去中心化组织与区块链

近年来，去中心化组织和区块链技术已经引起了越来越多的关注。去中心化组织是指组织没有中央控制机构，而是由成员共同决策和管理。区块链技术是一种分布式数据库技术，具有不可篡改的特点，可以记录所有参与者之间的交易。

去中心化组织和区块链技术的结合，使得组织更加开放、透明，并且能够更有效地实现自治。去中心化组织可以利用区块链技术来实现更高效的治理结构，并且可以更有效地解决组织内部的利益矛盾和管理问题。

使用区块链技术，去中心化组织可以更好地实现自治，组织内部的决策和管理可以更加透明和公正。区块链技术的不可篡改性可以确保参与者之间的交易记录不会被篡改，从而保证了组织的财务安全。此外，去中心化组织可以利用区块链技术来更好地实现激励机制，从而更好地激励参与者。

总之，去中心化组织和区块链技术的结合，使得组织更加开放、透明，并且能够更有效地实现自治。它不仅可以提高组织的治理能力，还可以更好地保护组织的财务安全，并且可以更有效地激励参与者。因此，去中心化组织和区块链技术的结合，将成为未来组织治理的一种新模式。

⑴ What is decentralized system development and what are the decentralized applications of blockchain?

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tamperability, transparency and openness, etc. , among which the decentralization feature of blockchain technology has always been called the most typical feature of blockchain technology. DAPP blockchain decentralized system development, DAPP decentralized model development, DAPP blockchain application development, DAPP blockchain decentralized model customization development, DAPP blockchain system development, DAPP system source code construction and development

What is a decentralized system?

Decentralization is the social relationship form and content production form formed during the development of the Internet. It is a new online content production process compared to "centralization". In a system with many nodes distributed, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can be freely connected to each other to form new connection units. Any node may become a stage center, but it does not have a mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form a non-linear causal relationship through the network. This open, flat, and equal system phenomenon or structure is what we call decentralization.

As one of the important features of the blockchain, it uses distributed storage and computing power to make the rights and obligations of the entire network nodes the same. The essence of the data in the system is jointly maintained by the entire network nodes. , so that the blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes to achieve distributed storage, recording and updating of data. Each blockchain follows unified rules, which are based on cryptographic algorithms rather than credit certificates, and the data update process requires user approval. This establishes that blockchains do not require the endorsement of intermediaries and trust institutions.

Although decentralized distributed systems have many benefits, it is difficult to design and operate such a system because compared with centralized systems, it runs in an untrustworthy environment. It is very difficult to maintain the consistency, integrity, and security of the system. Often things that are easy to do in a centralized system will be very difficult in a decentralized system.

So, what are the specific problems that need to be solved in the decentralized Bitcoin system? To sum up, the main points are as follows.

(1) Thousands of nodes in the decentralized system have the power to keep accounts and store ledger data. The joining and exit of nodes are completely free, and no one controls or authenticates them. , so it is inevitable that saboteurs with evil intentions will appear. So how to prevent someone from maliciously tampering with data or forging ledgers?

(2) The nodes of the Bitcoin system are distributed all over the world. Thousands of transaction data will be generated in the network at the same time and need to be accounted for. The networks in various places are fast and slow, and sometimes some networks are still It is possible to be disconnected, and all nodes in the entire network must keep the recorded transaction accounts.The objects are all exactly the same, which means it is very difficult to maintain consistency across the entire network.

(3) Double payment is difficult to prevent. In layman's terms, double spending refers to using an asset twice, also known as "double spending." For example, there are three villagers in the global village who are exchanging goods. They are Erhei, Cuihua and Xiaoming. The current blockchain ledger of the entire network records that Erhei has 1 Bitcoin. He sent this coin to Cuihua and broadcast it to the entire network. So, everyone recorded the transaction, removed Erhei's Bitcoin from his account record, and added 1 Bitcoin to Cuihua's account record. Now Erhei has no Bitcoin, but due to the out-of-synchronization of network transmission, Xiao Ming did not receive the information in time after Erhei broadcast the transaction. Xiao Ming's account book still records that Erhei has 1 Bitcoin. So Erhei sent this Bitcoin to Xiao Ming to exchange for certain items. Erhei's behavior of exchanging his 1 Bitcoin to two people at the same time is a double-spend attack, which constitutes transaction fraud.

