区块链4.0是什么意思,1 4区块
近几年，随着区块链技术的不断发展，“区块链4.0”已经成为一个热门话题。那么，“区块链4.0”到底是什么意思呢？
首先，“区块链4.0”指的是一种更先进的区块链技术，它比以往的区块链技术更加可靠、安全、高效。它主要包括四个方面的技术：分布式账本技术、共识机制技术、智能合约技术和隐私保护技术。
分布式账本技术是区块链4.0的核心技术，它是一种分布式数据库，可以将数据和交易记录分布到不同的节点上，从而实现数据的安全存储和传输。
其次，共识机制技术是区块链4.0的重要组成部分，它可以通过一种特定的算法，让所有参与者达成一致，从而实现区块链网络的安全性和稳定性。
此外，智能合约技术是区块链4.0的一个重要技术，它可以帮助用户实现自动化的交易，从而提高交易的安全性和效率。
最后，隐私保护技术是区块链4.0的另一个技术，它可以帮助用户保护自己的隐私，防止数据泄露，保证交易的安全性。
总之，“区块链4.0”是一种更先进的区块链技术，它可以帮助用户实现更安全、更高效的交易，为社会的发展提供更多的可能性。
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『一』 How to define blockchain and what are its application scenarios
Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. Blockchain technology is somewhat mythized!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.
Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad
As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.
Blockchain technology features include:
Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).
At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.
At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.
As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.
Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.
Blockchain is a method that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that they cannot beTamper-proof and unforgeable distributed ledger (database) technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.
Digital currency
After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.
Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.
my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.
Financial asset transaction settlement
Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance has long procedures, high costs, and complex links. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channels. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprisesindustries, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. Core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. The bills can be transferred between suppliers after being digitized on the chain. Each level of supplier can realize the corresponding quota with the digital bill certificate financing.
Digital Government Affairs
Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.
Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting
Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.
Data services
Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing willEffectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.
The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed. The limelight overshadowed everything. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era. The past It has become a classic, and some people say that it is all hype and is ultimately a bubble.
In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.
Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.
Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.
eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.
Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.
Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. “Smart contracts cannot simply be understood asElectronic contract refers to a process, from contract conclusion to confirmation to final execution. "Jin Hongzhou explained.
From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but an integration of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, smart contract and other computer technologies. New application model. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.
Due to the characteristics of "decentralization" and "distribution" With advantages such as "automatic data storage", "traceability", "tamper resistance", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve the problems of data authenticity, security and openness in the data field. A data management environment to prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practical exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions. Empower public resource transaction management services.
Promote transaction data sharing and transaction witness
Promote transaction data sharing
Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be entered repeatedly. During the bid evaluation process, it is difficult to verify the off-site performance provided by the bidders, and the same personnel are duplicated. Problems such as difficulty in troubleshooting as a project manager and low cost of breach of trust by transaction entities. Establishing a cross-regional entity database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.
The distributed ledger features based on blockchain can Effectively guaranteeing the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, it can reduce repeated entry operations of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the authenticity of the data flow process on the chain. The performance of bidders in the regional alliance is directly taken from the data on the chain. This makes it impossible to hide false performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".
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Blockchain-based transaction witness
The document "Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" (State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) points out the need to optimize witness, venue, Information, archives, expert extraction and other services. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing strength, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witnessing system is easy to collect data afterwards Be tampered with, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.
Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to verify each transaction The data generated in the link are solidified and stored as evidence, using time stamp technology and summaryAlgorithms and electronic signature technology accurately record the time, content and data source of data generation. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain. For unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files, the summary information and original files can be saved through the blockchain. Save via a distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.
Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates
Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding companies
Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates
At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving the problem of bidding deposit funds for bidding companies. Occupancy issues. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.
At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .
Promote financial services for bidding companies
The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.
Solving the financing problems of successful bidders
Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustainable profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot produce these "proofs" at all. Financing is difficult and expensive, which has become a problem for many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities.the problem we are facing. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.
Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data trustworthiness but also reduces the risk of corruption. The entire system relies on a centralized authority.
Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.
Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.
Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.
So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.
Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.
Decentralization solves problems.
What application scenarios can blockchain have?
In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day
However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.
Blockchain can be economicallyWhat are the applications?
The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.
Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time
The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management
Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development and allow enterprises to Able to develop faster and make more money.
Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.
The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.
Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.
In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.
At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.
Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.
The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.
An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since traffic fraud in digital advertising causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud
In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode
What is blockchain If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. So in the Internet, a place where data is exploding and information is exploding, how can there be suchA place will be like a magical treasure land.
If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:
Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.
If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.
The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.
Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.
In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.
1. Cloud storage
This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?
Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.
2. Medical aspects
Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.
