区块链大讲堂,区块链一书的作者张健

近年来，区块链技术受到了越来越多的关注，引起了众多行业的重视。张健先生是一位知名的区块链技术专家，他曾经出版了《区块链大讲堂》和《区块链一书》，为普及区块链技术做出了巨大的贡献。

《区块链大讲堂》是一本全面深入介绍区块链技术的书籍，张健先生从区块链的历史、基础概念、应用场景、技术原理等方面，深入浅出地讲解了区块链技术的各个方面，使得读者可以更加清楚地了解区块链技术。

《区块链一书》则是张健先生聚焦于区块链应用场景的一本书籍，他深入剖析了区块链技术在金融、物联网、智能合约、数字资产等行业的应用场景，并且从实践的角度出发，提出了一些构建区块链应用的实战建议，使得读者能够更加深入地了解区块链技术的实际应用。

张健先生的两本书籍，为普及区块链技术做出了巨大的贡献，他的书籍既可以让读者全面了解区块链技术，也可以让读者更加深入地了解区块链技术的实际应用。这两本书籍，是探索区块链技术的必备工具！

请查看相关英文文档

Ⅰ Interpretation of 2021 Innovation Trends! Highlights of the China-UK Global Innovation Forum | Forum Direct

2020 is the peak year of technological development, and topics such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, big data, digitization, and industrial Internet have become the focus of society's attention. At the same time, companies are facing technology-driven industry disruption and a volatile market environment. Facing the future, how should we start over?

From December 12th to 13th, despite the obstacles of the epidemic, the "2020 China-UK Global Innovation Forum" was held online. Famous experts and scholars from the University of Cambridge, Oxford University, Peking University and Zhejiang University focused on business innovation and conducted in-depth discussions on topics such as the direction of enterprise management innovation, cross-border technological cooperation, innovation and entrepreneurship services, and the development of the China-UK Science and Technology Park.

This forum was jointly organized by Chuanghehui New Business School and Hamerton College, University of Cambridge. Through 10 important topics and 2 roundtable forums, it provided opportunities for people from all over the world to Scholars, business leaders, and pioneers from all walks of life around the world have created a field where they can share new knowledge and methods with each other, and gain confidence and strength from each other.

DAY 1

/ Opening Speech/

Chuanghehui Business School, Chuanghehui Cloud University College Mr. Hase Laiyoshi first delivered the opening speech for this forum. Dean Gu pointed out that one of the missions of Chuanghehui New Business School is to tear down the walls of universities, reshape business education, and allow knowledge to flow. We hope that through unremitting efforts, we can empower more innovative entrepreneurs, improve everyone's abilities and broaden their horizons, thereby helping China's innovation. Based on this, we have established cooperation with many top universities at home and abroad to not only strengthen academic exchanges, but also jointly build teaching centers and introduce outstanding foreign business school degree programs, including the MBA program of the Netherlands Business School and the MBA program of Shenandoah University in the United States. , HEC Liège High Business EDBA Project at the University of Liege in Belgium, etc.

Finally, I hope the forum can add warmth and confidence to everyone in this unique and cold winter!

/ Innovation is unpredictable /

Zhang Weiying, co-founder and professor of the National School of Development at Peking University, said that innovation is unpredictable. Because innovation is when we do something that has not been done in the past, and past data cannot tell us what will be right and what will be wrong in the future.

Professor Zhang pointed out that entrepreneurial decision-making is not entirely based on scientific decision-making. We generally think that scientific decision-making is the most amazing thing, but scientific decision-making is based on data and calculations.Given data, as long as there are no errors in the calculation method, the answer is unique. Entrepreneurial decision-making is different from data and calculations, but is based on imagination, intuition and judgment. Therefore, different people will draw different conclusions based on the same data. Therefore, there is no consensus in entrepreneurial decision-making. What the majority agrees on cannot be called innovation. Only what a few people agree on can be innovation. Therefore, there is no standard answer to entrepreneurial decision-making. If we confuse this and completely replace entrepreneurial decision-making with scientific decision-making, we may hinder innovation.

/ The Future of Artificial Intelligence/

Huang Tiejun, a PhD in artificial intelligence from Huazhong University of Science and Technology and a professor at the School of Information Science and Technology at Peking University, said that looking back Looking at the history of the development of artificial intelligence, it is actually difficult to predict the future of artificial intelligence, but if we look at it from its essence, intelligence is a function and phenomenon. So what we really want to predict in the future depends not only on intelligence itself, but also on the changes in the machine carriers that realize intelligence. This change will bring about fundamental changes, and this fundamental change is what we predict. One of the most important basis for the future.

