017.

Invited to be interviewed by CCTV, Phoenix TV, BTV, China Business Network and other TV programs. As a guest, I was invited to attend the World VR Industry Conference, Digital Expo, China-ASEAN Expo, China Fintech Expo, World Internet of Things Conference, China Integration Conference of Informatization and Information Technology, China Electronic Information Expo, China Higher Education Expo, etc. and gave keynote speeches.

Professor Cao Huining is a professor of finance at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, academic director of the Finance MBA, and a member of the American Finance Association. He has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Twice nominated for the best paper in the Journal of Finance (1998 and 2000); won the Best Paper Award in Emerging Markets by the Northern Finance Association; won the Best Paper with the Most Investment Value by the Western Finance Association Award; won the third prize for the best paper at the 2004 China Finance International Annual Conference; in 2011, won the 2011 "Spängler IQAM" Best Paper Award for Excellence from "Financial Review", one of the world's top financial academic journals; selected in 2016 The 2016 Most Cited Chinese Researchers list released by the world-famous publishing group Elsevier; serves as a member of the editorial board of Annals of Economics and Finance and the chief editor of International Financial Review and China Financial Review .

Dr. Liang Wei: Digital economy expert, co-founding partner of Blockchain Thinkers 40 Forum (BT40), director of China Telecom Group Blockchain and Digital Economy Joint Laboratory, Computer Society of China District Blockchain professional committee member, co-leader of the Telecommunications Working Group of the Trusted Blockchain Alliance, consultant to the Asian Blockchain Society, editor of blockchain-related projects of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), with more than ten years of experience in emerging ICT (cloud computing/big Research, development and management experience in data/artificial intelligence/blockchain) fields and communication network fields. He has presided over more than 10 major national and corporate projects, published a total of 24 academic papers, authorized 12 invention patents, 1 US patent, 6 leading international standards, 3 software copyrights, and published 3 monographs. "Blockchain in a Simple Way: Core Technology and Project Analysis", with a preface by a blockchain instructor from the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, is the first blockchain monograph in the communications industry.

Tan Lin: Chief Ecological Officer of Beijing Big Data Research Institute, founder of MA Club, former CEO of Microsoft Accelerator (Beijing), and former researcher of Peking University Smart City Research Center.

Professor Xiong Yu, Chair, University of Surrey Business School, UKProfessor, doctoral supervisor, CISL Fellow of the University of Cambridge, UK, adjunct professor of the School of Computer Science, University of York, UK, Royal Registered Engineer, Member of the All-China Youth Federation, Vice President of the Chongqing European and American Alumni Association, Chongqing Youth Member of the Joint Standing Committee, concurrently serving as Co-Director of the North East UK Innovation Monitoring Agency (a British government intermediary agency that promotes innovative development in the North East of the UK), Executive Chairman of the UK China Entrepreneurship Development Association, initiator of the 21st Century Sino-British Entrepreneurship Plan Competition, President of the UK International Innovation Center, Member of the British Parliament’s Cross-Party Blockchain Group Expert Committee, Co-Chairman/Chairman of the Management Committee of UKEX, a London-based blockchain financial company.

Mr. Wang Donglin, cloud computing infrastructure/blockchain infrastructure technology leader, well-known entrepreneur, China's top ten young scientists, China's top ten outstanding youths in the software industry, the first China Outstanding Engineer, OASIS International Industry Chairman of the technical committee of the standards organization UOML-X, China's outstanding private technology entrepreneur, and one of the top ten leading entrepreneurs in China's software industry. He has successively founded Shusheng Electronics (invented electronic seals), Shusheng Cloud (cloud computing technology leader), and YottaChain (storage public chain market). Ranking first in terms of market share), Ystar (a wallet that users feel comfortable using)

Di Qianfang, Director of Beijing Lianghua Cloud Network Intelligent Technology Center, Deputy Director of China Industrial Development Center, School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University , deputy secretary-general of the Blockchain Committee of the China Mobile Communications Federation, and former economic analyst at the Information Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology.

