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⑴ What is the Internet of Things, what is blockchain, and what is big data

The development of blockchain to this day has already extended from the initial financial transactions to all areas that require middlemen Application projects for guarantee or certification, such as house transactions, car sales, etc., can even integrate blockchain technology with other application services through API connection, thereby accelerating the production of various innovative applications, and even some Help accelerate the development of IoT applications.

The earliest application of blockchain is Bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. It is like a database ledger, and the ledger also contains data from Bitcoin. All transaction records since then include multiple block records. Each block corresponds to a part of the transaction and records the hash value of the previous block, forming a chain-like data structure.

Many experts believe that the emergence of blockchain technology solves the missing link in the security, privacy and reliability issues of the Internet of Things. It can be used to track billions of interconnected devices, facilitate transactions and collaborative processing between devices, and save a lot of costs for the IoT industry. This decentralized approach will eliminate single points of failure and create a more reliable of devices running the ecosystem. At the same time, the encryption algorithm used in the blockchain can also bring higher privacy to consumer data.

The advantage of the blockchain is that it is public, and every network participant can see the blocks and the transaction information stored in them. However, this does not mean that everyone can see your actual transaction content, which is protected by your private key.

Blockchain is decentralized. There is therefore no single authority that can approve transactions or set special rules for the receipt of transactions. This means that there is a huge amount of trust between participants, so all network participants must reach a consensus to receive transactions.

The more important point is that the blockchain is very secure. This kind of data can only be continuously expanded, and previous records cannot be changed. And the ledger used by the blockchain is tamper-proof and cannot be manipulated by criminals. This ledger is not located in a specific location and cannot be attacked on middlemen because no single communication thread can be intercepted. .

Blockchain can be applied to the Internet of Things to ensure information security. For example, manufacturers of equipment and instruments can use blockchain technology to trace back the manufacturer, production date, manufacturing batch number and even the manufacturer of each component. Other information about the manufacturing process to ensure the transparency and plasticity of the entire machine production process, effectively improve the availability of the overall system and components, and thereby ensure the safety of the operation of equipment and instruments.

The unique consensus mechanism of the blockchain connects various devices through a point-to-point method, rather than through a central processor. Each device maintains consensus and does not require central verification, thus ensuring When a node has a problem, it will not affect the overall data security of the network.

Now, with blockchain technologyWith the continuous development and heating up, Shenzhen Beihang Internet of Things Research Institute (www.buaaiot.org) believes that it will also change and integrate into various industries in its own unique way. The birth of blockchain technology has made various algorithms more efficient. Its decentralized principles and distributed computing rules allow everything to be connected and calculated in seconds, and prevent hackers from attacking data. All kinds of assets can be realized in the area. Registration, transactions and data on the block can never be tampered with or reversed. This intangible charm allows various assets to gather on the block.

⑵ What are the application examples of blockchain technology

Application of blockchain technology in voting
Kuaishang is the first country to apply blockchain technology to In the field of voting, it effectively solves the problem of trust in voting data, provides the most authentic and effective data to activists, and protects the rights and interests of real voting users. At the same time, it makes blockchain technology "people-friendly" and allows the general public to quickly perceive and enjoy the area in the field of life services. The convenience brought by blockchain technology.
The application of blockchain technology in digital asset registration
The Golden Master Digital Asset Service Platform is the first to use blockchain technology. This technology is a global distributed ledger technology that is traceable and non-transitory. Tamper-proof and unforgeable properties. The digital assets of the platform come from regulated digital asset issuers, and the value of the assets is determined through the open market to avoid overestimation or underestimation of value.
The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry
Ant Financial’s independently controllable financial-grade commercial blockchain platform has been deployed globally in multiple institutions and countries in multiple social and commercial application scenarios. Ant Blockchain Chain platform transactions support second-level confirmation, and the consensus mechanism uses an efficient parallel consensus algorithm to ensure the high performance of the blockchain platform. Ant Blockchain has already had multiple production-level applications, applying leading technology to people's livelihood and business. , finance and other fields.

⑶ Blockchain will change the world in ten years. LinkToken will take you to see it

The blockchain era is coming | What new applications will there be in the new year?

If recent research is to be believed, we are likely to see real-world applications of blockchain technology within the next two years.

Recently, HackerRank, a well-known technology recruitment company, released the "2019 Developer Skills Report". Among the 71,281 developers who participated, more than 23% said that the actual application of this technology in the next 24 months will still be Very possible.

About 27.54% of people think this is more realistic, 21.89% are not sure, 19.77% think the technology has been exaggerated, and only 7.01% think it is unrealistic.

Internet of Things

However, don’t be too busy to be happy. To pour cold water on it, the report predicts that compared to blockchain, the Internet of Things (IoT) will be the future The most popular technology of the year.

Developers believe that unlike blockchain, which is still in its infancy, IoT adoption will be driven by residential, automotiveDriven by increasing connectivity between cars and cities.

How to achieve it

Blockchain technology is increasingly being tried and tested by mainstream institutions in many industries, but the technology does not seem to be available yet Stand firm.

