区块链播报,区块链节点如何广播

随着区块链技术的发展，越来越多的企业和组织开始使用区块链，而区块链节点发挥着至关重要的作用。那么，区块链节点如何广播呢？

区块链节点是构建区块链网络的基础，它们负责维护区块链网络的安全性和可用性。区块链节点可以通过广播新交易或新块的方式来完成自己的任务。

首先，当一个新的交易或新的块被发现时，区块链节点会将这些信息广播给其他节点。 其他节点会收到这些信息，并根据自己的策略决定是否将其广播给其他节点。如果节点认为这些信息是有效的，那么它会将其广播给更多的节点，从而形成一个“网络波”，最终将信息传播到整个网络中。

其次，区块链节点还可以通过算法来确定每个节点的“信任度”，从而决定哪些节点可以发送和接收信息。 例如，一个节点可能会设置一个最低的信任度，只有当接收到的信息的发送者的信任度大于这个值时，该节点才会将其广播出去。这样做的好处是可以有效地减少垃圾信息的传播，使得网络更加安全和可靠。

总之，区块链节点的广播是一个复杂的过程，它需要涉及到多个方面，包括信息的发现、传播、验证以及信任度的计算等。只有当所有这些步骤都得到正确的处理，区块链网络才能够正常运行。

① Give an example of what is blockchain

Question 1: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", which is a new form of distributed artificial intelligence and will establish a new interface and shared interface between human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 2: What is the transaction process of the blockchain? Best to give an example 20 points 1. Definition
Blockchain is like an open network ledger. It originated from Bitcoin and is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. In a Bitcoin transaction, all the information recorded in the transaction is packaged into a "Block" for storage. With the expansion of information exchange, blocks are linked to each other, forming a blockchain.
2. Characteristics
Digital currency represented by Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Among them, each transaction will be broadcast to all participants in the network, and will be recorded in the ledger after multiple confirmations. This ledger is the "blockchain". every parameterEveryone will have their own ledger. In this way, when false information occurs, it can be broken through mutual verification, thereby ensuring network security.
In the blockchain, every node is equal, and there is no centralized management organization. This "decentralization" feature makes the blockchain unnecessary to rely on third parties, and its operation does not require any human effort. intervention, capable of independent self-validation. In addition, the blockchain network is open to the world, and anyone can query data through the public port, so the entire system is highly transparent.
3. Application
In short, the blockchain is a trusted database and a reliable "ledger". In the future, it will be used in cross-border payments, securities, loans, voting, etc. For example, in cross-border payments, with the security provided by blockchain, money can be sent to the world anytime and anywhere, thus eliminating many intermediate links and high handling fees.

Question 3: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended.Any non-professional invests in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology at the bottom of Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. It is attracting more and more attention and will form a huge new trend... >>

Question 4: What is blockchaintechnology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of brand-new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are fully applied in the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, andThe efficiency and cost of its fund clearing also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become more and more aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, the blockchain Chain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application is by no means limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is valued highly by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 5: The so-called "district" What is "Blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can you explain it in plain language? 10 points The principle of blockchain: decentralized distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly conduct payment transactions without the need for a third party. Participation of three parties.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to meet the information needs of market participants, so intermediaries and centers were born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 7: Explain clearly what is blockchain in an easy-to-understand manner. The English name for blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of Bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
CoinYing China is working hard on asset digitization and launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 8: What is blockchain? Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
In May 2016, the Currency Blockchain Research Center published the first book in China that introduces blockchain in simple terms, "Blockchain: Defining a New Pattern of Future Finance and Economics." It introduces the impact of blockchain technology on future finance and economy

Question 9: What is blockchain? For the time being, this is a relatively high-end technology. It connects all nodes (which can be understood as servers) through p2p network technology. Complete data (blocks) are stored on each node. The addition and withdrawal of any node will not affect the normal operation of the chain. Data is embodied in the form of data blocks. Blocks are connected to each other and can be understood as a one-way linked list. The hash value of the nth block is generated based on the hash of the n-1th block, the transaction recorded in the current block, and the random number as parameters. In this way, if you want to modify the data of the historical block, you have to modify all the blocks from the modified block to the final block. The difficulty can be imagined.
The blockchain also introduces a consensus mechanism and an incentive mechanism. There is no way to describe it too comprehensively here. I hope everyone can discuss and learn together

Question 10: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain (Blockchain) refers to the method of decentralization and trustlessness. A technical solution for collectively maintaining a reliable database.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

② What is blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmissionNew application models of computer technologies such as transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin.

