区块链ethereumpow,区块链技术开发费用

㈠ What is Ethereum in platform projects in the blockchain?

Ethereum, Ethereum, referred to as ETH. At the end of 2013, Vitalik released the Ethereum white paper, and in July 2014, the pre-sale of Ethereum began. At that time, people in the circle called this kind of token issuance "coin crowdfunding." Through the 42-day pre-sale, the Ethereum team raised more than 30,000 Bitcoins through the pre-sale of 60,102,216 Ethereum coins; in addition, early contributors who participated in the development before the pre-sale and developers who have been engaged in project research for a long time were respectively At that time, 9.9% of the total amount of Ethereum issued was allocated. Therefore, there were more than 72 million Ethereum coins when Ethereum was officially released. After the Ethereum pre-sale ends, the proof-of-work mechanism PoW will be used for mining, and miners will be rewarded 26% of the total issuance at that time every year. In October 2014, Ethereum reduced the block generation time from 60 seconds to 12 seconds. It is now basically stable at 15 seconds, and each block rewards 5 Ethereum coins. Although both use the PoW mining mechanism, the block generation mechanism of Ethereum is still different from that of Bitcoin. Due to the short block generation time of Ethereum, it is easy for Ethereum to form orphan blocks. Orphan blocks refer to blocks that are not on the longest chain. Bitcoin's orphan blocks do not have any block rewards, but in Ethereum, orphan blocks can be referenced. The referenced orphan blocks are called "uncle blocks", and their packaged data will also be recorded in the block. in the chain. Unlike Bitcoin, Ethereum's uncle blocks have rewards, and each uncle block can receive up to 4.375 ether coins. Ethereum is a programmable, Turing-complete blockchain development platform equivalent to a decentralized global computer. On top of a programming system, there are usually some compilation and execution virtual machines for support. JAVA has JVM, and in Ethereum, there is also Ethereum’s virtual machine EVM, which can execute any complex algorithm code. Developers can use existing programming languages ​​such as JavaScript or Python to create the applications they want on Ethereum. Through the Ethereum virtual machine, you can easily issue digital assets, write smart contracts, build and run decentralized applications, establish decentralized autonomous organizations, etc. Ethereum (ETH) is also known as the fuel within Ethereum. Unlike currency digital assets, Ethereum is not only used for transfers, but also for payment of smart contract fees. In order to avoid the Ethereum blockchain being flooded with junk contracts and junk applications, to build and run smart contracts on Ethereum, you must pay smart contract fees in ETH. For example, to transfer your newly created digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain, you need to pay the handling fee in ETH, not your newly created digital assets.

㈡ What is Ethereum? imToken supports ERC20 tokens

Ethereum is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract functions. Through its dedicated cryptocurrency Ethereum (Eether, also known as "Ethereum") provides a decentralized virtual machine (called the "Ethereum Virtual Machine") to process peer-to-peer contracts. The concept of Ethereum was first proposed by programmer Vitalik Buterin between 2013 and 2014 after being inspired by Bitcoin. It roughly means "the next generation of cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform" and began to develop through ICO crowdfunding in 2014.
Ethereum is not just a database, it also allows you to run programs in the trusted environment of the blockchain. Ethereum has built a virtual machine called EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine) on the blockchain. EVM allows code to be verified and executed on the blockchain, providing assurance that the code will run the same way on everyone's machine. These codes are included in smart contracts. In addition to tracking account balances, Ethereum uses the same method to save the state of the EVM on the blockchain. All nodes process smart contracts to verify the integrity of the contract itself and its outputs.

㈢ What is Ethereum/Ethereum

Ethereum (English: Ethereum) is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract functions. It provides a decentralized virtual machine (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine) through its dedicated cryptocurrency Ether (also known as "Ether") to process peer-to-peer contracts.

The token on the Fang blockchain is called Ether, code is ETH, and can be traded on the foreign exchange market of many cryptocurrencies. It is also used on Ethereum to pay transaction fees and Media for computing services.