Banks appear to be particularly interested in blockchain because private decentralized ledgers may bring greater efficiency and lower costs, especially in stock trading and clearing.

This technology also has great potential in related fields such as health care, where it can be used to combat the trafficking of counterfeit drugs.

Traditional energy companies are also actively exploring. In fact, Spanish multinational electrical company Iberdrola recently completed a blockchain trial aimed at tracking renewable energy more efficiently.

If these experiments and tests don’t translate into real-world applications, we may see an increase in the number of developers who think blockchain is overhyped if we take another look at it this time next year. .

⑷ What are the applications of blockchain in real life

(1) Qulian

The underlying platform of Qulian blockchain is developed by Qulian Technology The domestic independent controllable blockchain underlying platform features high performance, high availability, scalability, easy operation and maintenance, strong privacy protection, hybrid storage and other features, and cooperates with the data sharing and secure computing platform BitXMesh and the blockchain open service platform FiLoop, supply chain finance platform FiloLink, certification service platform FiloInk, and smart contract security research and development platform MeshSec can better support industry applications such as enterprises, governments, and industry alliances, and promote value among multiple institutions. Efficient circulation.

(2) JD Chain

JDChain is an enterprise-level blockchain underlying framework independently developed by JD.com. Its birth marks the full launch of JD.com’s blockchain-based BaaS The construction of the "intelligent ecology" of the platform and the underlying chain of "JDChain". JD Zhizhen Chain Service Platform relies on the "one-click deployment" capability achieved through multiple optimizations to achieve leading second-level blockchain node deployment. In addition, it also has the core advantage of being open and compatible with mature applications such as multiple underlying and enterprise-level dynamic networking. The timely launch of JD Zhizhen Chain will effectively promote the large-scale implementation of enterprise-level blockchain applications in various industries and promote the construction of China and the global trust economy.

(3) Thunder Chain

ThunderChain is a blockchain application project independently developed by Xunlei’s Netcenter Technology. It has high concurrency of one million tps and second-level confirmation capabilities. . Based on the research and development of high-performance blockchain products, Xunlei has built the Xunlei Chain open platform to help enterprises or individual developers deploy smart contracts and easily implement products and services on the chain, making blockchain application development more convenient.

(4) Jingtong Chain

Jingtong Blockchain is the core underlying technology of the blockchain with independent intellectual property rights of Jingtong Technology.It is an Internet trading network with an effective decentralized mutual sharing ecosystem built based on blockchain technology. It adopts a layered design (5 layers) of the underlying platform and a multi-language smart contract system, and has implemented cross-chain functions. It has multi-level, all-round, one-stop service capabilities such as private chain, cloud chain, and alliance chain, and the layout of the industry and regional ecology has initially taken shape.

In addition to the above-mentioned blockchain products, there are also community-led LTC, Cosmos, IOTA, Nervos, NULS, MOAC, etc., and enterprise-led Ripple, Stellar, WeChat BCOS, XuperChain, Huawei, and Ping An , Wanxiang, Ant Financial, ZhongAn, Bubi, Matrix Yuan, Miyuan, Zhongxianbit, Complex Beauty, Shanghai Lianjing and many other blockchain products.

(4) Blockchain OEG Coin Extended Reading:

Blockchain is far more than just a technology, behind it involves " The spirit of multi-party collaboration. In modern society, many things must rely on everyone's cooperation to achieve the effect of 1+1>2, but in cooperation, we need to try our best to avoid problems such as "information asymmetry."

Therefore, alliance members jointly keep accounts, share data, and make everything public to eliminate "information asymmetry" to protect everyone's interests and allow the business environment to develop healthily. If you do things honestly, you will get the benefits you deserve. If you cheat, it will be known to everyone and criticized by thousands of people. Technology is the foundation that helps realize this model. This is the more important "blockchain thinking".

⑸ What is blockchain, what is consensus, and what is currency circle

Blockchain is an encrypted information transmission with distributed accounting and decentralization as its core. Distributed accounting means the right to exist that cannot be destroyed, and decentralization means the right to independent transmission that cannot be tampered with. The two together are defined by Qingquan as "indestructible."

However, the blockchain has weak links, and it is heavily dependent on the network for its existence. Not just on a delivery level, but also on a recording level. The core layer of the blockchain is the physical layer, which is parasitic on the Internet system. If one day the Internet around the world is forcibly suspended, then the independent system of the blockchain will also fall into a state of suspended animation.

However, this kind of suspended animation is not real death, but requires some kind of systematic key to activate. Is there such a systematic key now? some.

Consensus comes from cognition.

Anyone with a little common sense in economics knows one thing clearly: legal currency is worthless! In fact, from the beginning of the forced decoupling of the British pound from the metal standard to the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the legal currency of any country in the world is de facto valueless. The so-called purchasing power of legal currency is guaranteed by administrative coercion, but this administrative coercion is often abused. Therefore, the Guanjin scrolls we once saw in textbooks are returning to world significance.The economic tide in the world, from the US dollar QDI quantitative easing to the "appropriate easing" of China's monetary policy, has the actual meaning of the money printing machine working overtime.