1. Professor Wang Zhongmin, former Vice Chairman of the National Council for Social Security Fund, member of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection

2. Professor Chen Xiaohua, China Mobile Communications Federation Director and Chief Digital Economist of the Blockchain Professional Committee, Secretary-General of the Digital Economy Development Research Group of the China Science and Technology System Reform Research Association, and Director of the Financial Technology Research Institute of the National University Science and Technology Park of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications.

3. Professor Cao Huining, professor of finance at Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business, academic director of the Finance MBA, member of the American Finance Association, and has taught at the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

4. Dr. Liang Wei, co-founding partner of Blockchain Thinkers Forum 40 (BT40), director of China Telecom Group Blockchain and Digital Economy Joint Laboratory.

5. Zhang Lu, Secretary General of the Blockchain Committee of Chongqing Internet of Things Association, Head of China Telecom Group Blockchain and Digital Economy Joint Laboratory (Chongqing).

6. Tan Lin, chief ecological officer of Beijing Big Data Research Institute, founder of MA Club, former CEO of Microsoft Accelerator (Beijing), former researcher of Peking University Smart City Research Center

7. Mr. Wang Donglin, cloud computing infrastructure/blockchain infrastructure technology leader, well-known entrepreneur, China's top ten young scientists, China's top ten outstanding youths in the software industry, the first China Outstanding Engineer, OASIS International Industrial Standards Organization UOML-X Technology Chairman of the committee, China's outstanding private technology entrepreneur, one of the top ten leading entrepreneurs in China's software industry, has successively founded Shusheng Electronics (invented electronic seals), Shusheng Cloud (cloud computing technology leader), and YottaChain (temporarily ranks first in the storage public chain market share) , Ystar (a wallet that users can use without any sense)

8. Di Qianfang, director of Beijing Lianghua Cloud Network Intelligent Technology Center, deputy director of China Industrial Development Center, School of Economics and Management, Tsinghua University, China Mobile Communications Deputy Secretary-General of the Federation’s Blockchain Special Committee

9. Professor Xiong Yu, Chair Professor of the Business School of the University of Surrey, UK, PhD Supervisor, Academician of the Institute of Sustainability Leadership (CISL) of the University of Cambridge, UK Fellow), adjunct professor of the School of Computer Science at the University of York, UK, Royal Registered Engineer, member of the All-China Youth Federation, vice president of the Chongqing European and American Alumni Association, member of the Standing Committee of the Chongqing Youth Federation, and concurrently co-director of the Northeast Innovation Monitoring Agency in the UK (a British government intermediary agency, Promoting innovative development in the Northeast of the UK), Executive Chairman of the China Entrepreneurship Development Association in the UK, initiator of the 21st Century Sino-British Entrepreneurship Plan Competition, President of the British International Innovation Center, member of the Expert Committee of the British Parliament's Cross-Party Blockchain Group

10. Professor Xie Jinlong, executive deputy director & secretary-general of the Blockchain Professional Committee of the China Association for Trade in Services, visiting professor at the Foreign Business and Trade College of Chongqing Normal University

11. Wang Zishang: Blockchain in Hainan Province Vice President of the Association, Founding CEO of Shangfang Shares (835872), 18 years of continuous operation of Shangfang, author of "Chain Organization" and "Cloud Management", founder of TokenSky Chain Alliance, director of China Artificial Intelligence Industry Development Alliance

12. Chen Lei, member of the Blockchain Thinkers 40 Forum (BT40), founder of Bit Blue Whale, secretary-general of Peking University Blockchain Club, standing member of the China Communications Industry Association Blockchain Special Committee, China Mobile Communications Association District Member of the Blockchain Special Committee, Distinguished Expert of Beijing Urban Big Data Research Institute, Director of China Blockchain Supercomputing Industry Alliance

13. Lu Xinzhi, senior business observer, founder of Financial Technology New Knowledge Media Matrix
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14. Researcher Sun Zhiguo, Institute of Agricultural Information, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

15. Lu Yan, deputy secretary-general of the China Mobile Communications Association Blockchain Professional Committee

16. Jiang Hong, executive secretary-general of the China Blockchain Research Alliance

17. Yu Xiaokun, State Grid Blockchain Laboratory, State Grid 2020 Blockchain Chief Architect

18. Zhang Liang, Lenovo Group Chief Solution Architect
< br /> 19. Tian Yong, Technical Director of Guizhou Electronic Certificate Co., Ltd.