Before Satoshi Nakamoto appeared, so many IT elites among the cypherpunks had tried and failed. However, Satoshi Nakamoto summed up the experience of his predecessors and designed a very clever operating mechanism, which successfully solved these problems and enabled the Bitcoin system to operate stably without central node operation and maintenance management.

⑵ Idealism and Realism of Blockchain, Is Decentralization Really Important?

Blockchain is based on hash function calculation and uses distributed network as its skeleton. , a network system that implements data encryption, transmission, and storage. Its core is centerless, and its manifestation is that network endpoints are arranged in a distributed manner, with the purpose of realizing the value sharing of data. Its main significance is that the Internet has transformed from information interconnection in the past to value interconnection, or called: value Internet.

Decentralization was the original purpose when the Internet was invented in the 1970s. However, due to the pyramid structure of real society and the fragmentation between regions and departments, decentralization has not been truly realized. The importance of decentralization is highlighted in the following aspects:
1. It ensures the security of data. Because blockchain data is distributed and stored at various endpoints, if data is lost or damaged at one or some endpoints, it can be restored from other endpoints. It overcomes the current weakness that data is mainly stored in a central platform server and cannot be recovered once it is damaged or lost. In addition, blockchain technology stamps a time stamp on each generated data (it cannot enter the same river) to prevent data from being stolen. There is also asymmetric encryption (two keys: public key, private key) to ensure data security, etc.
2. Improve the efficiency of economic activities. Due to the division between different system departments, the data of departments within the system and departments outside the system cannot be shared and parallelized, and the efficiency of economic activities is very low. For example: import and export trade, in addition to both parties to the transaction, also involves commodity inspection, customs, banking, transportation, insurance, agency and other departments. The data between these departments can be formed into a block to achieve data sharing, which canGreatly improve transaction efficiency and save transaction costs.
3. Breaking the uniqueness of nationally issued currency. The currencies of various countries are issued by the national central bank. Blockchain technology (Bitcoin, other digital currencies) breaks this centralized issuance convention. In the future, currencies will no longer be issued by the central bank, but will be generated by self-organization within the blockchain ( value symbol), and ultimately achieve the unification of world currencies.
Blockchain also has other meanings and importance, which have little to do with decentralization, so I will not describe them one by one here.

⑶ Blockchain token + decentralization, realizing data confirmation and value redistribution

In "The Real Business Opportunities of Blockchain", the author mentioned this An example of a pass application is related to travel planning.

Tokens in a centralized digital environment

The above diagram describes the role of tokens in a centralized solution, and the process is relatively complicated.
1. In the real world, travelers need to share this information with travel agencies. On the Internet, they can use templates provided by online travel sites. These websites function like data brokers: they can use their accumulated customer information to attract marketers from various segments of the travel industry and generate revenue through marketing services. In a tokenized environment, information about traveler plans would be passed to one of the data brokers.
2. After receiving the passenger's data, the data broker will collect the information and tokenize the information to create a data token. Wallets managed by data brokers will also collect tokens issued by service providers.
3. Passengers start paying to use services. They will use the tokens issued by the service provider during the trip, such as for checking into and spending money at the hotel.
4. The pass is still useful during the traveler’s vacation. For example, when a traveler decides to take a hotel's recommendation to stay an extra night, they can receive additional tokens for room service, bar drinks, or room upgrades. In these scenarios, the pass can incentivize travelers to stay in the service provider’s business ecosystem.
5. Whether during or after vacation, travelers can upload photos, restaurant reviews and itineraries to multiple social media, which will also involve data brokers.
6. Data brokers coordinate with service providers to reward customers for posting reviews through free accommodation or free meal passes to encourage word-of-mouth spread. Travelers can save these passes for their next trip, use the pass elsewhere where the service provider offers services, or share the pass via a digital wallet with friends who are traveling to the same destination.

What will be the effect if we switch to a blockchain solution?
This solution ensures the decentralization of customer data and supportsParticipants keep data locally and selectively share it with third parties. Passengers can customize the parameters on how to use the pass, and how to use smart contracts to obtain the pass under these parameter configurations.