It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of The information of Bitcoin network transactions is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(2) Extended reading on blockchain transaction data broadcast

Characteristics of blockchain:

1. Deposit certificate< /p>

The "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain provides a solution to the problem of "certificate storage" in economic and social development. As long as the authenticity of the on-chain information and data can be ensured, the blockchain can solve the problem of "storage" and "certification" of information.

For example, in the field of copyright, blockchain can be used to store electronic evidence, which can ensure that it is not tampered with, and can link original platforms, copyright bureaus, judicial agencies and other parties through distributed ledgers, which can greatly Improve the efficiency of handling infringements.

2. Sharing

The "distributed" characteristics of the blockchain can break through the "data barriers" between departments and achieve information and data sharing. Different from centralized data storage, the information on the blockchain will be distributed to each node through point-to-point broadcasting, and all information can be "truthfully recorded" through "whole network witness".

③ What is the relationship between blockchain and big data?

Blockchain and big data are both hot topics. Many people discuss them together and hope to conflict with more hot

points. Big data has become a huge industry long before the development of blockchain. Although blockchain is in the early stages of the

industry, many technologies and business models are still being explored.

In view of the relative maturity of the big data industry, we use big data as a starting point to study how blockchain technology interfaces with all aspects of the big data

industry.

The big data core industry chain can be roughly divided into the following three parts:

Product part: Including big data software product-related industries such as big data basic software and big data application software.

Data part: including data sources (data collection, data provision), data circulation (data transactions, data sharing

) and other industries directly related to data.

Services: related to big data infrastructure services (data storage, data transmission, data cleaning, data desensitization

, etc.), big data analysis services and big data application services services.

01 Product Section

The combination of software products and blockchain should be based on technology. Big data technology and blockchain technology have similarities: they

are distributed architectures.

But they also have obvious differences: the use of distributed technology in big data technology is computing resources - utilizing the computing resources of multiple

machines and will not be used by a single machine Processing tasks are distributed among multiple computers, each

machine. By processing different tasks, it integrates multiple computing resources to form powerful data processing capabilities.

Using distributed technology in blockchain allows multiple entities to trust each other. Each mainframe participates in the operation of the entire blockchain through the computers it controls

. Each computer runs basically the same task, and the entire blockchain

can achieve mutual trust between multiple entities through repeated redundant calculations.

From a technical perspective, big data technology uses trust to exchange computing resources, while blockchain technology uses computing resources to exchange trust. Due to the differences between the two, it is technically difficult to find a suitable collision point between big data and blockchain.

02 Data Part

In the various formats of the data part, the blockchain can find its place.

The chain is of little significance. However, if multiple entities are involved in data collection and data provision, blockchain can

come into its own.

In order to solve the trust problem between multiple entities, each entity broadcasts its own collected data to all consumers

and the hash of that data Values ​​are stored in the blockchain. Based on the hash value on the blockchain, each subject in the blockchain

can verify whether the complete data it received has been tampered with. Blockchain traceability and non-repudiation

make data provided by multiple parties more credible. At the same time, this method also helps maintain the integrity of big data

.

In the data circulation industry, blockchain can play a greater role. In the big data circulation industry, big data itself

is a digital asset. The transaction of digital assets can be realized through the blockchain. Additionally,

decentralized big data transactions implemented on the blockchain can reduce raw data connections. In a decentralized trading platform, only buyers and sellers

Have access to raw data; on centralized trading platforms, data intermediaries serving as trading centers often have access to raw

data, which increases data leakage and assets. Risk of Loss.

03 Service Part

In big data services, the service capabilities as digital assets are the same as the concepts of data and assets in data transactions

and Can be traded.

Blockchain can play an important role in the trading of such digital assets. At the same time, there are many new technologies that are constantly changing the blockchain, such as homomorphic encryption. Homomorphic encryption is an important technology that combines blockchain and big data services

. Homomorphic encryption can truly transform data service functions into digital assets without requiring the big data service provider to copy the original data in the service. risk.

④ What is blockchain technology?

1. Blockchain technology

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a Time sequence combines data blocks into a chained data structure in a sequential manner, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be a distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

2. The meaning of blockchain

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

(4) Extended reading on blockchain transaction data broadcast

Three parts of the basics of blockchain technology

1. Point-to-point A network that transmits information between two parties is referred to as a P2P network. With this network, any node can "broadcast" its transaction information to the network and obtain the contents of the general ledger.

2. Cryptotechnology. A combination of "public key" and "private key" is adopted to ensure the security of the trading account.

