元区块链
元区块链是一种新型的数据存储技术，它将数据存储在一个由节点组成的分布式网络中，可以让数据更加安全可靠。元区块链的核心思想是让每个节点都能够记录所有的数据，这样一来，即使有一个节点出现故障，也不会影响整个网络的正常运行。
元区块链技术的另一个优点是它可以提供安全可靠的数据存储。它的分布式网络结构可以有效地防止数据被篡改，这使得数据更加安全可靠。此外，元区块链还可以进行复杂的数据处理，比如智能合约，这使得数据处理更加高效。
元区块链技术的应用也非常广泛，它可以用于支付、供应链管理、资产管理等领域，这些领域都可以从元区块链技术中获益。例如，在支付领域，元区块链可以提供快速、安全、可靠的支付服务；在供应链管理领域，元区块链可以提供可靠的跟踪和追踪服务；在资产管理领域，元区块链可以提供安全可靠的资产管理服务。
总之，元区块链技术是一种新型的数据存储技术，它具有安全可靠、可扩展、数据处理高效等优点，并且可以应用于多个领域，如支付、供应链管理、资产管理等，为各行各业带来巨大的福利。基于元区块链技术，将会改变我们的生活方式，并为我们提供更加安全可靠的数据存储服务。
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『一』What is blockchain? Blockchain explanation
1. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
2. In recent years, the world's attitude towards Bitcoin has been ups and downs, but blockchain technology, one of the underlying technologies of Bitcoin, has received increasing attention. In the formation process of Bitcoin, blocks are storage units one by one, recording all communication information of each block node within a certain period of time. Each block is linked through random hashing (also called a hash algorithm). The latter block contains the hash value of the previous block. As the exchange of information expands, one block follows another, The result is called a blockchain.
『二』Is blockchain a scam?
Blockchain technology itself is not a scam, but it does not rule out that some people use blockchain as a cover to commit scams. Several problems exist in blockchain: 1. The problem of excessive blockchain size. With the development of blockchain, the volume of blockchain data stored by nodes will become larger and larger, and the storage and computing burden will become heavier and heavier. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the size of its complete data currently reaches about 71GB. If a user uses the Bitcoin Core client to synchronize data, it may not be possible to complete the synchronization for three days and three nights. Moreover, the data of the blockchain The volume is still increasing, which brings a great threshold to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. 2. The problem of blockchain data confirmation time. The current blockchain system, especially the financial blockchain system, has the problem of long data confirmation time. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the current confirmation time of a Bitcoin transaction takes about 10 minutes. In the case of 6 confirmations, you need to wait for about 1 hour. Of course, for credit card transactions, the confirmation time is 2 to 3 days. Bitcoin has made great progress, but it is still far from the ideal state. 3. Dealing with the problem of transaction frequency The blockchain system faces the problem of too low transaction frequency. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the average size of each transaction is about 250 bytes. If the block size is limited to 1MB, the number of transactions that can be accommodated is 4,000. Calculated based on the rate of generating one block every 10 minutes, 144 blocks can be generated every day, which can accommodate 576,000 transactions. Divided by the number of seconds per day, 86,400, the Bitcoin blockchain can process a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second. Currently, the actual daily transaction volume on the Bitcoin blockchain is close to the system bottleneck (picture). If the expansion problem is not resolved, it may cause congestion and delays in a large number of transactions. Average number of transactions per Bitcoin block (Source: Block Yuan) In comparison, Paypal’s Q3 2013The overall number of transactions was 729 million, with an average of 93.75 transactions per second. Information from the official website of VISA, the world's largest payment card, shows that VisaNet achieved a processing capacity of 47,000 transactions per second in a 2013 test. Compared with several major payment networks such as Alipay, the Bitcoin blockchain is more like a newborn baby in terms of transaction processing frequency. Of course, this was also an early deliberate design by Satoshi Nakamoto. The Bitcoin block size was limited to 1MB to avoid the malicious behavior of rogue miners and have a negative impact on people. The reason why the Bitcoin blockchain payment network The reason why it has grown to be worth billions of dollars today lies in its decentralization. 