The concept of Ethereum was first proposed by programmer Vitalik Buterin between 2013 and 2014, inspired by Bitcoin. It roughly means "the next generation of cryptocurrency and decentralized application platform" and was approved by ICO in 2014. Crowdfunding was able to take off. As of February 2018, Ethereum is the second-largest cryptocurrency by market capitalization, after Bitcoin.

Ethereum was originally proposed by Vitalik Buterin in 2013. Vitalik was originally a programmer involved in the Bitcoin community. He once suggested to the Bitcoin core developers that the Bitcoin platform should have a more complete programming language for people to develop programs, but he did not get their consent, so he decided to develop a new one. platform for this purpose. Buterin believes that many programs can use principles similar to Bitcoin to achieve further development. Buterin wrote the "Ethereum White Paper" in 2013, outlining the goals of building decentralized programs. Then in 2014, development funds were obtained through online public fundraising, and investors used Bitcoin to purchase Ethereum from the foundation.

The original Ethereum program was developed by a company based inIt was developed by the Swiss company Ethereum Switzerland GmbH and later transferred to a non-profit organization, the Ethereum Foundation.

㈣ What is blockchain and how to conduct a blockchain technology patent search

The hottest investment recently is Bitcoin, with everyone from financial tycoons to ordinary people investing in it. Discussing Bitcoin’s surge. Bitcoin is a type of blockchain. I believe there are still many people who don’t know much about blockchain, so today our Bajie Intellectual Property will explain to you in detail what blockchain is? How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? What is blockchain? More than 10,000 years ago, humans began to learn to use shells as an intermediary for exchanging materials, and later developed into currency. With the development of the Internet, the circulation of digital currencies has gradually replaced traditional currencies. Nowadays, people's payment methods have undergone unprecedented changes. The emergence of encrypted electronic currencies such as Bitcoin (BitCoin), Ethereum (Ethereum), and Litecoin (LiteCoin) has further prompted the entire financial system to face up to and start thinking about transformation. However, the reason why encrypted electronic currency can develop without being affected by the traditional financial system is that there is an important technical support behind it; Block Chain. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system. How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? The book "Blockchain Revolution"¹ once mentioned that blockchain is a public database that records all transaction information and can effectively prevent tampering; it is a distributed system that is not stored on a specific server or node, but It is scattered among countless nodes on the network, and each node only retains part of the information; it is a consensus protocol that follows a common mechanism. As the underlying technology behind cryptocurrency, including identity verification, medical record keeping, market prediction, asset trading, etc., blockchain is gradually being applied. To observe the status of patent applications related to global blockchain technology, the author recommends that you refer to the definitions of blockchain, distributed ledger, and smart contract to expand your search conditions, and It is not limited to patents that use the term Block chain. What is blockchain? How to conduct a blockchain technology patent search? We have answered this question for you here. If you have more questions about patent inquiries, you can continue to pay attention to Bajie Intellectual Property, or contact us by phone.

㈤ Popular explanation of what blockchain is

Question 1: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principle of 10-point blockchain in plain language: decentralization Decentralized distributed accounting system
Blockchain technologyThe core is that all currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly conduct payment transactions without the participation of a third party.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to meet the needs of market participants for information, so intermediaries and centers were born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>

Question 2: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real Estate Industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
/>The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology at the bottom of Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology, and they have their ownWith its own team and conceptual technology, banks in various regions are gradually participating in digital currency discussions to apply and support this technology. Not only that, the impact of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the value of the new industry and developed their own blockchain platforms. Blockchain has instantly become a new type of domestic innovation. industry. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. It has attracted more and more attention and will form a huge new trend... >>

Question 3: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", which is a new form of distributed artificial intelligence and will establish a new interface and shared interface between human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.

Question 4: What is blockchain: explained like thisBlockchain is easier to understand Blockchain refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write his recorded content into the ledger, and record this Within a period of time, the contents of the ledger are sent to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.