3. Consensus mechanism. That is, all nodes in the network need to reach a consensus on the blockchain algorithm, and nodes do not need to trust each other. The information calculated through the algorithm can ensure reliable transactions and secure data storage. At the same time, every new block generated by a node needs to be recognized by more than 51% of the entire network before it can be added to the blockchain of the entire network and form one of the historical records of the general ledger that cannot be tampered with.

⑤ Consensus mechanism of blockchain

1. How to confirm and reach consensus on transaction information on the network?

Although consensus mechanisms are often mentioned, the meaning and understanding of consensus mechanisms are not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the relevant concepts, principles and implementation methods of the consensus mechanism.

The transaction information of the blockchain is transmitted to each node in the network through network broadcast. How to confirm the broadcast information and reach a consensus among the entire network nodes and finally write it into the block? If there is no corresponding reliable and secure implementation mechanism, it will be difficult to realize its basic functions. Therefore, the consensus mechanism is a key to the operation of the entire network.

The consensus mechanism solves the problem of how the blockchain can achieve consistency in a distributed scenario. The blockchain can reach a relatively balanced state among many nodes because of the consensus mechanism. So how does the consensus mechanism solve the problem of mutual trust between nodes based on the idea of ​​decentralization?

When the idea of ​​distribution was proposed, people began to design consensus algorithms based on the FLP theorem and the CAP theorem. Standardly speaking, the consistency of an ideal distributed system should meet the following three points:

1. Termination: The consistency result can be completed within a limited time.

2. Consensus: The final decision-making results of different nodes should be the same.

3. Validity: The result of the decision must be a proposal put forward by other processes.

However, in actual computer clusters, the following problems may exist:

1. Nodes have different transaction processing capabilities, and the data throughput of network nodes is different

2. The communication channel between nodes may be unsafe

3. There may be malicious nodes

4. When asynchronous processing capabilities reach a high degree of consistency, The scalability of the system will become worse (cannot tolerate the addition of new nodes).

Scientists believe that it is impossible to achieve complete consistency in a distributed scenario. However, engineers can sacrifice part of the cost in exchange for the consistency of distributed scenarios. The above two major theorems also have this idea. Therefore, various formula mechanisms based on blockchain design can be regarded as sacrificing part of the cost in exchange for more adaptability. My idea is to make a flexible transformation on this idea, that is, sacrificing part of the cost at the appropriate time and space in exchange for consistency adapted to the scene at that time, and a flexible blockchain system can be realized that is pluggable. Pull-out blockchain system. Today I will introduce my views and analysis on various consensus mechanisms. Distributed systems with or without malicious nodes are divided into Byzantine fault-tolerant and non-Byzantine fault-tolerant mechanisms.

The FLP theorem is the FLP impossibility. It proves that in a distributed scenario, no matter any algorithm, even if only one process dies, there is a possibility that other non-failed processes cannot reach agreement. .

FLP is based on the following assumptions:

Can only be modified once: Each process initially records a value (0 or 1). The process can receive messages, change the value, and send messages. When the process enters the decide state, the value will no longer change. The protocol ends successfully when all non-failed processes enter the decided state. This is relaxed to the extent that some processes enter the decided state, even if the agreement is successful.

Asynchronous communication: The biggest difference from synchronous communication is that there is no clock, no time synchronization, no timeout, no detection failure, messages can be delayed arbitrarily, and messages can be out of order.

Communication is robust: As long as the process does not fail, the message will be delayed indefinitely, but will eventually be delivered; and the message will only be delivered once (no duplication).

Fail-Stop model: A process failure is like a downtime and no more messages are processed.

Number of failed processes: At most one process fails.

CAP is the most discussed theory in distributed systems, especially in the field of distributed storage. CAP was proposed by Eric Brewer at the PODC meeting in 2000. It was a result of Eric Brewer's research on data consistency (consistency), service availability (availability), and partition fault tolerance (partition- tolerance) conjecture:

Data consistency (consistency): If the system returns success for a write operation, then subsequent read requests must read the new data; if the system returns failure, then all read operations No one can read this data. For the caller, the data has strong consistency (also called atomic and linearizable consistency) [5]

Service availability (availability) : All read and write requests are responded to within a certain period of time, can be terminated, and will not wait forever

Partition-tolerance: In the case of network partitions, the separated nodes can still function normally External services

If AP is satisfied at a certain moment, the separated nodes can provide external services at the same time but cannot communicate with each other, which will lead to inconsistent status, that is, C cannot be satisfied; if CP is satisfied, C cannot be achieved in the case of network partition, and the request can only wait forever. , that is, A is not satisfied; if CA is to be satisfied, the node status must be consistent within a certain period of time, and network partitioning must not occur, then P cannot be satisfied.