『二』What is the business model of blockchain?
First of all, blockchain itself has no business model.It can be said.
You are talking about using blockchain technology to combine with a certain industry, which is what we call "blockchain +". After combining specific projects, we will deeply combine technology and industry, and then develop Corresponding landing application.
Characteristics of blockchain technology and applicable fields
① Data cannot be tampered with. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed database. There is no centralized server and it is not controlled by a single person. Or it can be controlled by a certain organization. The data in the blockchain system is stored in each node. If the data on the node is changed, it will not be verified in the entire blockchain network. With This feature is that finance, public government affairs data, audit data, etc. will be put to good use.
② Distributed storage. In the District Kuailian system, each running node has a complete copy of the data, which allows each node to independently verify and retrieve data, greatly increasing the reliability of the system. Combining the characteristics of this blockchain technology and applying it to games, everyone is familiar with the fact that our games are all applied on a game server, which can greatly increase the stability of the game and improve the player's gaming experience
③Anonymity. Traditional software clients all need to register a user name, bind a mobile phone number, etc. In order to increase the user's recognition, some will also add identity authentication, combined with blockchain technology, generated through a public password algorithm Converted from the public key, which is usually a garbled string. The Bitcoin system is like this, but we don’t know who the operator is behind it
So combined with this technical feature, we can use it for online payment, collection, property on the chain, etc., which is huge User information is protected.
『三』What are the applications and successful examples of blockchain?
Blockchain can be applied to all walks of life. Taking e-commerce as an example, in order to solve the problem of e-commerce in counterfeiting To solve the pain points in cargo, logistics, integrity, supervision, etc., major companies and platforms are also showing off their skills and tricks. Blockchain is used as one of the more feasible means, so how does it solve these problems?
First, supervise the production process of goods. When visiting online stores, the biggest worry is buying fake products, especially overseas products. In addition, there is also the price problem caused by fake products. How to buy products at reasonable prices while ensuring the authenticity is really a headache. The transparency and irreversibility of blockchain technology allow consumers to check the production place, manufacturer, raw materials, etc. of goods at any time.
Second, trace and track the transportation of goods. A series of operational activities such as supply chain, inventory, and logistics involved in e-commerce will involve multiple intermediaries. The decentralized, non-tamperable, and traceable characteristics of blockchain make the entire process transparent, and any partner can You can check the inventory and payment status, which can effectively solve the "bullwhip effect" of the supply chain."Problem. (Bullwhip effect: refers to a phenomenon of amplification of demand variation in the supply chain. The fundamental reason for its occurrence is the lack of communication and trust mechanisms between upstream and downstream enterprises in the supply chain. Demand information is transmitted upward along the supply chain. The process is constantly being misinterpreted.) At the same time, blockchain smart contracts can be used to standardize intermediaries, such as logistics and payment management partners. Simplifying the huge management system, thereby improving efficiency.
Third, ensure product sales and after-sales services. Currently, three-quarters of transactions in China’s e-commerce market are completed on the mobile terminal. Payment trust is a major problem that the platform needs to solve, and blockchain is known as “ "Trust the machine", let me give you an example. Many online stores will fake orders or falsify data in order to get good reviews. Once the purchase information is uploaded to the chain, it cannot be tampered with, ensuring authenticity. You can check the merchant's real transaction records. , to ensure whether the merchant is trustworthy.
Fourth, protect user privacy. The private key, public key, and encryption algorithm of the blockchain can solve this problem. Each user has his own independent address, and due to the anonymity of the blockchain, companies cannot publish or store user information, and are protected from hacker attacks.
For specific implementation, we use the two domestic e-commerce giants as For example. Alibaba has begun to introduce blockchain since 2016. First, Ant Financial launched blockchain technology to pay for charity donations, and conducted the first test of blockchain technology; by 2017, Ant Financial The technology laboratory announced the opening of blockchain technology to support imported food safety and product authenticity traceability; in 2018, Cainiao and Tmall International announced the use of blockchain technology to track and verify the full logistics information of cross-border imported goods. These data include The country of origin, country of shipment, port of loading, mode of transportation, port of import, bonded warehouse inspection and quarantine order number, customs declaration number, etc. are included.
Logistics and commodity traceability are indeed blocks It is a good entry point for chains to enter the e-commerce field. As one of the domestic e-commerce giants, JD.com is certainly not to be outdone. In 2017, JD.com announced the establishment of the "JD Quality Traceability Anti-Counterfeiting Alliance" to unite government departments at all levels through the alliance chain. method to build Jingdong’s blockchain anti-counterfeiting traceability platform; in December of the same year, it jointly announced the establishment of China’s first safe food blockchain traceability alliance with Walmart, IBM, and the National Engineering Laboratory of E-Commerce Transaction Technology of Tsinghua University.