4. The development of blockchain is restricted by the current system. On the one hand, the decentralized and autonomous characteristics of blockchain dilute the concept of national supervision and have an impact on the current system. For example, digital currencies represented by Bitcoin not only pose a challenge to the country's right to issue currency, but also affect the transmission effect of monetary policy, weakening the central bank's ability to regulate the economy, causing monetary authorities to remain cautious about the development of digital currencies. On the other hand, regulatory authorities also lack full understanding and expectations of this new technology, and the establishment of laws and systems may lag behind, resulting in a lack of necessary institutional norms and legal protection for economic activities related to the use of blockchain, which inadvertently increases reduce the risks of market entities. 5. The integration cost of blockchain technology and existing systems is relatively high. For any innovation, existing institutions must ensure that it can not only create economic benefits, but also comply with regulatory requirements and connect with traditional infrastructure. Especially when deploying a new basic system, the cost of time, manpower, and material resources is very large, and the resistance encountered within existing traditional organizations is also not small. Of course, the existence of problems cannot hinder the development of blockchain. The proposal and in-depth research of technologies such as simple payment verification, side chain, and lightning network protocols have provided ideas for solving the above problems.
『三』What is blockchain and how do ordinary people make money in blockchain?
The popularity of blockchain has caught the masses off guard. Nowadays, no one knows about blockchain, but many people do not have a clear understanding of the definition of blockchain.
So, what exactly is blockchain?
Regarding blockchain and Bitcoin, most people have this misunderstanding: Bitcoin is blockchain.
In fact, Bitcoin and blockchain are not the same thing. Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin, but the first usage scenario after the birth of blockchain is Bitcoin.
I will explain to you what Bitcoin is and what blockchain is. Please move your bench quickly!
What is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is a digital currency. It is a peer-to-peer encrypted digital currency. It is not a tangible paper currency such as the RMB or the US dollar. It is calculated byMachines are created through specific mathematical calculations and are also stored in computers.
Because Bitcoin is just a string of data in a computer, it is also called a "virtual currency" compared to paper currency. To put it simply, you can understand that Bitcoin is just a string of numbers with cash value, similar to Q coins. In other words, Bitcoin has no actual value. Its current value is supported by the faith of currency speculators. If the faith is gone, the value of Bitcoin will collapse.
Bitcoin is magical, what is its magic?
If you want to get Bitcoin, in addition to buying it, you can also mine it. The original Bitcoin is mined!
1) Mining
The first thing that comes to mind for many people is the image of a coal mine:
Mine, absenteeism, dust , black coal, large trucks.
Bitcoin mines are not like this. They only need electricity, network cables, and computers. However, mining this mine is a technical job, and it tests the performance of the computer's CPU and GPU.
2) Transaction
How does a Bitcoin transaction proceed?
Each user has a unique address, which is the Bitcoin "wallet". For every transaction, for example: A pays B a Bitcoin, a Weibo post will be posted publicly in the system saying: "I gave B a Bitcoin @B". These records will be kept as evidence at every terminal of the system. on the chain.
If A wants to go back on his word and tamper with Bitcoin’s transaction history, then every terminal record on the network must be modified. However, this is not easy, because only A whose computing power exceeds the sum of the computing power of all nodes in the system can tamper with transaction records. Obviously, this is unrealistic.
In the transaction process, Bitcoin uses a decentralized accounting method, which is also blockchain technology. Simply put, blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database.
What is blockchain?
The blockchain was created along with Bitcoin. During the formation of Bitcoin, blocks were storage units one by one, recording the communication information of each block node. Blocks are very similar to For database records, every time data is written, a block is created. With the expansion of information exchange, one block continues with another, and the result is called a blockchain.
Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology. Everyone participates in accounting, and everyone has a copy of the ledger information. This account book is not easy to forge and is traceable.