Question 5: Explain in an easy-to-understand manner what blockchain is. Blockchain can be understood as a database system in a sense. The development of blockchain can be divided into 1.0 and 2.0
1.0 is represented by Bitcoin, and its main application is virtual currency or digital currency application. The blockchain at this time can only be used for simple digital currency transactions.
2.0 is represented by the now popular ethereum (Ethereum) and the upcoming hyperledger. The blockchain at this stage can not only meet the corresponding digital currency transactions, but also use smart contracts to customize currency or asset transactions. If we use the database analogy, the emergence of smart contracts can be understood as allowing users to define functions or stored procedures in the database and call and execute them.
Different from traditional databases, the blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism, p2p (network), hash and other specific elements, making it open, decentralized and non-tamperable. characteristic.

Question 6: What is blockchain? Can anyone explain it in simple terms? Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a ledger that records all transactions. It is decentralized. What is decentralization? For example, when you buy something on Taobao, you place an order and pay in Alipay. Alipay will not transfer the money to the seller until you receive the goods. Alipay is the third party in that center. Without it, it means decentralization, just like buying things offline. If you pay with one hand and get the goods with the other hand, there is no third party.
The blockchain itself is a series of cryptographic associations.The resulting data block.
Look carefully to see if it looks like a ledger. The pieces one by one are blocks, and connected together they are the blockchain.
Many companies are developing this technology, including ours, and its prospects are incredible. For details, you can go to our official website and hope to adopt it, thank you

Question 7: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, the related results are getting bigger and bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording, and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of brand-new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are fully applied in the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, it mainly imitates the model of gold and is completely controlled byA new, decentralized online currency (virtual currency) protected and supported by the Internet's basic protocols and strict encryption technology, thus forming a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws. , and can be bought, sold or exchanged with fiat currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become more and more aware that although blockchain is a technology and protocol pioneered and applied by Bitcoin, the blockchain Chain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application is by no means limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is valued highly by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>

Question 8: Easy to understand Explain clearly what is blockchain. The English name of blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires strong computing power.Large computer to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of Bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on the digitization of assets and has launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.

Question 9: What is the so-called "blockchain"? Blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness. For example, when you graduate from university, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).

Question 10: What does blockchain mean? Regarding blockchain, I think you have already seen the concept on the Internet. Let me explain it based on my understanding!
First, let’s talk about its characteristics: 1. Openness and transparency 2. Decentralization 3. Anonymity 4. Information cannot be tampered with, eliminated 5. No trust cost
Blockchain is like a public ledger , everyone has the right to record and read, and everyone will jointly supervise to ensure its accuracy, and the recorded content will be permanently saved, and can only be added but not deleted! However, as the number of blocks continues to increase, costs will increase and efficiency will decrease. (I’m not sure whether technology can be used to make up for this. I hope someone who understands technology can point it out.)
Blockchain is divided into public chain, private chain, and alliance chain. Public chain: accessible to everyone, everyone has read and write permissions, completely open, transparent and decentralized. Private chain: Open to individuals or institutions, in which the owner of the private chain can set various permissions to make it partially centralized. Alliance chain: Open to specific organizations or groups, it is also "partially decentralized". According to the ledger at the beginning, members can view and transact, but cannot record and confirm bills, or require permission from the alliance. (The latter two do not have cost and efficiency issues)
Regarding blockchain, countries have begun to recruit talents in this area. For this, you can search online for "Central Bank Recruiting Digital Currency R&D Personnel". Also about blockchainYou can increase your understanding of it by understanding its existing applications. Usually, it refers to public chains. Currently used in foreign countries are Bitcoin, Ethereum and other domestic blockchains such as Xiaoyi Blockchain
1. Open and transparent: Every piece of data is verified by everyone and can be viewed by everyone at any time.
2. Decentralization: For example, when we shop on Taobao, we conduct transactions through the intermediary Taobao, and blockchain allows both supply and demand parties to directly contact each other for direct transactions through blockchain technology.
3. Anonymity: No personal privacy information is required to complete transactions on the blockchain, only your unique alphanumeric signature is required.
4. Information cannot be tampered with or deleted: Once the data has been verified and recorded, no one has the authority to modify it, let alone delete it!
5. No trust cost: The trust crisis in reality will not appear in the blockchain. Transactions in the blockchain do not require you to trust the other party. Only when both of you have enough "digital assets" to trade can it be carried out, and Under the supervision of the entire network, transactions will not be broken. If you have no idea about the cost of trust, just think about how many intermediaries there are in your city, or just think about Jack Ma, and you will know how big the cost of trust is.
I am still learning more about blockchain. I am Li Ailin. If you have any questions, you can discuss and learn together!