『四』 What is blockchain technology and how it changes business and financial models
Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that allows multiple participants Together, a secure, transparent, and immutable record is maintained on a decentralized network. Blockchain technology was originally designed for the digital currency Bitcoin, but has now been widely used in many other fields.
The core features of blockchain technology include:
QuizhongCentralization: Blockchain has no central control agency, and data is distributed on various nodes in the network, which makes it decentralized and reduces the risk of single points of failure.
Transparency: Transaction records on the blockchain are public to all participants, and anyone can view these records. This helps increase trust and reduce the risk of fraud.
Immutable: Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be easily modified or deleted. This guarantees data integrity and security.
Smart contracts: Transactions on the blockchain can be automatically executed to implement "smart contracts", which automatically execute corresponding operations when specific conditions are met. This helps simplify complex business processes and reduce costs.
Blockchain technology has had a profound impact on business and financial models, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Reducing costs: Blockchain technology can reduce intermediary links and reduce costs. Transaction costs and operating costs. For example, by adopting blockchain for cross-border payments, remittance fees can be significantly reduced.
Improving efficiency: The automation and smart contract features of blockchain technology help improve the efficiency of business processes, reduce manual intervention, and reduce error rates.
Enhance trust: The transparency and non-tamperability of blockchain technology help to establish a reliable trust system, reduce the risk of fraud, and provide better protection for commercial activities.
Innovative business models: Blockchain technology has spawned many new business models, such as decentralized finance (DeFi), digital asset trading, supply chain finance, etc. These new business models have brought disruptive changes to existing industries.
In short, blockchain technology, as an emerging technical means, is gradually changing the landscape of business and finance. With the continuous development of technology and the in-depth promotion of applications, blockchain is expected to have a more extensive and far-reaching impact in the future
『五』What are the applications of blockchain technology in business
< p>1. Banking industryA bank is a safe storage warehouse and value exchange center, and blockchain, as a new digital transaction method, can more safely prevent financial risks. Nowadays, there are Even better in the financial field. UBS and the British Barclays Bank have successively carried out blockchain research experiments. It is hoped that the cost of settlement middlemen can be reduced through the decentralized ledger characteristics of blockchain technology.
2. Payment and cash transactions
Today’s transaction model has been fixed for hundreds of years. Nowadays, the intervention of blockchain technology is to create a more simplified transaction system, which can create a better future for the existing cash transaction model with the characteristics of decentralization, convenience, borderlessness, ultra-low rates, and instant transaction arrival. "Business Structure".
3. Academic certificates and training traceability
Using blockchain technology to certify academic certificates will ensure that students’ education and training are traceable. If the future education system can adopt open and transparent academic qualificationsCertificates, transcripts and diplomas can better solve the problem of academic qualifications or certificate fraud, and solve the labor cost and the cost of certificate manufacturing.
4. Copyright certification
“Traditional copyright protection methods include copyright registration, judicial appraisal and notarization. These are all effective methods to protect originality, but they are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Traditional media consumes a lot of money in After spending time and energy to produce content, the traditional methods of copyright protection seem a bit helpless. It takes as much time and energy as creating content. For example, a single creative article worth a few hundred yuan, or even dozens of yuan, is Hundreds of dollars must be spent on copyright protection, which is unacceptable to many creators.
By developing blockchain-based digital rights management (DRM: Digital Rights Management) technology, the works Each authorization or copyright owner records and tracks the copyright of the work at the time of release, giving managers and authors stronger control over intellectual property rights. Blockchain technology can help authors, artists, Photographers and other artistic workers register the copyright of their works on the blockchain to prevent infringement.
Blockchain technology provides a simple public database registration to facilitate creators to register copyright on the blockchain and obtain the corresponding copyright. Certificate. If someone copies a work without permission, the blockchain will automatically issue a copyright certificate as a warning. It will also record all authorized and unauthorized copying and issuance behaviors as a management and statistics for the management department and copyright owners. It can also be used as evidence in court for infringements.
5. Public welfare and charity
The characteristics of the blockchain itself are to solve the "trust" problem in charity fundraising. The blockchain is a A digital account book that cannot be tampered with. In the transaction model based on blockchain technology, there is no central organization or central server. All transactions are recorded in the blockchain distributed database, which means that The donations or benefits can be effectively distributed to the people who need them, and the entire process is simpler, safer, more transparent, and more authentic.
Triporg: It is a travel service platform that uses blockchain technology to provide air tickets, train tickets, etc. Booking service.