20. Dr. Li Qianqian, China Agricultural University

21. Dr. Cao Hao, Associate Professor of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Ph.D. in cryptography)

22. Li Mingyang, Head of Digital Economy Channel of China Enterprise News

Mr. Guo:

tel: +86-10 -82051290

cell: +86-13301289389

WeChat: CheeyeTHU

Tok: 75A7B3

Instructions about Tok :

1. User registration does not require a mobile phone number or email address, only a username and a set password. The system generates a 76-bit HASH value (consisting of 16 values ​​​​from 0 to 9 and A to F) based on this user name. This HASH value is the user's ID.

2. The system has no central server and is a point-to-point encrypted communication based on blockchain technology. No one knows the content of the conversation except the people participating in the conversation.

3. Warm reminder: Remember your username and password. There is no password reset problem in TOK because there is no central server. No one knows your password except yourself, and TOK also No exception.

G. He said: Bitcoin is a bubble

Along with the development of the currency circle, the blockchain industry is slowly blooming everywhere. Although the flowers are colorful, things are good and bad. . The development of any new thing is accompanied by a variety of comments around it, including recognition and disparagement. Some people say it will change the world's financial system, and some people say it will be full of chicken feathers in ten years.

But how should we evaluate these new things? Obviously DYOR (do your own research) is something we must do to understand new things, but relying solely on our own understanding often results in a superficial understanding of things, because in the process of doing research and learning, we are often constrained by our own short-sightedness. , so we often have to rely on the advice of some "successful people" and "experts"Views, as a reference, to enhance your depth of understanding.

So let’s take a look at what the big guys outside the currency circle and blockchain industry think of blockchain and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.

Nobel Prize winner Bengt Holmstrom: “I am confident in the future of blockchain technology and believe that it will change the way financial institutions operate, but I doubt Bitcoin, I don’t think Bitcoin will replace currency.”

Jack Ma: Blockchain is Privacy and security solutions entering the data era

Bitcoin is a bubble

Buffett: Bitcoin is a gamble, just like shells with no investment value

Wang Xing, founder of Meituan: Bitcoin is very interesting. I think it should be regarded as an exciting game and a game that changes the financial landscape. Various governments have announced that they will not recognize, block, and do not support third-party payment. Some people suspect that the United States and Japan support it. I think the Chinese government should be strongly supported. This is the best opportunity to weaken the hegemony of the US dollar.

Bill Gates: I am not optimistic about Bitcoin. My overall idea is that if you don’t have as much money as Elon, you should still be careful< /p>

Edward Snowden: The most important thing about Bitcoin is privacy

Meitu Xiuxiu Cai Wensheng: My goal is to own 10,000 Bitcoin

The famous economist Lang Xianping: I won’t take 100 Bitcoins if you give me one

Elon Musk: I didn’t drink too much, and I didn’t drink too much. Feeling depressed, I only have Dogecoin in my heart

I have seen so many domestic and foreign big guys discussing Bitcoin and blockchain. Most outsiders view this as Bitcoin may be a bubble, but blockchain is a promising technology. Of course, these are just the remarks of a small number of relevant big shots and do not represent the future of blockchain technology or Bitcoin.

In the long run, personal opinions are insignificant in the development of technology. The real future will never change because of some leading figures, and our own attitudes do not need to be excited or silent because of this. The only thing you have to do is to believe in your own heart and respect your own attitude. Only in this way can you get what you want.