㈥ What is Ethereum

First of all, let me answer you what is Ethereum. Ethereum is a programming language and a platform, and investors/speculators are concerned about Ethereum. In fact, it is Ethereum, which is a digital token derived from Ethereum - eth Ethereum

Whether Ethereum has investment prospects, we only need to look at its value. The huge increase from ten yuan to several hundred yuan, not to mention whether it will be a bubble in the future, but the room for appreciation at this stage is still worthy of everyone's attention!
Ethereum trading platform, currently I recommend the btctrade platform (Bitcoin Trading Network), a relatively reliable and large trading platform in China! Ethereum was launched in 2016, and the price of the currency has increased astonishingly!
Ethereum is an innovation that applies some of the technologies and concepts in Bitcoin to the computing field. Bitcoin is considered a system that maintains a shared ledger that securely records all Bitcoin bills. Ethereum uses many mechanisms similar to Bitcoin (such as blockchain technology and P2P networks) to maintain a shared computing platform that can flexibly and securely run any program the user wants (including, of course, Bitcoin-like currency’s blockchain program).

㈦ What is Ethereum and what is its relationship with blockchain?

Ethereum is also a product of blockchain 2.0. It is a complete solution for open smart contracts. Bitcoin is the most important application of blockchain 1.0, completing currency and payment transactions very well. but when iAs we need to record and transfer more complex asset types, we will need a third step - a more powerful scripting system - to eventually achieve Turing completeness (the ability to run any currency, protocol and blockchain). Ethereum is a blockchain-based project that aims to provide a Turing-complete scripting language and Turing-complete platform.

Blockchain 1.0 mainly refers to Bitcoin, Blockchain 2.0 extends to all assets, and Blockchain 3.0 goes beyond currency, beyond the financial field, and even beyond the commercial field, extending to It penetrates into all aspects of our lives, including politics, social interaction, education, medical care, etc. According to the predictions and ideas of insiders, the Blockchain 3.0 era will be realized in the next five years. At that time, Blockchain will become as recognized and accepted by the public as the Internet, thus completely subverting our lives.

McKinsey & Company submitted a blockchain technology report to the U.S. Federal Insurance Advisory Committee. The report called the period from 2009 to 2016 the "Dark Age" and believed that all blockchain solutions during this period were Based on Bitcoin, the new era of blockchain will begin in 2016. By then, the application of blockchain will become unprecedentedly widespread. Applying an original sentence from the McKinsey report: Based on the current development speed of blockchain, we believe that blockchain solutions may realize their full potential in the next five years.

㈧Multichain vs. Ethereum – The battle is ongoing

Research conducted by GrandReview shows that the blockchain market is growing rapidly and there are no signs of This growth will slow in the short term. When blockchain was in its infancy, it was the domain of tight-knit communities, but it has now expanded to large enterprises, investors and even local governments. But with such rapid expansion comes a new wave of challenges, especially when it comes to scalability.

Solving blockchain scalability issues

It is well known that blockchain has congestion and scalability issues. This has far-reaching consequences, resulting in slower transaction processing times and increased transaction fees, resulting in a poor user experience.

This is not a problem unique to a specific chain, but it is particularly evident in the case of Ethereum, the second-largest blockchain network after Bitcoin. This caused some developers to become so frustrated that they moved to other networks, such as Solana or Cardano, which offered higher speeds.

At the same time, most developers believe that for DeFi to continue to gain popularity and traction, and for these solutions to be accepted by the masses, the solution lies in cooperation, not competition. Enter the idea of ​​a multi-chain universe.