If we want to look at 10, 20 or even longer years, we have to look at what the future intelligent system will actually do. I think the basic task of future intelligent systems is actually to explore in the natural environment and the development environment, to face real challenges and to solve problems. Just like we humans need to explore and solve problems in a complex environment.

/ The evolution of industry, academia and research at Cambridge University/

CEO of Cambridge University Spin-off Technology Company, responsible for the international expansion plan of Cambridge University Technology Transfer Office Professor Brain Corbett shared with you how Cambridge’s ecosystem supports innovation and Cambridge University’s technology commercialization path.

Professor Brian Corbett said that in the past few years, the University of Cambridge has become the third largest university innovation ecosystem in the world. So, what is the secret of the success of the University of Cambridge?

In addition, scientific research can bring great influence. The influence of scientific research is through products. Or provided by the commercialization of technology, through our research process we can well connect with end consumers, allowing consumers to enjoy the latest scientific products.

Moderator: Let me ask Dr. Deng. In fact, Peking University Science and Technology Park is similar to Cambridge. They are both based on Peking University and have a large number of universities.Regarding mass production, academic and research resources, please tell us about the current development status and results.

Deng Zhongming: We are a science and technology park under Peking University. Most of our basic talents come from universities and scientific research institutions. We mostly find entrepreneurial teams from Peking University and other universities to come to our park. At present, there are more than 60 entrepreneurial teams in our park, about one-third of which are from Peking University, some from other universities such as Tsinghua University and Harbin Institute of Technology, and 15 teams are from abroad. We have now graduated 45 companies. What does graduation mean? The concept of graduation in China is to obtain the national high-tech enterprise certification.

So generally speaking, we very much welcome cooperation with university research institutions, including international cooperation. At present, we have established cooperation with Canada and Germany.

DAY 2

/Innovation Management in the Era of Change/

Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Strategy, School of Management, Zhejiang University Zheng Gang, deputy director and professor of the department, shared with everyone the three major innovation rules in the era of change.

The first rule, what should we do in the current era of change, my suggestion is to establish a comprehensive concept of innovation, that is to say innovation Not only purely technical issues, but also business models, markets, culture, organizational structures, etc. can all create value for the company through innovation.

The second rule is what should be done in the VUCA era of change. My suggestion is a lean strategy, which can run in small steps and iterate quickly.

The third rule is what should we do in terms of organizational form. My suggestion is how to establish a dual-type organization through "one enterprise, two systems" , what is a dual organization? On the one hand, it must ensure that the first curve of the existing main business is getting better and better, on the other hand, it must also cultivate and layout the second curve, which is the future growth point, in advance.

/ Investment logic driven by double cycle/

Partner of Guoke Jiahe Investment Management Co., Ltd., former China Telecom Tianyi Venture Capital Lu Jiaqing, executive deputy general manager, said that the basic investment logic driven by the double cycle is that, for example, when we look at the "new infrastructure" field, or the big logic in the TMT field during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, it can be divided into two categories:

The first one is the so-called technical stuck position. For example, our country's largest chips, such asFeiteng, Loongson, Haiguang, etc., if you occupy one of them, you will obviously have a place on the desktop and server. This is a typical card position logic.

The second one is the business card slot. We also see that there are some business logics, called business card positions. For example, when it comes to information security, the typical information security track is a fragmented track. Many fields in this field have double-digit growth, including industrial control. Security and data security are both experiencing double-digit growth, but any of these subdivisions is only a few billion, and the overall market capacity is not large. We will find that first of all, you need to have a business niche in a segmented track, and then you quickly need to grow horizontally to grow into a very large company.

/Cambridge Business Innovation and Incubator Development/

Alex Smeets, Ph.D. in Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Executive Director of St. John's Innovation Center at Cambridge Science Park He said that there is no unified definition of technology parks, accelerators and incubators, and it all depends on how we operate these parks or incubators. Some large accelerators do not provide a facility focused on offline or hardware. Sometimes we will provide some shared office space or desks and other facilities.

The first such accelerator at the University of Cambridge is called the Imagination Space Entrepreneur Accelerator. The purpose of this accelerator is to improve the lives of millions of people. It is through the startup companies settled in this accelerator that they will be better To improve people's lives as much as possible, we also provide a series of hardware and software facilities, including shared office spaces, entrepreneurial community resources, connecting with successful companies and investors, and providing some on-site consultation.