However, the money supply is subject to an offer from the total supply and demand of society. Within the scope of this offer, the face value of the currency is still guaranteed. Once it deviates from the For this offer, the currency needs a "reservoir". I once said that the concepts of the U.S. stock market and China's real estate market are the same in the economic sense. Of course, there are also those who dare not spend money.

Legal currency must be devalued. This concept involves more advanced economic knowledge, and even thirty chapters cannot be completed here. Depreciation within a certain range is beneficial to the development of human society, but this certain range is often abused. This comes from the weakness of legal currency itself - administrative coercion. But administrative coercion cannot defeat human nature.

Therefore, since the emergence of the blockchain, people with foresight have begun to try to defeat the depreciation of legal currency by assigning value to the blockchain. As a result, we have also seen that from that piece of pizza until now, we are still seeking to assign value to the blockchain.

Is this all the consensus is? no.

In the process of the development of blockchain technology, various algorithm differences have emerged, such as sharding, encryption, storage, running speed and network carriers, which are the coins we see now. This phenomenon is essentially a "split of consensus", but there is no way around it, because although BTC is the originator, it does not meet our needs for the blockchain in terms of value assignment. He is too slow, too old and too young to withstand the impact of legal currency. In the economic sense, BTC is now defined as a luxury product rather than a digital currency, because when studying the match between its value projection curve and the economic tide, it was found that it is surprisingly similar to luxury goods.

The currency circle is the bud formed by the mutual dissolution of blockchain development assignments and legal currency. In essence, the existence of the currency circle is the inevitable amplification of blockchain consensus. The currency circle is not the whole of the blockchain, it is just A flower for which we still expect fruit.

What is our ideal blockchain application?

When the utility of legal currency is unbalanced due to some kind of force majeure, we can use the independent system established by the blockchain for value exchange. But it is a pity that the utility of legal currency is not unbalanced, but this value exchange system has entered the economic cycle prematurely. The most notorious one is the dark web, and there is also the "money laundering" that haunts us all the time. This gives the currency The circle was shrouded in a layer of sadness.

It must be pointed out that even the above-mentioned value exchange is not the value exchange defined by Qingquan, but the consensus of the blockchain is used to act as a medium for legal currency interoperability. The background of the blockchain is far from this. Looks like.

The real blockchain should be a useful supplement and adjustment in the normal legal currency economic cycle system, and should also be a replacement when the normal legal currency economic cycle system fails. Although we don’t want to think about it that much, I really don’t want to see the situation of carrying a big bag of banknotes in exchange for two pounds of potatoes.

However, is the current currency circle ready for this? not yet! The current currency circle only believes in the four-year cycle but has abandoned the original appearance of the blockchain. Some people even use these coins, these technologies, and these consensuses as tools of deception and fraud. This is the tragedy of the entire human society!

Talking about trading, there have been countless cases of getting rich in the currency circle, so much so that it has given Leecai the illusion that "maybe that person will be me". Playing with spot products, I can't stand the loneliness and it is slow to make money, and playing with contracts is even more difficult. Needless to say, it is the same as gambling. Anyone who has been trading in this circle for huge profits has never seen anyone not losing money.

#BTC[超话]# #欧易OKEx# #digital currency#

⑹ Understand the Internet blockchain in one article

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, you have to study the technological development of the blockchain from the birth of the Internet. A brief history, from which we discover the motivations for the emergence of blockchain and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actuallyThe earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge whether C wins, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time you play mahjong, you won’t bring BPlayed together.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technological ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer., its operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet, and it is still one of the many software technologies that operate according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systemsFirst, it is mainly used for sharing music resources. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technologyTechnology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Block The first application of the chain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. thisThere have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and thenInternet giants have opened up their unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, The booming development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and industrial Internet,When human beings raise their heads and look at the giant system they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

⑺ What is the meaning of blockchain

Blockchain is a shared database. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain does not belong to any industry. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Features

Decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes self-verification, transmission and management of information through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.

Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.

⑻ What are the applications of blockchain industry?

Taking the tourism industry as an example, blockchain applications are mainly concentrated in travel, travel community reviews, digital identity management, credit consumption management, Tracking pilots' professional certificates and qualifications, hotel and airline loyalty programs, reservation management, and consumer points management are several application areas. In addition, with the development of blockchain, many related top domain names have been registered, which has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry. In addition, blockchain also has applications in finance, games, entertainment and other fields.

⑼ What is the function of a blockchain wallet? Can anyone explain it clearly

The essence of a blockchain wallet is a private key, which is a random hash value character. If you have the private key, you have the right to use the wallet. According to the private key storage method, it can be divided into: cold wallet and hot wallet
Cold wallet refers to a wallet where the network cannot access your private key. Generally, a notebook is used to record it, although it avoids the risk of the private key being stolen by hackers. , but it may also be lost.
A hot wallet refers to a wallet that has access to your private key via the Internet. Hot wallets are often in the form of online wallets, which are not easy to lose, but are also risky.