区块链在工程项目建设中的应用,区块链在工程项目建设中的作用

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1. Blockchain technology combined with BIM lightweighting can improve quality and efficiency throughout the entire construction process

The informatization of the construction industry is an important part of the development strategy of the construction industry and is also The inevitable requirement for the construction industry to transform its development model, improve quality and efficiency, and save energy and reduce emissions is of great significance to the green development of the construction industry and the improvement of people's quality of life.

On July 3, 2020, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, in accelerating the upgrading of construction industrialization, requested to accelerate the coordinated development of new generation information technology and construction industrialization technology , increase the integration and innovative application of new technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), the Internet, the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, mobile communications, artificial intelligence, and blockchain throughout the entire construction process.

In recent years, BIM models have become increasingly widely used in the construction industry, but collaboration still exists in practical applications. Problems include low credibility, low information transmission efficiency, low data storage security, and inability to interoperate engineering quantity data.

Blockchain technology has the characteristics of distributed storage, anti-tampering, decentralization, etc., and can achieve close collaboration between various units and solve cross-border problems. Dilemmas of organizational collaboration.

In the engineering and construction industry, the effective combination of blockchain technology and BIM technology can make the entire process management and settlement more intuitive and efficient.

Transparent Construction provides project managers/supervisors with "work certificate+" based on blockchain technology "Real-scene supervision + BIM" transparent and trustworthy engineering command system improves management efficiency and meets regulatory requirements.

Transparent construction is based on the decentralized and distributed ledger characteristics of blockchain technology. Units are integrated into the system, information silos are broken down, and trusted collaboration is established.

Transparent construction associates construction process information with BIM models in real time. BIM engineers can continuously improve the model during transparent construction, work collaboratively, and transparently share engineering construction information with all parties in the project in real time.

Transparent construction forms a virtuous closed loop through fully transparent process collaboration and efficient BIM collaboration. "Blockchain + BIM" makes the construction process highly visible, provides supervision services for project management, and improves efficiency in engineering construction.

During the project construction process, the BIM model can be regarded as a contractual element between the parties involved in the project, that is, The construction of the actual building needs to be consistent with the BIM design model.

The construction process deviates from the BIM model:

The construction party or supervision unit can require the construction party to stop construction and make rectifications according to the original design of the BIM model and repair.

There are conflicts or errors in the BIM model:

The construction party can propose changes and confirm them by re-improving the BIM model.

Each participating unit can record the progress of the construction site, quality and safety issues, process inspections and various inspections in real time through the mobile terminal, and associate it with In the module corresponding to the BIM model.

Transparent construction of "blockchain + BIM" makes progress updates transparent and the growth of the building visible. Let all participating parties have a clear understanding of the project progress and improve the quality of management.

During the project construction process, each participating party will generate a variety of independent data and collaborative data. Transparent Construction integrates and analyzes these data from multiple dimensions such as "progress, quality, safety, cost, environmental protection, and low carbon" to provide project management/supervisors with an information model + real-life process tracking engineering command system to facilitate project management. Command and Control.

Project command screen

In addition, transparent construction makes the construction process possible. Information data is collected and statistically analyzed to form digital value and data assets to help participating companies enjoy inclusive financial services.

The builder/supervisor can trace specific issues through the BIM model and compare the actual construction situation with the BIM model. Model comparison and quick verification.

The system will provide early warnings for conflict problems, speed up the efficiency of problem rectification, and improve the overall project construction efficiency.

Transparent construction integrates advanced technologies such as on-site monitoring, VR, and drone aerial photography to enhance collaboration among all parties. Efficiency, visual management of on-site quality and safety.

The heads of each participating unit use the lightweight BIM function of the transparent construction system to conduct in-depth process collaboration, allowing everyone to All data transactions are confirmed on the chain.

Transparent construction provides the person in charge with a visualized BIM model. Data such as phased project quantities and material cutting tracking can be viewed in the system, and the project can be set up. Key milestones in the construction process, assisting owners to efficiently manage project node budgets.

Anchor

Set

By setting milestones Associated with the BIM model, a series of "smart contracts" are formed. The process data such as scene certificates, safety and quality records, project documents, and image progress published in the system can all become the basis for transparent settlement of project quantities.

2. Why does the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development carry out green construction pilot projects in many places with the support of blockchain and other technologies?

According to the General Office of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, it has been decided to launch green construction pilot projects in Hunan Province, Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province, and Changzhou City in Jiangsu Province. Pilot areas should vigorously promote the integrated application of BIM technology in the design, production, and construction phases of pilot projects, and use 5G, Internet of Things, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies as support to promote the application of intelligent equipment such as smart construction sites and construction robots. Achieve project quality traceability, improve project quality and management efficiency, and enhance the level of construction informatization. With the continuous development of information technology, the world has officially entered the digital era. Under the wave of digitalization, more and more enterprises have joined the team of digital transformation. How to effectively ensure data security will become the core competitiveness of this era.