The second accelerator was established in 2012. This accelerator has some teaching tasks, as well as some training and coaching programs for entrepreneurs. This accelerator is run by a business school.

There is also an incubator and co-creation center called the Barclays Eagle Labs Incubator Co-creation Space, which was established after 2007 and 2008. The country is keen to restore the credibility of the financial and banking sector, so this incubator and co-creation space provides some private offices and meeting spaces.

/ Cryptocurrency and Blockchain/

PhD from the London School of Economics and Political Science, Garrick, Research Fellow at the Cambridge Center for Alternative Finance and the Center for Macroeconomics Hileman said that the founder of a blockchain startup once said that blockchain can help us transform a world where we don’t be evil into a world where we can’t be evil. Because now with the blockchain, noThere will be malicious acts such as data tampering or theft. Because blockchain is a non-centralized technology, many things can be done using blockchain. In addition to digital currency, we can also make smart contracts, which are software that run on blockchain technology and can achieve some smart contracts on this platform.

Garrick Hileman also talked about some common misunderstandings about blockchain. He said:

Blockchain has been very hot by everyone. The first misunderstanding is that blockchain does not require trust. But in fact, blockchain requires a certain degree of trust. Digital currency is not automatic or safe. It is not 100% safe, and blockchain is not automatic or safer than other systems.

The second misunderstanding is that the blockchain is tamper-proof or eternal. But this is not correct. In fact, our transactions can be reversed, and transactions can be reversed under certain circumstances. They are not always tamper-proof. But it can prevent tampering to a large extent because it is decentralized and its technical architecture is difficult to tamper with, but it is not completely tamper-proof.

/ Algorithmic Games and Computer Social Choice/

Edith Elkind, Ph.D. of Princeton University and professor of Computer Science Department of Oxford University, mainly shared with you Application of artificial intelligence in security field. She said that one of the challenges in security work is that security resources are very limited. For example, at airports, security guards cannot deploy enough manpower at every node. There is also a huge challenge when it comes to protecting wildlife, and it depends on how the attacker deploys it. Our job would be easier if the attacker did not observe us, but that is not the case.

Because attackers’ attacks are unpredictable, we cannot predict their attack plans. The strategy can only be intelligent random allocation. Some targets may be The attacker is more important, but it is unpredictable, so random allocation can only be done to evaluate which target is more important to the attacker. This is where artificial intelligence comes in, helping us decide how to deploy security guards and predict where attackers will target.

Roundtable Forum

"The Development Road of Sino-British Innovation Industrial Park"

p>

Based on the "Sino-British Innovation Industrial Park""The Road to District Development" as the theme, Dr. Alex Smeets, Ph.D. in Materials Science from the University of Cambridge, Executive Director of the St. John's Innovation Center at Cambridge Science Park; Dr. Edith Elkind, Ph.D. from Princeton University, Professor of Computer Science at the University of Oxford; Director of the National Incubation Alliance of the China Technology Entrepreneurship Association, Mr. Wang Xiaoli, director of the International Science and Technology Cooperation Department of the China Technology Entrepreneurship Association, and Mr. Zheng Gang, deputy director and professor of the Department of Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Strategy, School of Management, Zhejiang University, attended this roundtable forum.

Moderator: First of all, I would like to ask Secretary-General Wang, please talk about it from a Chinese perspective, if we need to cooperate with overseas science and technology parks to develop What areas are the directions in?

Wang Xiaoli: We are currently carrying out a lot of cooperation at home and abroad. In terms of park services, we help domestic parks set up overseas innovation centers or offshore incubators. Today, due to the impact of the epidemic, the original offline communication methods have been temporarily suspended. Now we are also exploring more international cooperation methods.

In terms of parks, one is to establish an overseas innovation resource center, and the other is to organize related innovation and entrepreneurship activities, including various competitions. We are also providing corresponding professional services for two-way incubation companies, including company registration, policy application, overseas compliance, product trade, overseas investment and financing, overseas recruitment, overseas large-scale exhibitions and overseas promotion meetings and other services.

At the corporate level, the first one is to help domestic companies set up overseas R&D centers and overseas laboratories, help domestic companies find technology partners, and expand overseas. The development of markets and globalization. The second is to help companies in partner countries carry out project incubation and accelerate road show services. This is the work currently being done in international cooperation. In addition, we also want to discuss jointly establishing an overseas investment fund with the British side, recommending high-quality projects to each other, assuming auxiliary post-investment management responsibilities, and sharing fund investment income.