Instructions for token circulation in a complete blockchain solution

In this case, passengers can coordinate on their own and share relevant data in a tokenized form. Travel service providers, such as airlines and hotels, simultaneously obtain quotes through digital wallets or other interfaces accessible only to travelers. If these interactions are coordinated on a blockchain-enabled platform, travelers will have the opportunity to choose to share data across multiple platforms, thereby obtaining more and better offers. Travelers as hubs gain sovereignty over their data.
In a decentralized model, service providers trusted by consumers can better set their own terms. These companies can negotiate pricing rather than having to base it on what the platform requires. Such freedom encourages participation and innovation among service providers. Therefore, decentralization of data monetization is conducive to market competition.

From the above example, the addition of the decentralized model of tokens has brought major changes to the business world - that is, data assets are owned by individuals, data is valuable, and the price is determined by consumers. Sure! Such a business model is bound to have an impact on existing Internet platforms. In the first picture, almost all the roles revolve around the data service provider, that is, the Internet platform. In the second picture, individuals have become the protagonists of this business world, and data service providers have been marginalized. Well, now that this model has appeared in people's minds, some people will try out this business model, and we look forward to seeing such new business models in the future.

⑷ A preliminary study on Web3.0: a user-led, decentralized network ecosystem based on blockchain technology

Media

A preliminary study on Web3.0

A user-led, decentralized network ecosystem based on blockchain technology

Web3.0: Committed to creating a user-led, Decentralized network ecosystem. In Web3.0, users interact to meet their own needs and utilize blockchain technology in the interaction to realize the creation, distribution and circulation of value. This entire process of user interaction and value circulation forms the Web3.0 ecosystem. Compared with the platform-centralized characteristics of Web2.0, Web3.0 is committed to realizing a "decentralized" network ecosystem owned and co-constructed by users.

The main components and characteristics of the Web3.0 ecosystem: 1) User identity: Traditional centralized identities are prone to security and privacy risks, web3 builds a decentralized identityIdentification, using DID as the form of user identity expression of web3; 2) Organizational form: The core concept of web3 is that users jointly build and own, so it will form an organizational form of user joint construction and autonomy, that is, DAO; 3) Economic system: Digital assets It is the core element of web3, and data assets will constitute the entire economic system in the form of tokens. As of April 2, 2021, DeFi projects have a total of approximately 7.12 million active users, an increase of approximately 3.5 times compared to 1.6078 million in January 2021. The total asset size of mainstream NFT projects has also exceeded US$10 billion, becoming the Metaverse The most rapidly developing field in the project; 4) Presentation form: All activities and interactions in web3 need to rely on specific applications to achieve, and the interaction of dApps ultimately constitutes a dynamic web3 world; 5) From centralized storage to decentralization Decentralized storage: The decentralized storage solution, IPFS, provides basic support for web3. In the web3 ecosystem, blockchain is the core support, and its technical, financial and social attributes will help build a decentralized, credible digital value interaction network.

Domestic policies are favorable to the development of Web3.0 technology, and major industries are promoting blockchain applications. The 14th Five-Year Plan has repeatedly mentioned the need to vigorously develop blockchain technology, and at the same time increase the development and construction of metaverse-related technologies such as immersive video, virtual reality, and 8K high-definition video. In addition to the State Council, local governments have also issued policy documents to vigorously promote the construction of local metaverse-related industries. We believe that in the development process of the Internet, the centralized applications and platform models of the Web 2.0 era will coexist with the decentralized applications and distribution models of the Web 3.0 era for a long time. Whether it is user identity, value system, or user organization, there will be overlap in Web2.0 and Web3.0. In this overlap, new issues such as how huge data will be stored, how increasingly tight computing power will be allocated, and how traffic competition will develop will bring challenges and opportunities to ecological participants.

Risk warning: Web3 related technologies are still in the early stages of development; the technical path is highly uncertain; the business model is not yet mature; policy and regulatory uncertainty are uncertain; and the value of digital assets fluctuates greatly.

This article comes from the financial world

⑸ What are the characteristics of decentralization in blockchain technology?

Decentralization in blockchain technology It is characterized by decentralization, trustlessness, and collective maintenance.