『Lu』The main features of the blockchain business model are
The blockchain distributed business model has the following characteristics:
1. Dimensionality reduction
Traditional business models are high-dimensional and have extremely asymmetric information. For example, automobile manufacturers shield car manufacturing costs and technical content from customers, and companies obtain profits through information asymmetry. Internet business model It is a mid-latitude platform where the platform controls all user information and all stakeholders are related on the platform. The platform seems to be fair to everyone, but in fact different users have different information and permissions.
< br />Blockchain distributed business model is low-dimensional, which greatly reduces the dimensionality of the Internet and traditional business models, and is specifically realized as information symmetry., openness and transparency, equal power, removing the centralized platform, and all users transacting on the same level. For example, Alipay is an Internet business model. The Alipay platform holds information on hundreds of millions of users. All transactions must be processed through the Alipay settlement center. Alipay has the right to intervene in abnormal transfers it determines, and has the right to modify the rules and charge relevant fees in accordance with the set rules. And users can only passively obey. The relationship between Alipay and users is one of centralized power and obedience. The Bitcoin network can be understood as the parallel migration of the Alipay system on the blockchain. It is a decentralized point-to-point payment system. In the Bitcoin network, there is no centralized settlement system. Settlement and accounting can only be completed with the participation of all nodes. Its rule transactions are solidified by code, information is open and transparent, and node participation rights, accounting rights, and income rights are all are equal and characterized by high trust. The relationship between the Bitcoin network and each node is complementary and indispensable. If the Bitcoin network leaves node verification, the payment system cannot operate.
2. Distribution
Dimensionality reduction solves the unequal relationship between the original centralized organization and users, but once the dimensionality is reduced, a huge number of users will How (node) relationships are handled is the core of the blockchain business model. In a distributed network where everyone is the center and everyone is a node, obtaining benefits through fair competition on the basis of equal rights and responsibilities is in line with the characteristics of extreme competition in the market. For example, in the Bitcoin network, every node has equal power and competes fairly to obtain Bitcoin rewards based on POW. In the commodity traceability system, every node is an equal member, information is not controlled by any party, power is equal, and responsibilities and interests are clearly divided.
Distribution of power has an motivating effect in business models. Unfair competition is prone to occur in traditional business models and Internet business models, thus damaging the enthusiasm of entities to participate. For example, in the auction market, due to opaque information, it is difficult to avoid power rent-seeking and collusion. In the blockchain network, each node exists in a distributed manner and competes in an information-transparent environment. Therefore, the blockchain distributed business model is a model that conforms to the laws of the market, which can promote the market mechanism and improve the incentive effect of the market.
3. Equity decomposition
Equity decomposition may be the biggest innovation in the blockchain distributed business model. Generally, ownership includes four rights: possession, use, income, and disposal. In the traditional business model, property rights transfer generally includes the transfer of these four rights together, while property rights leasing only transfers the right to use, and the owner retains the rights of possession, income and disposal. Ownership and management rights may or may not be separated, and the separated management rights are in the hands of specific operators. In the Internet business model, ownership has begun to differentiate significantly. Users enjoy the right to use a large number of Internet products, but do not have the right to possess, benefit or dispose of them. Operating rights have little to do with users, only a small number ofCrowdsourced products (***) are relevant.
In the blockchain distributed business model, there is a large degree of separation of possession, use, income, and disposal in ownership, a large degree of separation between ownership and operating rights, and decision-making rights, and operating rights and decision-making rights (partial) In the hands of ordinary users. In the Bitcoin network, those who hold Bitcoins enjoy the rights to the future income of Bitcoins, but do not have the right to possess them. The nodes control the settlement rights and accounting rights, and the blockchain network cannot leave the participation rights of the nodes. A more specific example is that investors purchase stocks and enjoy the equity of the listed company, including the rights of possession, use, income and disposal, but they have no operating rights, and most of them have no decision-making rights. When investors purchase currency, they do not have ownership of the project, but they have the right to future income from the currency, as well as the right to use and operate as a node (verification and accounting rights), and voting rights (decision-making rights). Of course, there are still many problems in the current rights, responsibilities and interests system. In many blockchain projects, the rights and interests of many blockchain projects cannot be guaranteed because investors have no ownership rights.
This decomposition of rights and interests leads to changes in the original relationship of rights, responsibilities and interests, thus forming a new business model. In the distributed business model, project owners, operators, decision-makers, users, and beneficiaries are separated from each other and at the same time interdependent. The ideal state may be that the beneficiary (coin holder) takes higher risks and makes profits through the money market, and the owner profits from the project profits, but the beneficiary reduces the income risk by participating in operations and decision-making.
The blockchain distributed business model still has a lot of room for development, the most critical of which is how to build a standardized currency market to protect the interests of the beneficiaries. In this way, in this business model, risks can be transferred, income distribution can be benign, and rights, responsibilities, and benefits can be more clearly defined.