Moderator: Dr. Alex, please share the cooperation opportunities between China and the UK in incubators and science and technology parks.

Alex Smeets: Cooperation with Chinese incubators and science and technology park institutions is an area of ​​great concern. There have been a series of cooperation activities in the past that have been very successful. At present, Constantly exploring and learning how to work together better.

Now when it comes to cooperation opportunities, we have encountered some challenges in the past. In different countries, the management and operation methods of science and technology parks are different. University of Cambridge Science and Technology Parkand incubators are operated in a very commercial manner. Very few science and technology parks and incubators are funded and constructed by the government. They are basically completely commercially operated, which means that one owner obtains the property through leasing. Profitability, incubators and science and technology innovation parks will not be too deeply involved in the company's operations. Many companies find us, so the company itself needs to have some business activities and scale first, and make decisions by itself. This is the first step.

If they find us, we will help as much as possible. This is different from other science and technology parks in the world. Some countries Science and Technology Innovation Parks and incubators will have certain management and control over the business operations of companies settled there. We only provide them with consultation and guidance. If they need any support, they will come to us, but we will not actively intervene in the operations of their companies. .

Moderator: Professor Zheng, based on China’s current situation, what role and function can science and technology parks play in the national innovation strategy?

Zheng Gang: Science and Technology Innovation Park plays a very important role in regional development. In the past 40-60 years, Science and Technology Innovation Park has proven that own importance. Universities have always played a very important role in the Science and Technology Innovation Park. The talents of Silicon Valley companies all come from Stanford. Stanford University has provided many valuable talents to the Science and Technology Innovation Park. The Science and Technology Innovation Park requires different innovations in different regions. Strategy.

For example, how can the scientific research results of universities be better realized in commercial transformation? How can talent entrepreneurship be better utilized? There are also underlying design and well-known alumni resources of the university. Whether it is for the region or the country, I think the Science and Technology Innovation Park is very important in innovation.

Moderator: Professor Edith, please share that there are many science and technology parks in China that focus on artificial intelligence. Are they in the UK? Is there a science and technology park similar to the Internet? How can we better connect computer technology and science and innovation parks?

Edith Elkin: As far as I know, there are some companies that combine artificial intelligence and biotechnology. We have some artificial intelligence companies. It is currently doing relatively well in operating independently and utilizing artificial intelligence technology. These companies will also conduct many different biotechnology experiments, in which they will integrate a lot of artificial intelligence and biotechnology.

I also saw some teams in the university, which combines the two very well. In the field of artificial intelligence, I think physical proximity is also very important. There are also some science and technology parks around Oxford University. There are many companies that are engaged in artificial intelligence and algorithms. We have seen that some companies are also very successful.

Through this forum, China and the UK have become more determined that open innovation is the right direction, and will jointly explore the Sino-UK innovation technology cooperation system and two-way incubation cooperation mechanism in the future. By jointly opening up their respective innovation resources and incubation spaces, mutually promoting the cooperation needs of enterprises of both parties, cooperating to build joint laboratories, co-building offshore innovation centers, and jointly organizing innovation and entrepreneurship activities to achieve the interoperability and sharing of innovative resources and the development of scientific and technological projects. Two-way incubation; at the same time, it also provides professional service support for enterprises from both countries to develop overseas markets, joint technology research and development, overseas investment and financing, etc., jointly explore new paths for Sino-British scientific and technological innovation cooperation, and create a good environment for Sino-British scientific and technological innovation ecology!

This forum will be hosted by senior experts in innovation management and organizational development,

International technology transfer and industry incubation consultant,

Wu Da, special instructor of Chuanghehui New Business Hosted by Mr. You

Chuanghehui New Business is a new generation of global business education platform based on the high-quality resources of well-known domestic and foreign universities such as Shanghai Jiao Tong University. . The platform is committed to breaking down the walls of universities, reshaping business education, breaking through the boundaries between education and industry, cultivating business elites and achieving outstanding enterprises. In the future, Chuanghehui New Business School will always maintain a sense of mission and responsibility for education, continue to innovate, further bring cutting-edge knowledge to China's innovative entrepreneurs, expand their horizons, improve the pattern, and help China innovate!