1. Decentralization: There is no centralized hardware or management organization in the entire network. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect the entire system. operation. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

2. De-trust: There is no need to trust each other for data exchange between each node participating in the entire system. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data withinThe content is also public, so within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

3. Collective maintenance: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and anyone can participate in these nodes with maintenance functions.

(5) Decentralized Organizations and Blockchain Extended Reading

Blockchain technology has never excluded supervision, and supervision nodes can easily access into any blockchain network. Due to the open and transparent nature of the blockchain, regulatory agencies can more easily monitor the transaction data of the entire system, and due to the tamper-proof nature of the blockchain.

Once a transaction occurs, it cannot be changed or deleted. It is impossible for data fraud to deceive supervision, which is more conducive to regulatory agencies' supervision of market behavior. It can be seen that blockchain will become an important tool for regulatory technology (RegTech).

Reference source: Network-Blockchain

⑹ The decentralized nature of blockchain digital currency

For blockchain practitioners, If there is any word that has been heard uttered in the past two years, then "decentralization" can definitely occupy a place among them. From being confused when I first came into contact with it, to being a mantra on my lips all the time now, the word "decentralization" went from being in the spotlight in 2018 to sweeping the world today, and it only took a year to fully calculate it. Much time. So far, the "decentralization" of various behaviors has become a political correctness in the blockchain industry.

Practitioners hate the cloud platforms of Internet giants because it makes data storage not decentralized enough. They hate the emergence of monopoly giants in the industry because it makes the industry structure not decentralized enough. Leaders, because this makes the decision-making mechanism not decentralized enough, may even hate working in one office, because it makes people's activities not decentralized enough... which makes the words and deeds of many practitioners now a little more "centralized". They will look forward and backward, fearing that they will be criticized by the outside world.

So, what exactly is “decentralization”? What is its essence?

The sinking of power: the true essence of decentralization

In fact, regarding the matter of decentralization, the author has already stated in ["Prospects of Blockchain 3.0: Are decentralized communities useless or the future? "It was once stated in the article: Decentralization is not a trend that people subjectively promote, nor is it a false proposition wantonly advocated by blockchain practitioners, but an objective and inevitable result of economic and technological development. In other words In other words, the decentralization trend of society is the result of everyone voting with their feet under the current situation, and it is not based on people's subjective will.

If you don’t believe it,Let's look back at the technological products before the blockchain industry exploded - the abundance of civilian cars has enabled more and more people to participate in passenger transport services that only passenger transport and taxi companies could engage in in the past. It has realized the decentralization of driving services; everyone has a smartphone, giving everyone the opportunity to record the world around them with a lens, thus realizing the decentralization of photography and video rights; the Internet that extends in all directions allows every individual to Being able to have the opportunity to express one's own voice, thereby achieving the decentralization of the right to speak; and the popularity of e-commerce platforms allows those who have the ability and intention to open a store to have the opportunity to run their own business, thereby realizing the right to open a store Decentralization...

From the above cases, we can easily see that long before it became famous with the help of the last bull market and Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin white paper, “decentralization” The phenomenon is already everywhere. Why is there such a situation?

Regarding this point, the author has mentioned it briefly in ["Blockchain: The Last Internet Celebrity in the Digital World"]: For individuals, digital technology and the digital economy have brought them There are two biggest benefits: First, some of the costs that hindered their actions in the past are concentrated on centralized giants. For example, time-sharing leasing in the sharing economy can eliminate the need for many people to carry various necessary items; second, it will Various rights and interests are sunk and dispersed into the hands of individuals, such as the passenger rights of car owners mentioned above, the photography rights of smartphone holders, the voice of Internet users, and the rights of goods and service providers. The right to open a store...

In other words, no matter what kind of decentralization it is, its essence actually refers to the sinking of various powers from top-level centralized institutions to grassroots individuals. , as long as the development of economy and technology continues to benefit every smaller group or individual, this downward trend will not stop. The "decentralization" advocated by the blockchain is actually just one of the countless decentralized powers in this technological wave - that is, the right to mint money (or the right to record information). In other words, Blockchain digital currency, including Bitcoin, is not the first decentralized product, and it will definitely not be the last decentralized product.