For example:
On a certain day of a certain year, Lao Wang lent Xiao Wang 10,000 yuan, and Lao Wang told the news to himEveryone around them posted their transfer records on their WeChat Moments, and everyone helped them testify to the existence of this transaction.
Lao Wang and Xiao Wang are two nodes. These two nodes generate transaction time, location, person and other information, and they are packaged to form a "block". Lao Wang’s friends are also nodes. These nodes jointly record the transaction status and details (blocks) of the two nodes Lao Wang and Xiao Wang. These blocks are connected to form a chain, forming a decentralized database.
In the past, only both parties knew when Lao Wang and Xiao Wang borrowed money. This was the centralized accounting model. But now everyone knows it and records it in their own ledgers. This is the decentralized accounting model. model.
When one day, Xiao Wang regrets that he did not borrow the money, everyone around him will know their transaction information, so Xiao Wang will not be able to deny it. This is the blockchain Information sharing cannot be tampered with.
How do ordinary people make money by participating in the blockchain?
I have summarized several methods suitable for ordinary people to make money during the blockchain bonus period.
1. Direct investment in blockchain: buy coins or buy some blockchain stocks, but the currency circle is risky, so you must be cautious when buying, and there are many blockchain stocks now. However, there are risks in the stock market, so investment needs to be cautious.
2. Make blockchain self-media: run a WeChat public account or Toutiao account, write articles about blockchain and publish them on it. If you are good, you can also get some good profits.
3. Participate in technology development: In fact, it is very simple, it is to participate in the process of blockchain development. However, this method requires high technical threshold.
4. Blockchain training: Companies that can provide blockchain technology training or knowledge training.
That’s all the relevant knowledge about what blockchain is, I hope it can bring you some help.
『四』What developments has the blockchain metaverse made at present, both inside and outside the circle?
The metaverse definitely started to develop in the gaming field, and it has developed to the present. There will also be countless endings in the game, which also represent the future development of the Internet, technology, finance, technology and other industries.
The emergence of blockchain technology is actually like opening the door to a new world and creating a new game world, but it is not just games, blockchain The contribution of technology in a non-game-exclusive field will also penetrate into every corner of the industry with this concept.
In the industry, virtual worlds have become more and more important to humans in recent decades. I believe that in the next few decades, these virtual worlds will gradually become Ethereum center of gravity. That said, one of the most interesting verticals for Ethereum right now isIs a virtual scene, this is because Ethereum and NFT used to create and track VR parcels provide a common economic infrastructure for projects to build and allow users to interact at any time.
In other words, your ETH, ERC-20 tokens, and NFTs are all commodities in Ethereum’s young metaverse, which opens up powerful possibilities. These possibilities help drive Ethereum’s VR projects, such as Cryptovoxels, Decentraland, Somnium Space, and The Sandbox.
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only "blockchain technology" approved by the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" carried out by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. Professional” pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.
『Wu』What exactly is blockchain
Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.
The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.
We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".
The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.
A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:
For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.
Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.
The database structure may look like this:
This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?
At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: when a data request is received, who will handle it (what qualifications are required); who will verify the result (to see if he has handled it well);How to prevent processors and inspectors from colluding with each other, etc.
Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.
When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go and file a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?
At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.
In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.
Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.
So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?
To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:
The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:
Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.
In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.
Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.
Inside the blockchain, each block is labeled with a page number, the second page contains the first page's content, the third page's content contains the first and second page's content. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.
It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.
This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.
When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a newA block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.
This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.
Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."
Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.
When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to repay the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.
Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.
This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.
A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.
Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?
Let's go back to 2008.
On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.
Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.
The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.
Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This is also on bitcointDiscussions arose in the alk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."
Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.
This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Code of Hammurabi".
After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, and the appearance of the real and the fake A series of legends such as and refutation of rumors, combined with the expectations, imagination and speculation of later generations, became "Bible stories".
There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament" and start new sects, write the doctrines into white papers, and tell the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of the 66 books of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.
CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price has been hovering around US$7,200 per coin.
So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Ethereum The digital currency represented by Bitcoin has become the "operational fuel" in its network system; the stable currency represented by USDT and Libra has good payment properties due to its low volatility; the digital currency issued by the central bank represented by DCEP will definitely To a certain extent, it replaces M0, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to receive and pay without delay when they are out of cash and disconnected from the Internet.
It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and largest application is digital currency.
Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.
So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?
Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, publicity, anonymity, and tamper-proofing. In theory, you can try to use blockchain to transform traditional scenarios that use centralized databases to see if they are suitable.
Next, let’s talk about several industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:
Blockchain can prove the existence of a certain file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, providing judicial authentication, Identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting traceability, etc. provide perfect solutions
In the field of anti-counterfeiting traceability, through the supplyChain tracking blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods.
Give two examples.
Blockchain can allow government data to be run, greatly streamlining service processes
The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts, and the workers only need to be in one department Through identity authentication and electronic signature, smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.
Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of blockchain technology in China. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion.
Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.
Give two examples as well.
The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.
Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China
Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes
In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.
In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.
In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network that covers core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized on the chain, they can be used in the supply chain.Transfer between suppliers, each level of supplier can achieve the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.
Give me an example.
The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have The corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-level suppliers and handed over to the second- and third-level suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid emergencies. Redemption pressure.
Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing
The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.
In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.
Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.
In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.
During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.
At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.
Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.
These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, in which data is effectively authenticated andprotected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.
It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.
Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.
Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.
I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.
Related Q&A: What is blockchain
Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.
In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.
Blockchain infrastructure:
Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.
『Lu』 Which year is called the first year of blockchain strategy
2018 is considered the first year of blockchain. Blockchain is the core supporting technology of the digital cryptocurrency system represented by Bitcoin. The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize point-to-point transactions based on decentralized credit in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Coordination and collaboration, so as to solve the common problems of centralized institutions
『撒』 What is blockchain
What is blockchain
Blockchain What is it? Many people are not very clear about what blockchain is. Some people have even never heard of it. In fact, blockchain is a common one. I have sorted out the blocks for everyone. Information about what a chain is.
What is blockchain 1Speaking of blockchain, we have to mention its twin brother-Bitcoin.
Go back in time 11 years ago. On November 1, 2008, the world was shrouded in the huge shadow of the financial crisis. That day, a mysterious geek who called himself "Satoshi Nakamoto" sent a group email.
Attached to the email is a paper titled: "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."
Satoshi Nakamoto said in the email that he is working on a new electronic cash system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require any trusted third party. About half a month later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the source code of the Bitcoin system non-stop.
On January 3, 2009, an interesting invention turned out. Satoshi Nakamoto generated the first Bitcoin block on the server, which is the so-called "Bitcoin genesis block". Since then, the Bitcoin system has officially opened.
Having said that, you might as well stop and think about how we conduct cash transactions in real life.
Suppose you borrow 10,000 yuan from a friend and promise to pay it back in one month. You may choose to repay the loan by bank card transfer. The bank is responsible for deducting 10,000 yuan from your deposit account and adding 10,000 yuan to your friend's deposit account.
Here, the bank is the institution responsible for keeping accounts. The underlying reason why you choose bank transfer is that you believe it is more reliable and will help you transfer 10,000 yuan to a friend.
However, in the digital world, inventing a currency is another matter.
The hero behind the Bitcoin game
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto hopes to conduct peer-to-peer direct transactions, bypassing the third party of the bank. This problem is easy to solve. Then there will be no banks. Users will issue their own currencies through a unique mechanism and trade directly with each other.
But this brings another problem. There is no bank as a reliable intermediary responsible for accounting, and users do not know each other. How to ensure that no one cheats during transactions?
For example, in the digital world, electronic files can be easily copied. 10 yuan of digital currency turns into 100 yuan by copying and pasting it with the mouse 10 times. Isn’t it a mess?