H. What is Professor Hu Kai’s blockchain research?

Professor Hu Kai’s research mainly includes:
Digital economy and blockchain technology: the earliest in China One of the researchers engaged in blockchain technology, proposedProduced and developed theoretical methods such as Smart Contract Engineering (SCE), Legal Code Technology, and Verification as a Service (VaaS). In the field of integration of digital economy and blockchain, digital economic park planning and consulting, blockchain digital governance, and blockchain It has in-depth research and patented achievements in scalability, multi-chain interconnection and blockchain formal verification technology. He presided over the development of Beihang’s blockchain (TrustChain) series of products, including various forms of blockchain systems, browsers, monitors, deployment tools and blockchain big data management systems (OpenData) with independent intellectual property rights.
Distributed parallel computing and network: I have long been engaged in research on cluster computing systems, high-performance computing, aerospace electronic buses, and space-ground integrated network information technology in complex computing environments. I have proposed and studied the wolf pack-based reliable Reorganized multi-cluster computing theory and applied it to practice, and developed multiple application software systems.
Formal design and verification methods: Work closely with the French Institute of Computer Research (IRIT) in Toulouse and the French Institute of Automation (INRIA) to create a Sino-French formal method joint research laboratory to study model-driven formal design and verification Verification methods, proposed a number of innovative extension technologies based on AADL and synchronization language Signal, and developed multiple model conversion, verification and automatic code generation tools.
In recent years, he has published more than 60 SCI/EI retrieval papers at important academic journal conferences at home and abroad. He is the editor-in-chief of "New Technology in Network Computing" (416 pages, published by Science Press in 2001), and cooperated to complete the national "Ten The first five-year plan authoritative textbook "Introduction to Distributed Computing Systems" (more than 490 pages, published by Tsinghua University Press in 2014, won the first prize of the school's 2016 textbook, and has been adopted by more than ten key university textbooks). He has successively hosted and participated in a number of National Natural Science Foundation of China, national key R&D projects, 863 major projects, Junkou 863 project, national nuclear high-tech projects, aerospace funds, and a number of important engineering projects in the aerospace field. He has obtained more than 30 national invention patents and soft works. In 2015, he won the Five-Year Achievement Award from the Aviation Fund. In 2018, he led the "Space-Ground Integrated Information System Design Verification and Simulation" and won the second-class Innovation Achievement Award from the Industry, University and Research Association.

I. How the distributed cognitive industrial Internet platform empowers the digital transformation of enterprises

The summit will further explore how blockchain can create trustworthy solutions after integrating and innovating with other digital technologies. Digital base protects data privacy, mines data value, and empowers and accelerates digital transformation in all walks of life.

Before the summit, the team of Chief Blockchain Economist Zou Chuanwei wrote a series of industry research reports focusing on the issue of "how blockchain can empower digital transformation" to provide an in-depth interpretation of the new infrastructure and digital migration. In this context, how can blockchain be integrated and developed with other technologies to play its due role as information infrastructure.

Author of this article: Wang Puyu Proofreader: Zou Chuanwei

GenAccording to the definition given by Beijing Guoxin Digital Transformation Technology Research Institute (Guoxin Institute) and Zhongguancun Information Technology and Real Economy Integrated Development Alliance (CITIC Alliance), digital transformation is to comply with the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation trends and continuously deepen the application of cloud computing. , big data, Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, blockchain and other new generation information technologies to stimulate the innovation-driven potential of data elements, build and enhance the ability to survive and develop in the information age, accelerate business optimization and upgrading and innovative transformation, transform and enhance traditional driving forces, and cultivate development New momentum, the process of creating, delivering and acquiring new value, realizing transformation, upgrading and innovative development. Focusing on digital transformation, this article will discuss the following three questions: First, from the enterprise level, why digital transformation? Second, what role does the industrial Internet platform play in digital transformation? Third, what can the distributed cognitive industrial Internet provide in the digital transformation of enterprises?

1

Digital Transformation Development

In the fierce market competition, companies need to rely on product quality, price, service and long-term accumulated brand image to maintain the market Competitiveness, but with the rise in labor costs caused by the disappearance of my country's demographic dividend, as well as the uncertainty in international trade and the obstruction of market development caused by the impact of the epidemic, the original competitive advantages of enterprises are disappearing, especially industrial enterprises at the bottom of the value chain. Adding insult to injury. How to get out of trouble? At present, we mainly break the ice in two aspects. The first is to reduce operating costs and continue to maintain price advantages; the second is to expand market sales through innovative business models to increase profits.