II What changes can blockchain bring to data sharing

What changes can blockchain bring to data sharing
Currently, text and text are shared on social networking sites Taking photos and sharing each other's joys, sorrows and joys has become an important part of public life.
With the progress of the times, sharing is gradually entering the real society. A series of shared economic models such as shared bicycles, shared umbrellas, shared power banks, and shared cars have emerged, bringing great convenience to human life. .
As a distributed shared ledger, blockchain technology seems to be inherently inseparable from sharing, and industry insiders continue to claim that this technology can bring revolutionary progress to sharing.
So, what is the difference between blockchain-based sharing and Internet-based sharing? This article takes data sharing as an example to answer this question.

Blockchain shares more than just data
Data sharing is an innate need of human beings. For example, talking about life ideals in a cafe, writing text, etc., these are allAn important way for ordinary people to communicate information with others.
The emergence of the Internet has broken the geographical and time limitations of data sharing. It allows different people to communicate instantly in different locations on the earth. The emergence of email, online instant messaging and other technologies has greatly improved the efficiency of information transmission. efficiency.
In addition, the Internet can collect massive amounts of data, providing a larger capacity than paper archives, allowing users to obtain rich information in a short period of time.
So, how is all this different under blockchain technology?
In fact, blockchain technology is not concerned with the sharing of data, but the sharing of data control permissions. The permissions here mainly refer to the power to modify and increase data. It mainly contains two meanings:< br />One is who can modify the data
The other is how to modify it.
In the Internet model, data reading, writing, editing and deletion are generally accompanied by identity authentication operations. Only specific people can modify the data. In the blockchain model, especially the public chain system Under this system, anyone can participate in reading and writing data, and a trustless system is built in the form of a distributed ledger. The various organizations or individuals participating in reading and writing can not trust each other, but can store the final status of the data in the system. Reach a consensus.
To put it simply, the essential difference between blockchain-based sharing and Internet-based sharing is that blockchain shares not just data, but the control of data. So, how exactly does blockchain handle data control?
Blockchain controls data through rules
Before the emergence of blockchain technology, Internet data was usually controlled by a single entity. Since the website operator has complete control over the central server, these organizations can edit and process the data at will. Although organizations also need to complete data modification and other behaviors under certain laws and agreements, because they are the party that controls the resources, it is difficult for individual users to enjoy complete control.
To give a simple example, a user uploads a photo to the website platform and hopes that friends can see the photo. Excluding some illegal elements, who has the final control over this photo?
Obviously, from the user's point of view, this photo belongs to them, but in fact, these social networking sites are the real controllers. They can modify it at will, but users have nothing to do.
In other words, under the existing Internet system, as long as you have the right to operate the website platform, you can completely control the data on the platform.
Under the blockchain system, data is not controlled by any authoritative party, and its authority is controlled by rules. The main goal of these rules is to stipulate what kind of information is valid, and also stipulates How participants should provide feedback on it.
These rules are usually pre-defined and participants joining the blockchain network must abide by the rules. Of course, technically speaking, participants are free to ignore certain rules and construct their own structures based on their own interests.Create some invalid data. However, due to the existence of the blockchain consensus mechanism, other participants can exclude these invalid data from the network based on predefined rules.
For example, in the blockchain blacklist sharing platform system launched by Suning Financial, there are many such rules-no data can be queried without points, only the organization has the authority to modify the data of this organization, etc. Once an institution performs an operation outside the rules, these operations will be regarded as invalid transactions and are prohibited from occurring.
In general, blockchain regulates data writing behavior based on a technical rule system, while the Internet controls data through power and resources. This is the foundation of blockchain-style sharing and Internet-style sharing. sexual distinction.
Blockchain rules are jointly maintained by participants
Although there are some rules in the Internet environment, because the rules are completely maintained by the power parties, it is difficult to avoid black-box operations and other behaviors. In the blockchain system, the rules are jointly maintained by all participants, and each participant will independently verify the data according to the rules.
In this process, we cannot assume that all participants can fully comply with the rules. Therefore, each participant will independently verify the data it receives and determine whether it violates the rules. If the verification data is valid, then the participant will accept the data and forward it to others, otherwise, it will be rejected directly.
Within the blockchain network, new data can be considered valid data and added to the final blockchain shared ledger only when relevant participants agree.
Depending on how the blockchain is constructed, there are big differences in how data is confirmed. For example, in a public chain, most participants need to agree on the validity of the data, while in a consortium chain or private chain, Only a few participants need to agree.
In this method, the participants themselves are the managers, which is the core expression of blockchain decentralization: no institution is superior to others and has complete control authority over the data.
Blockchain is a form of permission sharing, allowing each participant to serve as a data provider, verifier and user at the same time, jointly maintaining the security and validity of blockchain data.
Since the popularity of blockchain, blockchain for everything seems to have become the advertising slogan of the industry, especially some data sharing applications are considered to be excellent examples of blockchain.
In fact, the emergence of the Internet has solved the problem of data sharing to a certain extent. Blockchain realizes the sharing of permissions. This is the most revolutionary change that blockchain has brought to the industry.