To solve this problem, we need to provide a mechanism for everyone to trust each other.
The method adopted by the Bitcoin system is to record all transaction processes openly and transparently in chronological order. These records are permanent and cannot be tampered with. This way you won't be able to do anything sneaky.
With these mechanisms, the Bitcoin system operates successfully.
This system stores data in units of data blocks, which are blocks. Approximately every 10 minutes, new blocks will be added. Each block records the detailed transaction process of Bitcoin and is timestamped. Different blocks are connected in chronological order through a certain algorithm, which is a chain.
Together, they are called "blockchain” (Blockchain).
In this way, the blockchain took root with the birth of Bitcoin. If Bitcoin is the star that attracts attention, the blockchain is responsible for providing the underlying technology. The hero behind the trust mechanism.
Brand new changes in accounting methods
Although behind the scenes, the talent of blockchain was quickly discovered.
Use In professional terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology. To understand it, let’s take the simplest example.
Suppose your family keeps accounts like this: You and Dad and Mom each have an account book. You each record your own expenses and calculate the total household expenses together at the end of each month.
But Dad likes to buy cigarettes, Mom likes to stock up on cosmetics, and you like to buy snacks. You may both do it. Intentionally or unintentionally, I omitted a few entries, and sometimes made corrections in the account book. Therefore, when checking the account book at the end of the month, it was always slightly different from the actual expenditure of the family.
In order to change this situation, you bought a new one In the new account book, you, your father, and your mother will use a new account book to keep accounts, and remind each other, supervise, and check every expense together.
At the same time, you also agreed that once the expenses are verified, they will be recorded clearly. After that, no modification or deletion is allowed. After trying for a few months, you found that this common ledger is much consistent with the actual expenses of the family.
Blockchain belongs to the second accounting method. The above The short story tells us that it has at least these major advantages or benefits.
First of all, it is decentralized. The database that was previously maintained by one party has become jointly maintained by multiple parties, and everyone writes together based on consensus. When entering data, no one can control the data alone.
Secondly, it allows everyone to change from keeping separate accounts to joint accounting, which brings consistency and openness and transparency to the data.
< p> In addition, the blockchain only allows data to be written and does not allow deletion or modification, which can prevent data from being secretly tampered with.Mutual trust between strangers
In reality In many scenarios, many scenes are much more complicated than how to keep accounts at home. Moreover, many aspects of financial transactions and business processing are mostly operated by strangers. How can we make everyone trust each other?
This is the turn of events It’s time for blockchain to show its talents. Don’t forget that it can provide a mechanism for everyone to trust each other from the underlying technology.
For example, if you usually go to the vegetable market to buy things, You may be worried about whether fish, shrimps and vegetables are safe. Some companies see business opportunities in this and move the data of farmers and fish ponds to the blockchain. In this way, you can know which fish pond the fish you buy comes from and whether it is safe to eat. Feel more at ease.
For another example, links to fundraising for seriously ill patients often appear in Moments. When making a donation, you may have some concerns: Is the patient's condition real? Can the donation really be delivered to the patient?
In order to eliminateDue to these concerns, some Internet charity organizations use blockchain to allow you to clearly view the steps for using your donations. If the review finds that the patient's condition is not true, the blockchain system will automatically return the donation to your account.
In the future, what changes can blockchain bring to our lives?
It is conceivable that when blockchain is widely used in various fields of society, it will become an important infrastructure in the information age and can solve many of the headaches that currently cause us.
For example, blockchain will allow countless islands of information to be "chained" together. When seeing a doctor, there is no need to repeat the examination just because you change hospitals. Entrepreneurs do not have to go to multiple departments to go through a procedure; many transactions no longer need to be done. Third-party guarantees are required, consumers no longer have to worry about non-refundable deposits, and creators do not have to worry about their works being stolen but getting nothing...
What is blockchain 2From an academic perspective, blockchain is New application models of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.