What is Multichain?

Can multi-chain solve scalability issues? As the name suggests, a multi-chain ecosystem is a multi-chain ecosystem in which multiple blockchains are connected to each other, with the ultimate goal of improving user experience, increasing efficiency and allowing wider adoption. But this requires effective cross-chain solutions. The good news is that some of them are already in production. Let’s look at SushiSwap and Aave adopting multi-chain.

Multi-chain adoption in SushiSwap and Aave

SushiSwap entered the multi-chain field as early as March this year and is now one of the largest multi-chain adopters, existing in 13 On-chain: including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Avalanche and Fantom.

Aave will follow suit. It has found success with its crypto lending products, which has led to many users locking up their assets.

Aave’s founder recently stated that the protocol is considering launching on a number of different networks. He also talked about expanding Aave’s lending market on Solana through EVM-compatible solutions Neon Labs, Avalanche and Optimistic Rollup solutions Arbitrum and Optimism as part of its multi-chain strategy.

Where do multi-chain aggregators come from?

Multi-chain or cross-chain aggregators determine the best way to enable transactions across blockchain ecosystems. As such, they ease the burden on existing blockchain users and remove some barriers to entry for new entrants.

An example of such an aggregator is Apeboard, which enables users to monitor their portfolios across different platforms. Apeboard supports 11 chains, including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Solana, and Terra. It's great for monitoring assets across multiple chains and tracking balances.

Also worth mentioning here is 1Inch, an exchange aggregator that scans DEXs to find the lowest cryptocurrency prices for traders. 1inch provides liquidity to 78 platforms including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polygon.

Popular multi-asset blockchains - Orbit Chain, Polkadot and Cosmos

When talking about the multi-chain future, it is important to discuss multi-asset blockchains, which use decentralization Inter-chain communication (IBC) stores, transmits and verifies information and assets that exist across the entire public blockchain. The most popular among them are Orbit Chain, PolkAdots and Cosmos.

Multiple possibilities for a multi-chain future

Currently blockchain is still defined and experienced by each of its components, which means that from a user perspective, it lacks fluidity sex. Some have even compared it to the early days of the internet. Multi-chain technology will subvert this experience to the point where users may not even know which chain they are operating on. This change is critical to enabling blockchain to transition into a high-growth industry.

Multi-chain will support the adoption of blockchain in many sectors, especially finance and banking. Without this interoperability, transactions between banks using different blockchains would be extremely complex for everyone involved. But with a multi-chain approach, transferring data is not only simple, but also fast and secure.

Similarly, in supply chain management, blockchain interoperability can bring huge benefits. The properties of blockchain allow disconnected supply chain management systems to interoperate without high investment costs. Therefore, it makes sense to leverage these characteristics to transform supply chains.

Finally, an important benefit of interoperability is that different development teams that previously worked in silos can leverage each other's solutions, thereby driving innovation across the industry.

Why Ethereum may hold back multi-chains

Currently, the biggest development holding back multi-chain futures is the launch of ETH 2.0 - a network upgrade that will make the Ethereum network more scalable and security. To achieve this, Ethereum changed its consensus mechanism from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS). The upgrade could have a significant impact on Ethereum’s price, as its lower fees and faster transactions will open the network to a larger user base.

Ethereum already allows asset transfers on L2 aggregation - an off-chain transaction aggregator within Ethereum smart contracts. Their goal is to reduce fees and congestion by increasing the blockchain’s throughput. But they also offer many solutions when it comes to asset transfers.

It is widely believed that L2 solutions played an important role in bringing Ethereum to mainstream users. It is estimated that L2 can handle 2,000-4,000 transactions per second, which is very close to Visa's processing capabilities. As Layer 1 scales with Ethereum 2.0 and Layer 2, Ethereum will take advantage of some serious economic bandwidth.

In fact, if ETH 2.0 goes into full effect, developers may not see any reason to embrace multi-chains - Ethereum will provide them with everything they need.