III What are the characteristics of blockchain?

According to reports, blockchain has the advantages of decentralization, trustlessness and non-tampering.

Compared to the Internet, the blockchain network conceived by Cosmos also realizes asset value transfer while exchanging information. Cosmos-based Tenderm through the IBC cross-chain protocolThe blockchains developed by int Core can realize cross-chain transfer of tokens, and for public chains generated based on the PoW consensus mechanism such as Ethereum, Pegged Zone can be used to bridge.

Article source: Bit 110 Network

IV What is blockchain

[Definition]

Blockchain (Blockchain) It refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.

Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.

The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by the author who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto (Satoshi Nakamoto) individual (or group). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

[Popular explanation]

No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.

If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, the person who records the accounts the fastest and best during this period, and this person will record the accounts.Account, he will record the changes in the database and the ledger during this period in a block. We can imagine this block as a page. After the system confirms that the record is correct, it will record the data in the past ledger. The fingerprint links (chain) this paper, and then sends this paper to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.

Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world , otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.

[Elements]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).

1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)

2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)

3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)

4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
/>
[Characteristics]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized, trustless, Collectively maintained, reliable databaseeDatabase). And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.

Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.

Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system.

Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.

Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.

IV Give an example of what is blockchain

Question 1: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 8When the amount reaches B, C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", which is a new form of distributed artificial intelligence and will establish a new interface and shared interface between human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 2: What is the transaction process of the blockchain? Best to give an example 20 points 1. Definition
Blockchain is like an open network ledger. It originated from Bitcoin and is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. In a Bitcoin transaction, all the information recorded in the transaction is packaged into a "Block" for storage. With the expansion of information exchange, blocks are linked to each other, forming a blockchain.
2. Characteristics
Digital currency represented by Bitcoin is a peer-to-peer electronic cash system. Among them, each transaction will be broadcast to all participants in the network, and will be recorded in the ledger after multiple confirmations. This ledger is the "blockchain". Each participant will have his own ledger. In this way, when false information occurs, it can be broken through mutual verification, thereby ensuring network security.
In the blockchain, every node is equal, and there is no centralized management organization. This "decentralization" feature makes the blockchain unnecessary to rely on third parties, and its operation does not require any human effort. intervention, capable of independent self-validation. In addition, the blockchain network is open to the world, and anyone can query data through the public port, so the entire system is highly transparent.
3. Application
In short, the blockchain is a trusted database and aReliable "ledger". In the future, it will be used in cross-border payments, securities, loans, voting, etc. For example, in cross-border payments, with the security provided by blockchain, money can be sent to the world anytime and anywhere, thus eliminating many intermediate links and high handling fees.

Question 3: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications of and other aspects of the Internet of Thingsetc.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology at the bottom of Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. It is attracting more and more attention and will form a huge new trend... >>

Question 4: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization (or multi-center), high transparency, no tampering, and no single point of failure.After entering the vision of financial institutions and enterprises, it has moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications at least in many fields such as digital currency, payment and exchange, registration and settlement, digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, and the Internet of Things.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of brand-new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are fully applied in the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become more and more aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, the blockchain Chain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application is by no means limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The place of blockchainMore and more people attach great importance to it because the development and widespread application of the Internet has caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online society) is rapidly expanding and enriching and active, while online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 5: The so-called "district" What is "Blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principle of 10-point blockchain in plain language: decentralized distributed accounting system
Blockchain The core of the technology is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly conduct payment transactions without the participation of a third party.
?
Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block,random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
?
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
?
1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation?
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to satisfy market participants. There is a demand for information, so intermediaries and centers are born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by the global unified market to programming, protocol, andExecutable. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
?
However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
?
Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 7: Explain clearly what is blockchain in an easy-to-understand manner. The English name for blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of Bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on the digitization of assets and has launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 8: What is blockchain? Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
In May 2016, the Currency Blockchain Research Center published the first book in China that introduces blockchain in simple terms, "Blockchain: Defining a New Pattern of Future Finance and Economics." It introduces the impact of blockchain technology on the futureThe impact on finance and economy