Many people still don’t understand this explanation, so let me make a simple metaphor.
Hypothetical situation: Suppose you have a ledger at home and you are asked to keep accounts. In the past, your parents gave you your salary and asked you to record it in your account book. If you are greedy and want to buy something delicious in the meantime, the record in the ledger may be less than ten yuan.
This is just an example. I believe that when we were children, everyone probably wanted to take some money from their parents’ pockets to spend.
Ways to use blockchain to solve problems:
If you use the whole family mobilization method to keep accounts, the above-mentioned problems will not exist, because you are keeping accounts, and your father They are also keeping accounts, and your mother is also keeping accounts. They can all see the general ledger. You can't change it, and neither can your parents. So your father who wants to buy cigarettes and you who want to eat have nothing to do.
Functional "blockchain"
It can not only record every transaction, but also can be programmed to record almost everything of value to mankind. Things: birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, title deeds, degrees, financial accounts, medical history, insurance claims, ballots, food sources, and anything else that can be represented by a code.
Each block is like a hard disk, which saves all the above information and then encrypts it through cryptography technology. The saved information cannot be tampered with.
Every 10 minutes, the blockchain system will check all data generated during the period (such as transaction records and records of when the block was edited or created, etc.) and store these data in a new area. On the block, this block will be connected with the previous block to form a chain. Each block must contain relevant information from the previous block to be effective.
Characteristics of blockchain
1. DifferencesExtremely secure:
Unlike centralized databases owned by companies or government agencies, blockchain is not controlled by any person or entity, and data is fully replicated (distributed) across multiple computers.
Unlike centralized databases, there is no single entry point for attackers, and data security is more guaranteed.
2. Non-tamperability:
Once entered into the blockchain, no information can be changed, and even the administrator cannot modify this information.
Once something appears, it cannot be changed. This attribute is of great significance to the changeable and ever-changing online world that humans currently live in.
3. Accessible:
All nodes in the network can easily access information.
4. No third party:
Because the blockchain is decentralized, it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, so whether you are trading or exchanging funds, there is no need for a third party of approval.
Blockchain itself is a platform.
Blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Currently, each is keeping its own account.
Since there is no centralized intermediary agency, letting everything run automatically through preset programs can not only greatly reduce costs, but also improve efficiency. And since everyone has the same ledger, it can ensure that the ledger recording process is open and transparent.
Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been running very stably for many years without any problems, so some people have noticed its The underlying technology abstracts the Bitcoin technology and calls it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
According to a report released by Santander, Spain's largest bank, if all banks around the world use blockchain technology internally around 2020, they will save approximately US$20 billion in costs per year. Such data is enough to illustrate the tremendous changes and breakthroughs that "blockchain" has brought to the traditional financial field.
Cloud computing is usually defined as providing dynamic, easily scalable and often virtualized resources through the Internet, but it is often a centralized organization that provides a cloud computing platform. The network composed of blockchain generally does not have a specific organization, so blockchain is closer to the definition of a distributed computing system and is a type of distributed computing.
The future development and application scenarios of blockchain
1. Digital identity
Many people will encounter "prove that my mother is me" when applying for various certificates. "Mom" dilemma, with blockchain, you no longer have to worry about it.
It turns out that our birth certificates, real estate certificates, marriage certificates, etc. need a central node.Only the family can admit it. Once cross-border, contracts and certificates may become invalid because of the lack of a global central node.
The non-tamperable nature of blockchain technology has fundamentally changed this situation. Our birth certificates, real estate certificates, and marriage certificates can all be notarized on the blockchain and become things trusted by the world. , of course, it can also easily prove "my mother is my mother".
2. Health care
Simply put, it is to use the blockchain to establish a universal record repository with timestamps, so that different databases can extract data information.
For example, when you go to see a doctor, you don’t have to change hospitals for repeated examinations, and you don’t have to worry about reimbursement for medical insurance, which can save time and expenses.