The boundaries of freedom: any decentralization has limits**

However, we should also pay attention to one thing: although in theory, "decentralization" The ultimate goal is to sink power into everyone's hands, but in reality, since the proper use of any power is inseparable from the user's good professionalism and moral standards, from a longitudinal perspective, the power of these powers There is a bottom line for many sinking rates. From a horizontal perspective, the degree of decentralization is limited (that is, what many people often call "polycentering").

If you take office verticallyThe continued sinking of certain powers, that is, the continued decentralization of the industry in a positive way, is likely to lead to the emergence of certain uncontrollable situations, such as the well-known passenger transportation rights (that is, online ride-hailing). The power to provide passenger transportation services can only be extended to those car owners with driver's licenses and good conduct. If this bottom line is exceeded and continues to be reduced, the probability of various online ride-hailing atrocities last year will soar.

By the way, as the saying goes, every industry is like a mountain. Since different industries have different requirements for the professionalism of power users, the maximum sinking degree of different powers is often different, and what they can tolerate The degree of decentralization also varies. For example, regarding the sinking of photography rights, since a single video itself generally does not have a great negative impact on society, even if it is not professional enough and it is shot randomly, it may be understandable. Therefore, as long as no darknet-style works are produced, let There is often no problem with this kind of power sinking into everyone's hands.

But if things like blockchain minting rights fall into the hands of those who are not objectively competent enough or subjectively irresponsible, the digital currency market will see a big problem. There are a lot of money-making and deceiving projects. Under such circumstances, the minting power can only be transferred to those individuals or teams that are professional, marketing and ethical at most (that is, the author previously mentioned in ["Practical, Positive and Kind: One of the Most Suitable Blockchains for Ordinary People"] The three elements mentioned in the article "Road"), otherwise, the grand scene of "the city is full of air coins" in 2017 and 2018 will soon reappear in our world.

However, it is a pity that many people do not have an objective and correct understanding of "decentralization has limits". In reality, they love to go to extremes. When they first came into contact with blockchain and digital currency, they believed that the astonishing price increase of this new thing came largely from the distributed minting rights, so whenever there was any regulatory disturbance, they would shout out ideals and freedom with great resistance. slogan, as if all of them were anarchists; but after the collapse of air coins and altcoins, and their own interests were damaged, they threw down the decentralized flag they had previously waved, and cried everywhere why Master Qingtian didn't care. Take care of this lawless and barbaric land.

The swing between the two poles gives people a sense of confusion. The reason for this situation is ultimately because they do not realize: decentralization, that is, the sinking of various powers, It has limits, especially for the highly professional blockchain minting rights. The "everyone can mint money and print money" imagined by some people before can only be an ideal. If you are not aware of this objective fact, it is very likely that a funny situation will arise where "the front foot loves freedom and the back foot advocates authority."

Nonetheless, even if power cannot be decentralized without limit and decentralization cannot be too distributed, it does not mean that related initiatives are meaningless.The decentralization of minting power represented by Bitcoin and blockchain may be difficult to completely sink into the hands of every individual as Satoshi Nakamoto envisioned, but it has combined the word "decentralization" and related The concept of freedom is rooted in the hearts of countless investors and practitioners. Let them have a clearer understanding of the issue of "whose hands should hold various powers in the future?"

Although many people’s current accusations against centralized institutions are not entirely true, such as the accusation that one mining machine manufacturer is the dominant one; and some current “forced decentralization” behaviors are not entirely valid. Not particularly successful, just like Bitmain’s dual-CEO structure. But from a long-term perspective, these immature words and deeds are just a small wave at the beginning of the development of social decentralization. Just as once the floodgates are opened, the water flow cannot be stopped; when the concept of "decentralization" is rooted in people's hearts, the equal rights movement in various vertical fields is inevitable. The key is that power will sink from the original centralized institutions. The question is which level to go to.

From this point of view, decentralization has become an unstoppable torrent of social development, and the large amount of social resources we have seen in the past ten years have been redistributed to a large extent. It is also the result of this decentralization of power. Under such circumstances, people, including some blockchain practitioners, began to pursue the victory and targeted another "Chinese-prefixed" target - that is, intermediaries. However, "decentralization" is equal to "decentralization". Intermediation”? Is the latter, like the former, an irreversible trend? The author will introduce the relevant content in detail in the next series of articles.