Before discussing operating costs, we introduce two groups of concepts. The first group is the supply chain model: supply push and demand pull; the second group is the four major profit sources.

1. Supply chain model

The supply-push model means that companies design, produce and sell products based on market forecast data;

The demand-pull model means that Enterprises respond quickly as needed based on market orders, and meet product production and supply through efficient planning, organization, coordination and control.

2. Four major profit sources

The market is always pursuing lower prices and higher quality. In terms of price control, as shown in Table 1, it has mainly gone through four stages: The first stage mainly obtains profits by controlling raw material costs and expanding scale effects. When the first profit source reaches the upper limit, the second profit source starts, improving work efficiency within the enterprise through lean management and extending employees' working hours to reduce labor costs. When the new profit source once again reached the upper limit, people found that logistics costs accounted for 30% of the company's total operating costs. Therefore, reducing logistics costs became the third profit source.

Table 1 Comparison of the four major profit sources

The first three profit sources are all centered on the company's internal cost control to increase revenue, but when the company's internal operating cost savings reach aboveFor a limited time, people noticed the operational management problems of upstream suppliers and downstream customers. Before a fully functional product enters the market, it requires the cooperation of multiple companies in the supply chain. The high operating costs of any one of these companies will lead to an increase in the price of the final product, which will make the product lose its competitiveness in the fierce market competition. . So a new wave of cost reduction began around supply chain information integration and information sharing, which is called the fourth source of profit.

As shown in Table 1, from the first to the fourth profit source, each stage is supported by various systems in information processing, storage and management, such as production execution management system MES, enterprise resources Management ERP, warehouse management system WMS, supply chain management system SCM, etc.

After experiencing four profit sources, where will the new profit sources be in the future? Governments, enterprises, and research institutions are all trying to find answers. For example, Professor Hao Hao of Shanghai Second Polytechnic University proposed reverse logistics as the fifth source of profit in 2015, realizing product resale, reuse, recycling and remanufacturing through reverse logistics. full life cycle management. Some companies also believe that demand-pull-oriented personalized customization will become the fifth source of profit. The above statements are all reasonable, but they are not accurate. This article believes that the real fifth source of profit is already on the way, that is, the digital transformation of enterprises. In the past decade or so, the rapid development of technology has spawned a large number of new business models, including new retail, live streaming, community group buying, etc. However, the upstream industrial sector still maintains the traditional operating model. Whether it is the development of reverse logistics that drives the global Both life cycle closed-loop management and C2M customized business models rely on rapid response in all aspects and place high demands on enterprise digital management. Therefore, whether it is the need of enterprises to explore new profit sources or the needs of the market, the digital transformation of industrial enterprises is imperative.

Different from the independence of the first four profit sources, the fifth profit source is the application of new technologies to re-give new life to the first, second, third and fourth profit sources, and at the same time it is an innovative business model driven by data. will appear in large numbers. Therefore, the fifth profit source can not only reduce operating costs, but also improve active profitability.

2

The value of industrial Internet platform

1. The first source of profit of industrial Internet platform

The integration of IT and OT, Real-time collection and transmission of data on people, machines, objects, materials, methods, and environment, enabling real-time monitoring of the production process, and then applying AI, big data analysis and other technologies to achieve automated intelligent inspection, intelligent quality inspection, and intelligent fault prediction , intelligent parameter tuning, intelligent energy consumption optimization, intelligent equipment operation and maintenance, intelligent inventory, etc., can improve production efficiency, reduce costs, and upgrade from stand-alone intelligence to system intelligence.