3. Travel consumption
For example, we often use apps such as Ctrip and Meituan to find and place orders for hotels and other services, and each platform gets commissions from them.
The application of blockchain is to remove middlemen and create a secure, decentralized way for service providers and customers to connect and trade directly.
4. More convenient transactions
Blockchain can make payments and transactions more efficient and convenient. The blockchain platform allows users to create smart contracts that become active when certain conditions are met, meaning that automatic payments can be released when both parties to a transaction agree that their conditions are met.
5. Strictly control product quality
If you buy an apple, with blockchain technology, you can know the entire process from the production of the fruit farmer to the circulation link. Among them are government regulatory information, professional testing data, enterprise quality inspection data, etc. A smart supply chain will make the food we eat and the products we use every day safer and give us more peace of mind.
6. Property rights protection art
The creator puts his work on the blockchain, and if someone uses his work, he can immediately Know. Corresponding royalties are also automatically paid to the creator.
Blockchain technology not only protects copyright, but also helps creators sell their works to consumers better and more directly, without the need for the assistance of distribution companies.
What is blockchain 3Advantages of blockchain
Decentralized, it does not require the intervention of a third party and enables point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration. Because the data is distributed in various nodes through algorithms and has a unique verification mechanism, no one organization or individual can control the global data. Since it is distributed in various nodes, any node stopping work will not affect the entire system. Operation, this decentralized network will greatly improve data security. The data in the system is jointly maintained by various nodes with maintenance functions.
Openness, the system is open to all partiesIn addition to private information being encrypted, blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
Where does blockchain come in?
Blockchain is an open, transparent, decentralized and secure technology. This technological revolution is applied to the Internet. For data-sensitive fields such as medical care, public opinion supervision, and ecological testing, it can prevent data from being tampered with and ensure the authenticity of the data.
In short, blockchain is not just a method of virtual currency, its advantages will play an important role in many industries.
『8』Blockchain is the yuan What the universe brings
Now, the concept of "metaverse" has become a rare bright spot in the blockchain encryption industry.
Blockchain metaverse concept projects such as Axie Infinty, My Neighbor Alice, Sandbox, and Decentraland have been greatly sought after by the market. Whether it is on-chain land bidding, crypto asset prices, or the number of active users, All have created amazing growth in this weak market.
Although many of the above-mentioned Internet applications do not strictly conform to the concept of the Metaverse, the Metaverse is not only popular in the encryption circle, but is also popular in the traditional Internet circle.
In April this year, the Metaverse Google search index soared to the highest point. Domestic and foreign game companies and capital swarmed in, jointly contributing to the explosion of the "Metaverse" market. Therefore, many people also This year is called the "First Year of the Metaverse".
At the upcoming 2021 World Blockchain Conference, there will also be a dialogue between big names about the Metaverse and NFT. At that time, Yao Dajun, deputy dean of the School of Intermedia Art at the China Academy of Art, and Guosheng Several experts, including Song Jiaji, President of the Securities Blockchain Research Institute, Tao Rongqi, founder of Metaverse Capital, will discuss the future development opportunities of Metaverse.
『玖』 What is the concept of blockchain? What exactly is blockchain? Read it in three minutes!
On October 25, 2019, Xinwen Broadcast sent a very important signal: the country must vigorously develop blockchain. After that, blockchain has become an Internet celebrity, and the figure of "blockchain" is floating in the streets and alleys. In fact, many technology companies have already deployed blockchain technology.
Although blockchain is very popular, many people do not know much about blockchain.
What is blockchain?
Let’s first take a look at how Du Niang explained it. Network display: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.
Why is blockchain called blockchain?
The blockchain is linked by blocks one by one, and the blocks are storage units that record the communication information of each block node. The blocks are very similar to the records of the database. Every time data is written, it is Create a block. With the expansion of information exchange, one block continues with another, and the result is called a blockchain.
What are the characteristics of blockchain?