Question 9: What is blockchain? For the time being, this is a relatively high-end technology. It connects all nodes (which can be understood as servers) through p2p network technology. Complete data (blocks) are stored on each node. The addition and withdrawal of any node will not affect the normal operation of the chain. Data is embodied in the form of data blocks. Blocks are connected to each other and can be understood as a one-way linked list. The hash value of the nth block is generated based on the hash of the n-1th block, the transaction recorded in the current block, and the random number as parameters. In this way, if you want to modify the data of the historical block, you have to modify all the blocks from the modified block to the final block. The difficulty can be imagined.
The blockchain also introduces a consensus mechanism and an incentive mechanism. There is no way to describe it too comprehensively here. I hope everyone can discuss and learn together

Question 10: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain (Blockchain) refers to the method of decentralization and trustlessness. A technical solution for collectively maintaining a reliable database.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

VI How to evaluate the Chinese physicist Zhang Shousheng

The lonely boy walked out of the attic and walked into the glory of science. In his world, the stars are brilliant. Inside, the vastness of the universe, the wonders of science, and human history and civilization shine brightly.

He is a Chinese scientist who has joined the top club in the physics community across the ocean, and is the venture capitalist closest to the Nobel Prize.

He loves life, has listened to Italian operas, and has taken his family to the most beautiful places on earth; he regards art and philosophy as enlightenment, and happily writes prefaces to historical books. Talk freely about your feelings in it, which is about the beauty of art and science reaching the same goal through different paths.

He is 55 years old and still has a deep understanding of the world.With strong curiosity, this summer, he told his friends that he wanted to go to Sichuan to see Sanxingdui with his own eyes, which is the source of the Yangtze River civilization.

However, this winter, Zhang Shousheng, who had pursued beauty all his life, left.

On December 1, local time in the United States, Zhang Shousheng, a famous Chinese physicist, academician of the National Academy of Sciences, and foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, passed away at Stanford University at the age of 55. A statement from his family said he had struggled with depression.

He came from the depths of time and headed towards the vast universe.

Remembering the Chinese-American physicist Zhang Shousheng: Still in the Brilliance of Stardom
Professor Zhang Shousheng delivered a speech at the second "2018 Sino-US Economists Financial Technology Innovation Forum" hosted by Xicai Think Tank speech.

Faith in Mathematics

“I would describe this great era in one sentence, that is, ‘In Math We Trust’.”

— —Zhang Shousheng

“I’m very sad.” On the other end of the phone, Tang Jiqiang, CEO of Xicai Think Tank, no longer spoke in a high-spirited tone. He had been planning to facilitate Zhang Shousheng’s trip to Sichuan, but he had just started to arrange dozens of them. Hours later, I received the news that my friend had passed away. "I was a little confused. Among many Chinese alumni groups at Stanford, everyone was mourning."

Remembering the Chinese physicist Zhang Shousheng: Still in the glory of the star
Professor Zhang Shousheng and Professor Tang Jiqiang, CEO of Xicai Think Tank, at the forum

August 28 this year - this day, Tang Jiqiang remembers it clearly. This was the last time he and Zhang Shousheng met. That day, Zhang Shousheng was invited by him to participate in the second "2018 Sino-US Economists FinTech Innovation Forum". At this forum, the title of Zhang Shousheng's speech was "In Math We Trust".

“The belief in mathematics.” At the forum, Zhang Shousheng connected natural science and cryptoeconomics. In his view, blockchain technology can add random mathematical algorithms to economic behavior, making the network Reach consensus. Consensus is the prerequisite for the creation of currency. In nature, electrons will show the same characteristics under certain circumstances, which can be regarded as reaching a natural consensus.

Like this, in Zhang Shousheng’s world, rigorous and precise scientific demonstrations and romantic artistic civilization have the same beauty.

Recalling the Chinese physicist Zhang Shousheng: still in the glory of the stars
As a child, in the attic of Zhang’s rented house in Jing’an District, Shanghai, the young Zhang Shousheng came into contact with "History of Western Philosophy" and "Three Kingdoms" "The Romance" and other books. When he wrote the preface to "Light of Civilization" written by Wu Jun, he admitted that the historical stories he read when he was a child once made him feel that history seemed to be a game of chess, and that fate was always under the control of those great men.

At the age of 15, in the class of Fudan University, physics againTaking him into another world, he wrote, "The universe under Newton's equations is like a Swiss watch, running precisely every minute and every second. From apples on trees to planets in the solar system, all are measured with a It can be described by the simple and beautiful law of universal gravitation."