2. The second source of profit of the industrial Internet platform

The management of traditional manufacturing has always revolved around people, and products go from 0 to 1In the process, work that is difficult or inefficient to rely on manpower can be replaced by mechanical equipment. After the impact of the industrial revolution and the information age, a large number of manpower-saving mechanical equipment and operating systems (MRP, MRPII, MES, etc.) have emerged. , improve production efficiency and reduce production costs. With the development of information technology, although there are lagging data that can be used as a reference, its essence still revolves around human experience and human on-site operations. The industrial Internet can give a new role to the second profit source, freeing people from operational management to perform tasks, such as quality inspection, troubleshooting and other tasks, to achieve intelligent management of operations through AI and big data analysis. After the number of executives is reduced, the company needs more innovators to make the company's innovation and development iterate faster. Secondly, as people's experience is accumulated, it is converted into a knowledge graph, which visualizes the experience and knowledge domain and guides the iteration and decision-making of artificial intelligence algorithms.

3. The third profit source of the Industrial Internet

In the field of industrial Internet of Things, logistics development is relatively advanced, and has experienced manual logistics, mechanical logistics, automated logistics, and now intelligent logistics. Logistics, logistics management efficiency and costs have been greatly improved. For example, in transportation management, from the early days, cargo transportation monitoring data relied on data return and summary at the transportation vehicle's anchor point. Now, it can use GPS, RFID, and various sensors to grasp the temperature, humidity, geographical location, and number of pieces of goods in transit in real time. Information can be used to plan transportation routes based on transportation destinations and real-time traffic congestion conditions. Affected by technology, capital and other aspects, smart logistics is currently developing rapidly mainly in third-party logistics companies and e-commerce companies, while the logistics development of industrial companies is relatively slow, and most of them are still in the stage of mechanical logistics and automated logistics. Industrial Internet platforms can help industrial enterprises achieve rapid upgrades and transformations, and reduce the technical difficulty and cost of system development. Platforms such as IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS can reduce the development time of systems from 0 to 1 and achieve rapid and low-cost digital transformation and upgrades.

4. The fourth profit source of the Industrial Internet

Supply chain integration can improve enterprise cooperation, reduce supply chain costs and inventory bullwhip effect to a certain extent [1], but regardless of the enterprise Whether it is an internal supply chain or a social supply chain, there is still a problem that chokes multi-party collaboration, that is, the data island problem. Earlier we introduced the first to fourth profit sources and mentioned MRP, MRPII, ERP, SAP, MES, SCM and other systems. Each system is like an isolated data chimney, which has a great impact on collaboration efficiency. There are two main reasons: first, the cost of existing EDI data island opening solutions is high and difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to afford; second, when it comes to multi-party collaboration between supply and demand, there is a lack of trust and reluctance to share internal enterprise data with the outside world. The industrial Internet platform provides a variety of data collection and processing solutions to break data silos and achieve unimpeded data flow. In the use of data, data security is ensured through privacy calculations, while reasonable authorization is provided to allowData is available but not visible, eliminating worries about data sharing.

5. The fifth profit source of the industrial Internet platform

In the digitalization 1.0 stage, it is a human-adaptive system; and in the digitalization 2.0 stage, it is customized software that adapts to the company's existing operating model will play a vital role.

Figure 1: Comparison between the 1.0 and 2.0 stages of digital transformation

Therefore, from a technical perspective, how the platform allows companies to quickly and efficiently complete the development of customized software will have a great impact on the industry. Enterprise digital transformation plays a very important role. Judging from the existing products in the market, including infrastructure as a service IaaS, platform as a service PaaS and software as a service SaaS, industrial enterprises can easily use the platform provider's ready-made low-code or even zero-code tools to complete system development and realize "human "Everyone can be a developer", which solves the problem of "technical personnel do not understand business, business personnel do not understand technology, and the developed system is not easy to use". In the future, low-code (or zero-code) development tools will be like word, excel and other office software. The platform will make various interfaces into graphical interfaces, allowing people who do not understand code development to develop the software they need by dragging icons to reduce the cost of low-code development. Efficient repetitive work. Employees have changed from passive executors to innovators, participating in top-to-bottom digital reforms, and using tools to truly facilitate the work of business personnel.

Three

Distributed cognitive industrial Internet based on blockchain technology

The social economy is divided into two fields: production and circulation, and the centralized industrial Internet platform The use of digital technology to replace information technology solves problems in the production field, while the distributed cognitive industrial Internet based on blockchain technology solves the problem of data trust in the circulation field, but data in the circulation field will affect products in the production field. R&D, product quality management, etc.