Blockchain mainly has the following characteristics:
1. Decentralization: In the blockchain system, every node has equal rights. and obligations, there is no central control here. Decentralization has well established trust relationships with each other. Although there is no central management organization, people can collaborate with each other and trust each other. This mainly applies blockchain distributed ledger technology.
2. Openness: Blockchain data is open to everyone. Except for some encrypted information that is not open, everyone can check the data here.
3. Independence: The entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without any human intervention.
4. Security: Blockchain has a certain degree of security and cannot be tampered with. Because everyone in the blockchain system has the same ledger, if someone wants to tamper with it, it is possible to forge a non-existent record only if they control more than 51% of the accounting nodes. Of course, this is basically impossible. This is mainly due to the core technology of the blockchain: the consensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal".
5. Anonymity: Many people think that if the blockchain is so open and transparent, will we lose privacy? In fact, no, although the transaction information in the blockchain is open and transparent, the identity information of the account is encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization.
Now let me tell you a story to help you better understand the blockchain.
There are three people in the family, mom, dad, older brother and younger brother. Last year, my father was in charge of the family's account books. He was responsible for all the family's income and expenses alone.
However, on the day of Double Eleven, my mother, who has always been frugal, wanted to buy herself a beautiful piece of clothing on a certain online store. When she checked the account book, she found something was wrong. It stands to reason that except for some money deposited in banks and financial management, the whereabouts of the daily consumption money at home are all in this account book, but no matter how you look at it, it is wrong. Some consumption is clearly not recorded, but is recorded.
Later, my father took the initiative to confess that he couldn’t help but buy a pack of cigarettes.
Later, my mother changed her strategy and the whole family kept accounts.Record it all in your own account book. Whenever there was a transaction or consumption at home, my mother would shout, "Book it," and everyone would record the transaction in their own books. This is the decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone has a ledger.
The previous accounting model for dad was centralized accounting. If dad wanted to do something alone, it would be difficult for anyone to see it. The decentralized accounting model has solved the problem of centralization very well. The disadvantage of bookkeeping is that it is very difficult for dad to tamper with the books.
For example, if my father wants to take some money from the ledger and secretly buy cigarettes, the amount of money is limited, and if he wants to take the money, he has to change the ledger, but he only tampered with his own ledger. No, he had to change the accounts of three people including himself. And this is undoubtedly more difficult than reaching the sky.
So, many times my father had the idea of smoking, but he had no choice but to give up the idea due to the current situation.
Are blockchain and Bitcoin the same thing?
In fact, blockchain and Bitcoin are not the same thing. It is just the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is the first digital currency applied by blockchain.
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain. In the following years, it became a core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin, serving as a public account book for all transactions. Blockchain was first applied to Bitcoin.
The origin of blockchain is to solve the problem of trust, and one of the most successful applications of blockchain is digital currency. Bitcoin is arguably the most successful application of blockchain so far.
What are the applications of blockchain?
The application of blockchain is actually very wide. In addition to digital currency, the future applications of Bitcoin are still very extensive. Blockchain technology has been widely used in different industries. Such as product traceability, copyright protection and transactions, payment and settlement, Internet of Things, digital marketing, medical care, etc., promoting different industries to quickly enter the "blockchain+" era.
1. Payment and clearing: Blockchain can abandon the role of transit banks, realize point-to-point payment, reduce transit fees, and accelerate fund utilization.
2. Product traceability: For example, if we buy a piece of clothing on a certain store, we can see the past and present life of this piece of clothing.
3. Securities trading: Traditional securities trading requires the coordination of four major institutions, which is inefficient and costly. Blockchain technology can independently complete one-stop services.
4. Supply chain: Introducing blockchain technology into the supply chain system, synchronizing information within the system can control all links, better complete division of labor and collaboration, and facilitate subsequent accountability.
5. Intellectual property rights: copyrightChain, our photographic works, musical works, literary works, etc. will become our information, and the ownership of the information will be confirmed and become our property.