C, A, and P can only satisfy at most two of them. Like the FLP theorem, the CAP theorem also indicates an unreachable result (impossibility result).

⑥ Bitcoin in War: The bubble of "safe haven" is bursting

Wen Liu Yuanju

Anticipating sanctions in the market may push Russian capital flows to cryptocurrencies Under the influence of the epidemic, Bitcoin once stood at US$45,000 after a sharp decline. However, when reports came out that the Ukrainian nuclear power plant was attacked, Bitcoin fell back to around US$41,000. In fact, after the conflict between Russia and Ukraine broke out, the cryptocurrency market fell across the board. BTC fell below $35,000, with an intraday decline of about 10% and a seven-day decline of 20.4%. In the past 24 hours, 151,000 people liquidated their positions and lost US$510 million. Not only did Bitcoin "collapse", other cryptocurrencies also suffered a "bloodbath", with losses as high as 10%-20%. Among them, Ethereum once fell to $2,300, and well-known niche currencies such as Dogecoin and Shiba Inu Coin also fell by about 15%.

Bitcoin has always been regarded as a safe haven, but when the war came, its performance was sluggish. Compared with the sluggish performance of "digital gold" Bitcoin, real gold is extremely bullish. Driven by financial hedging behavior, spot gold once stood at $1,950 per ounce on the 24th, setting a new high since January last year. Gold has demonstrated a true hedging function relative to Bitcoin.

The technical impact of the Russia-Ukraine war on Bitcoin is very small.

The Bitcoin computing power and transaction volume in Ukraine and Russia account for a small proportion of the global total. In terms of computing power, there are rumors that the largest Bitcoin mining farm in Ukraine was hit by a Russian-made missile. The mine is currently offline and the computing power has dropped by 33%. However, according to data from the masters on the Ouke Cloud Chain, the current computing power of the entire Bitcoin network has not changed much, which is 197.18EH/s, a decrease of only 1.6% in 24 hours. In terms of transaction volume, according to Coinhills data, the total global Bitcoin transaction volume in the last 24 hours reached 530,561.39 BTC. The Russian ruble’s Bitcoin trading volume ranked ninth at 526.89 BTC, and the Ukrainian currency hryvnia’s Bitcoin trading volume ranked 13th at 170.29 BTC.

Before the introduction of China’s strictest regulatory order, China accounted for more than 65% of the entire network’s computing power in Bitcoin mining activities; the second place was the United States, which accounted for 7.24%, and the third place, Russia, which accounted for 6.90%; Four KazakhstanAccounting for 6.17%; fifth place Malaysia accounted for 4.33%; sixth place Iran accounted for 3.82%. Other countries account for less than 1% of the entire network’s computing power.

Therefore, the Russia-Ukraine war itself is not technically enough to cause huge fluctuations in the Bitcoin market. More factors lie in the market itself.

Bitcoin has always been regarded as "digital gold" and "safe haven asset" by people in the currency circle. Bitcoin does have some attributes of gold: it is formed based on consensus, and this consensus crosses national boundaries; it It is decentralized and has no issuing authority. It is precisely because of these characteristics that many people believe that Bitcoin has hedging characteristics that transcend countries and regard it as a financial hedging asset that can be used to hedge against global economic uncertainty and price increases. The rise of Bitcoin during the global epidemic seems to have shown this characteristic of its own, further confirming this view.

But is this really the case?

During the epidemic, in order to fight the epidemic and save their own economies, countries injected large amounts of liquidity, leading to a global asset bull market. In 2020, a large amount of U.S. institutional funds entered cryptocurrency, and currency price trends were highly correlated with the U.S. financial market and technology stocks. From this perspective, Bitcoin’s epidemic bull market is not due to the market’s risk aversion to the epidemic. On the contrary, it is because its speculative nature caters to the flooding of liquidity during the epidemic.

Prices are artificially high and will naturally fall back. As the world economy gradually emerges from the epidemic, countries begin to shrink liquidity, and Bitcoin also shows a decline. At the beginning of 2022, Bitcoin continued the decline at the end of the previous year and was in a downturn. After entering February 2022, Bitcoin slowly rebounded to $46,000, and then continued to decline, with an amplitude of more than 30% during the month. Therefore, from this period, Bitcoin is still in the correction stage.