Both these two completely different worlds mysteriously attracted him and gave him rich and dazzling beauty. In the eyes of others, this beauty It shows that he understands life and lives soberly.

When Tang Jiqiang and Zhang Shousheng got acquainted, Zhang Shousheng was already a top scientist well-known in the academic world. Under the aura of fame, he had an extremely gentle personality. "He has nostalgia and pride for his motherland, so when he meets compatriots, he always There will be a bit of joy in meeting a close friend in a foreign country."

Zhang Shousheng and Tang Jiqiang chatted. The two talked about international and domestic current affairs, as well as ancient and modern history. Tang Jiqiang was from Sichuan, and Zhang Shousheng was optimistic about the development of Sichuan. He hoped to have the opportunity He can go and take a look. After all, the Land of Abundance has many elements that attract him. Occasionally speaking about his family, walks and outings with his wife, like all husbands with a harmonious family, the physicist is always full of peaceful joy.

After the death of Zhang Shousheng, the obituary issued by his family was restrained and sad. In the eyes of his loved ones, he was a husband and father who cherished the good time with his family and would do everything possible to be with his family. , working together to share stories of the ancient history of each region visited, encouraging fresh ideas and interests.

“Shousheng brought an infectious curiosity to the world,” the obituary read. Just as he always told his students during his lifetime, "The most valuable thing for a person is to have curiosity throughout his life."

Quantum World

The quantum world is parallel, and he thought that his life could also reach this state.

——Zhang Shousheng

If you have nobility hidden in your heart, time will never defeat a gentleman. Many times, physicist Zhang Shousheng maintains a balance between "being out of the world" and "entering into the world."

In August this year, he was invited to participate in the "2018 Sino-US Economists Fintech Innovation Forum". He made very detailed preparations. In a speech of nearly 4,000 words, he bluntly said that blockchain The revolution will amplify the role of the Internet tenfold or a hundredfold. In this regard, he believes that the Internet era is only about information exchange, while the blockchain era has value exchange. The market that generates data generates new value in the exchange process, and all economic behaviors are based on mathematics.

Reminiscing about the Chinese physicist Zhang Shousheng: still in the glory of the star
Professor Zhang Shousheng and Professor Tang Jiqiang, CEO of Xicai Think Tank, at the forum

“All the great people in human history What a company does is not necessarily to create brand new things, but to rearrange and combine existing things.” At the forum, Zhang Shousheng firmly believed that blockchain technology willleading to a new era.

Earlier, in 2013, Zhang Shousheng co-founded Danhua Capital with his students. Before his death, he served as the founding chairman of Danhua Capital. According to media reports, Zhang Shousheng once said that investment in cutting-edge technology is very important, but people who understand cutting-edge technology and those who understand investment are often separated in society: most people who do scientific research are immersed in ivory towers and do not understand investment; most people who do investment He has a business background and has no understanding of cutting-edge technology.

Freedom means absolute inner choice.

Just like wandering in the world of science and art without hindrance, Zhang Shousheng has found his own balance between the identity of a scientist and a venture capitalist. In his view, being a scientist is very important for venture capital investment. It is helpful. Similarly, whether you are a scientist or a venture capitalist, the commonality is to be a good teacher, because both need to lead a team.

Zhang Shousheng is very busy. In Tang Jiqiang’s memory, as a senior visiting scholar at Stanford University, every time he went to the United States, Zhang Shousheng’s time was fully scheduled, but even so, the physicist Still maintain a strong curiosity about the world.

Swimming, traveling, reading, writing, and music are all Zhang Shousheng’s hobbies. Privately, he doesn’t have any “baggage” and he will happily agree to anyone who wants to take a photo with him. His WeChat The circle of friends is open to all friends. When he hears excerpts from Italian operas he has never heard of, he will be as happy as a child who discovers a new toy. He will sigh with a smile, "I still need to learn more."

Being busy is also fulfilling. Zhang Shousheng once said that this truly perfect world is a quantum world, which is a particle of quantum. It can indeed do two things in parallel. The quantum world is parallel, he thought. His life can also reach this state.

See yourself, see the world, and see all living beings. This December, the boy who had been away from the attic for half his life finally went to the depths of the universe. Just like his favorite poem, William Blake, a romantic poet from England:

Seeing the world from a grain of sand,

Seeing heaven from a flower,
/>
Put eternity into one hour,

Hold infinity in the palm of your hand.