1. Reduce the cost of trust

Business models are moving from unilateral (scale effect) to bilateral (network effect), and into multilateral platforms (ecological effect) after entering the digital era. The centralized approach also seems to be able to solve the trust problem, but trust in the centralized model mainly relies on the endorsement of a third-party authoritative organization, which is costly and inefficient. For example, when buyers and sellers in international trade do not trust each other, letter of credit services are used to solve payment problems through bank endorsement; in order to meet bank requirements, both parties need to provide a large number of certificates to meet the terms of the letter of credit, which is very inefficient and costly. However, if blockchain technology is used, the real data will be chained from the source to ensure that the data is safe, trustworthy and cannot be tampered with. Before the transaction, the buyer and the seller have each other's real transaction records in the past, as well as product production information. Will this information help reduce the cost of transaction matching? During the transaction process, through the application of smart contracts, once a certain agreement is reached, payment can be automatically completed, which willGreatly reduce transaction costs and transaction time. Especially when entering multilateral platforms, if the centralized credit certification system is still used, it will be impossible to build trust, the moat for ecological construction.

2. Redefine collaboration relationships

In multi-party cooperation in the supply chain, centralized consensus mechanisms and governance solutions are more reflected at the contract level, but they cannot truly bind each other's interests. It is difficult to promote healthy ecological development. However, in decentralized solutions, participants place assets on the chain in the form of tokens or points, technically binding the interests of multiple parties. Once any party makes a behavior that is detrimental to ecological construction, the tokens or points will be affected. value, which will affect the interests of all participants in the alliance chain. In the distributed cognitive industrial Internet platform, each participant in the alliance will actively safeguard ecological interests, because this is also equivalent to safeguarding their own interests.

3. Trusted data circulation

In product development or product life cycle management, circulation data requires industrial enterprises to obtain it from multiple downstream partners. However, it is difficult to ensure data authenticity and security under traditional technology. In the distributed cognitive industrial Internet, privacy computing can make multi-party data available and invisible, ensuring data security and compliance. In addition, partners will be rewarded with tokens or points based on their data contribution to encourage multi-party data sharing and circulation. In the future, more compliant forms may appear in the data trading market, such as data trusts, data banks and other models based on blockchain technology.

4. Ensure data security

Under the traditional model, industrial enterprises rely on physical isolation to isolate in-factory data from the outside world. However, with the integration of OT and IT, the physical isolation barrier is broken , how to ensure the security of data after it leaves the local area requires the joint efforts of multiple parties. In device communication, device identity authentication management needs to be done to prevent data from being attacked. The distributed cognitive industrial Internet platform achieves anonymous management through device public and private keys, effectively reducing the risk of attacks. In data storage, using distributed storage technology, even a single point attack cannot allow the attacker to obtain complete data.

5. Empower business model innovation

Trusted data will open a new era of business model innovation, and the business role of each organization may change. Under the traditional business model (supply-driven model), information is very fragmented. Different participants in the supply chain all have fragmented data related to some products. It is difficult to achieve optimal results using these incomplete data for product upgrades and customer services. Purpose. However, with the development of technology today, the market has begun to explore the needs of each consumer based on consumption habits, consumption characteristics and other factors, and the manufacturing method has also entered the C2M era from M2C, which requires more complete, credible and compliant data, such as , not everyone in electric vehicles needs a battery with a 1,000km range. Through blockchain technology, users authorize driving data to power the battery.Dongguan Automobile Company provides it with the most suitable and cost-effective battery. For another example, car insurance no longer uses vehicle value, number of accidents, etc. as the single indicator for collecting insurance premiums. In the future, insurance premiums may be collected based on trusted mileage data. In addition to changes in business models, the business role of each organization may also change. The role of electric vehicle manufacturers will also change from manufacturer to service provider. Take NIO as an example of the car-electricity separation model, leasing and selling. Models allow automobile manufacturers to extend their business to the management of the entire product life cycle. These model innovations are just the beginning of the digital era.