During the period of Bitcoin's correction, the Ukrainian crisis intensified, geopolitical tensions, and the outbreak of war created panic. This kind of panic has not only pushed markets such as Bitcoin and the stock market to continue to fall, but has also driven gold, a traditional safe-haven asset, to soar, breaking through the highest level since the beginning of 2021. Crude oil, grains and other sectors are also rising. It can be seen that market panic does not regard Bitcoin as a safe-haven asset.

Although emotions are subjective, they have their own logical basis of objective facts.

Bitcoin is not that suitable for risky transactions. In the blockchain, blocks package and broadcast the transaction data during this period. If a 1MB block is generated every ten minutes and each transaction requires 250B to store data, then 1MB can only store 4194 transaction data (Transaction). That is to say, 4194 transactions can be processed in 10 minutes and one second A maximum of 7 transactions can be processed. Obviously, this speed cannot meet the normal global transaction needs. When the entire Bitcoin network has too many transactions, the block capacityThe volume is close to the upper limit, the Bitcoin network is congested, and Bitcoin transactions will slow down. This slow transaction actually drives up transaction costs - time. The long transaction time makes it impossible to carry out small transactions - you cannot wait for an hour for refueling while on the run; nor can you wait for an hour for currency exchange. But gold is more divisible, and simple measurement tools can support transactions ranging from hundreds to tens of thousands of yuan. This was done well by the ancients and has been proven by human history.

More importantly, Bitcoin’s risk aversion comes from its decentralized nature, which can hinder supervision and make it stronger. Therefore, it has a nature that transcends the country, so it has risk aversion. However, Bitcoin is still centralized to some extent.

Social media is free, highly mobile, accessible, fast, and can be accessed and read on almost any device with a screen and an Internet connection. More importantly, everyone is an audience and communicator, and its essence is a decentralized and deorganized communication channel. This approach does indeed bring new situations to global politics. However, the decentralization and deorganization of social media are based on the establishment of Internet hardware lines. Due to the huge investment in basic Internet lines, they are often in the hands of large companies or governments. They are operated and managed in a centralized and organized manner, and are controllable hardware networks. So, in this sense, social media is still controllable.

The same is true for Bitcoin. Although it appears to be decentralized, when regulation affects the centralized Internet, Bitcoin will inevitably be affected. This characteristic reduces Bitcoin’s robustness when real risks arise. The so-called robustness means robust and strong, and refers to the system's ability to survive in abnormal and dangerous situations. For example, whether a computer system can run when encountering disk failure, impact, network overload, or attack is the system's robustness.

In contrast, gold is truly decentralized and more robust. The storage and trading of gold do not require any electricity, network, or trading platform. Although gold also has inspection problems, the work can be done well with simple and easily available chemical reagents and equipment. Imagine a doomsday with power outages, network collapse, and no laws. Gold is resistant to doomsday risks and can still be used for transactions, while Bitcoin will collapse much earlier before the doomsday really comes.

Even if it is not to this extent, in a war, communication facilities will be attacked and controlled, which will inevitably affect Bitcoin. Or, Bitcoin is vulnerable when strong regulation can affect financial, power, and communication systems. In each of these situations, gold is stronger. For example, when the government prevents drug traffickers from trading, even if they are not sure of their location, they can prevent the smooth progress of the transaction by simply shutting down the network in the entire neighborhood. However, gold-based transactions can still be carried out secretly. Therefore, only when the risk is low, when the regional financial system, power system, and communication system are complete,If prepared and without strong supervision, Bitcoin may become a "hedging" tool. But the so-called risk aversion at this time is better said to be speculation.

After this impact, some misunderstandings about Bitcoin will gradually emerge. The characteristics of "digital gold" hedging tools and "decentralization" that have been promoted for a long time will be re-recognized. Under the ebb and flow of one another, the characteristics of Bitcoin's high speculation, high volatility, and high risk will be highlighted. In the end, It has become a high-risk, high-volatility speculative target.

However, with the emergence of new technologies, decentralized, completely uncontrolled, and unable to shut down hardware networks are no longer a fantasy in science fiction. .For example, a mobile phone is no longer just a terminal connected to a router or operator, but a node in the entire network. At this time, the blockchain has truly achieved decentralization in terms of hardware.

Of course, it is conceivable that the transaction speed will still be very slow, but at least it is truly decentralized. At this time, the blockchain currency will be repositioned. However, such a completely decentralized hardware communication network will not only Changing cryptocurrency will also change the entire world.

(The author is a researcher at the Shanghai Institute of Finance and Law)