⑺ What does decentralization of blockchain mean?

Decentralization of blockchain refers to the form of social relations and content generation formed during the development process of blockchain. It is a new online content production process compared to "centralization".

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. , each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

The blockchain is unified across the entire network, so it is logically centralized. From an architectural point of view, blockchain is based on a peer-to-peer network, so it has a decentralized architecture. From a governance perspective, blockchain uses consensus algorithms to make it difficult for a few people to control the entire system, so its governance is decentralized.

(7) Extended reading on decentralized organizations and blockchain:

Characteristics of blockchain decentralization:

Decentralization does not mean that there is no need for a center, but that nodes can freely choose and determine the center. Simply put, centralization means the center determines the node. Nodes must rely on the center. Nodes cannot survive without the center.

In a decentralized system, anyone is a node and anyone can become a center. No center is permanent, but is temporary, and no center is mandatory for nodes.

With the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model is becoming more and more clear and becoming more and more possible. After the rise of Web 2.0, the services provided by network service providers such as Wikipedia, Flickr, and Blogger are all decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and netizens can jointly create or contribute content.

Reference source: Network-Blockchain

Reference source: Network-Decentralization

⑻ Whether blockchain and decentralized cloud are obtained Much progress has been made

There is some debate about the potential benefits of hosting cloud computing on a centralized or decentralized network and whether blockchain may have some relevance in this regard. The answer seems to be yes—under certain circumstances.

Avivah Litan, vice president and analyst at Gartner, said that blockchain supports decentralized cloud computing, which may lead to some new computing methods and Web 3.0 hype. "In that sense, it's disruptive to people who are concentrated," she said. "This is not going to disrupt the industry overnight; I don't think it's going to happen that fast."

Litan said decentralized cloud computing could be an alternative, perhaps even for some non- Blockchain applications make sense. There may still be reluctance within organizations to quickly move workloads in this direction, she said. However, for some applications, such a move may be a way to save money.

Entering this space means embracing a nebulous, almost amorphous form of cloud computing. Blockchain’s decentralized architecture often means it will never operate in just one environment, Litan said. “If you look at a blockchain with 10,000 nodes, you can run your nodes anywhere you want.” For Bitcoin or Ethereum miners who are mining, they can run them locally or Set up their nodes on any cloud of their choice. In that sense, it's not centrally controlled by any one player, Litan said.

It still seems to be early days in terms of how much of the data space and cloud is tied to Web 3.0 activity. For example, she said, cryptocurrency transactions may not represent large amounts of data, but once an NFT commerce involves large objects, it may require distributed storage. Options for such storage include IPFS (InterPlanetary File System), which Litan says is a peer-to-peer network data storage in a distributed system, and value-added systems like Arweave, which makes IPFS more reliable, secure, andpersist in.

There are still functional issues that may prevent developers or organizations from taking advantage of distributed systems. “The reason you want to use decentralized computing is if you’re setting up your own nodes, or you’re writing applications that require computing power,” Litan said.

Some of the benefits of moving to a decentralized cloud, she said, include that it can be a way to cut costs rather than listening to a centralized entity that can raise rates, own user data and lock it in place. Fang’s whim. “Moving workloads from one cloud provider to another is very difficult,” Litan said. "It's certainly a nice innovation." However, she said this innovation has been discussed for years and progress is uncertain.

Basically, the value of decentralized cloud in its current form comes down to the user’s situation and needs. “If you are setting up a mining node and need some cloud computing power, why would you pay AWS?” Litan asked. In this case, a decentralized cloud could be cheaper to run, she said, attracting miners who want cheap computing to make a profit.

Currently, when many developers write applications, they look for the cloud service that is most readily available, Litan said, and then end up deploying on the main blockchain where they have no control over where Ethereum or Bitcoin runs. superior. "It's like saying, 'Where does the Internet run?'"

Blockchain and decentralized cloud have the potential to gain more momentum in the future, but for now their impact on cloud computing as a whole remains Quite niche. "This may become more important as people start writing compute-intensive workloads and want to reduce costs," Litan said. Decentralized cloud computing may also be useful for organizations running non-blockchain applications, she said. "Then they control their environment, where they deploy it and how much it costs. They control the entire stack."