Blockchain has significant advantages such as decentralization, distributed accounting, and encrypted traceability, which can well ensure the integrity and authenticity of on-chain data. Once it has been tampered with or forged, it can be discovered. At the same time, because the blockchain has the characteristics of distributed accounting, even if the data on individual nodes is deleted, other nodes can still completely save the data, ensuring the integrity of the entire blockchain certification system. normal operation. Based on the above advantages, blockchain is naturally suitable for electronic data storage. The introduction of blockchain certificate storage can effectively solve the authenticity and legality issues of electronic evidence, making the electronic data certificate storage process more trustworthy.

After the Reform Commission incorporated blockchain into new infrastructure, the country ushered in a blockchain policy boom. The central and local governments have promulgated blockchain-related policies and regarded blockchain as a new economic and technological field. The main breakthrough is to build future strategic competitive advantages, and the related application scenarios of blockchain are hot. The deep integration of blockchain and industry,This is the embodiment of maximizing the use of blockchain. Since 2014, Yibaoquan has begun to delve into the underlying technology research and development and application innovation of blockchain from an industrial perspective. Based on blockchain electronic data storage and preservation, it has launched the gentleman's signature and district signature in the field of blockchain electronic contracting. There are many brands such as Microcopyright in the field of blockchain intellectual property protection and Zhongzhengbao in the blockchain Internet judicial field.

3. Which relevant departments in Shandong have taken action to lay out the blockchain project

Ten years have passed since the blockchain was proposed. In the past ten years, the guidance of various domestic departments has been and support, blockchain has penetrated into various industries. Since 2017, the State Council and the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology have repeatedly proposed to actively promote domestic blockchain research, standardization development and industrial application in related fields. However, blockchain has not yet developed on a large scale in Shandong. Through mainstream search engines such as the Internet and 360, searching for keywords such as "blockchain + Shandong" can reveal some related deployment documents and policies in addition to blockchain. Except for support and a few companies that provide blockchain technology services, there are almost no specific application projects of blockchain. In recent years, relevant departments of the Shandong Provincial Government have also been actively promoting and deploying blockchain project construction.

➨On December 27, 2018, the Shandong Provincial Development and Reform Commission issued a notice on the "Shandong Province Producer Service Industry Development Layout Plan", aiming to accelerate the innovative development of Shandong Province's producer service industry, Sustainable development and leading development. In the layout of the software and information technology service industry, it is emphasized that Jinan, Qingdao, and Yantai are the core nodes, focusing on the development of 12 industrial directions such as artificial intelligence and blockchain. Zhongzhexin Blockchain Co., Ltd. follows the layout planning trend of the Shandong Provincial Development and Reform Commission , actively layout and explore the application of blockchain in the real industry.

➨On October 28, 2018, the "Special Plan for the New Generation Information Technology Industry in Shandong Province (2018)" was issued by the General Office of the People's Government of Shandong Province and implemented by the Department of Industry and Information Technology of Shandong Province and other relevant departments. -2022), the notice emphasizes that we must grasp the development trend of the new generation of information technology industry, adhere to advanced layout, innovative leadership, and solidly promote disruptive technological innovation in cutting-edge fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, virtual reality, and blockchain. , seize the opportunities and commanding heights for the future development of the industry. In exploring and promoting the development and application of blockchain technology, specific requirements are put forward, requiring accelerating the research and application of key technologies such as blockchain architecture, consensus algorithms, asymmetric encryption, fault-tolerance mechanisms, distributed storage, etc., to form blockchain infrastructure and solutions . Actively promote the in-depth integration of blockchain with big data, cloud computing and other technologies, expand blockchain application scenarios, and strengthen the application of blockchain technology in key industries such as finance, industry, energy, and medical care.

➨20On March 13, 2019, the General Office of the Shandong Provincial People's Government issued the "Notice on the Digital Shandong 2019 Action Plan". The plan requires accelerating the innovative development of the big data industry, further improving the big data industry chain, and forming innovative synergy, reasonable layout, and industrial development. A supporting, scientific and orderly industrial ecological system (led by the Shandong Provincial Big Data Bureau and coordinated by all relevant departments). Emphasize the role of data as a basic resource and innovation engine, and promote the deep integration of big data with cloud computing, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, blockchain, virtual reality and other technologies. Deepen the innovative application of big data in various industries, promote cross-field and cross-industry data integration and collaborative innovation, enhance development potential through cross-border integration, and cultivate new economic growth points.

➨On December 7, 2018, the General Office of the Shandong Provincial Government issued the "Notice on Promoting Supply Chain Innovation and Application" (hereinafter referred to as the "Notice"). The "Notice" points out that it is necessary to promote the innovative development of supply chain in Shandong Province and improve the level of supply chain development. Promote the integration of advanced technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and blockchain in the entire supply chain process to create a visual, perceptible, and adjustable smart supply chain. (The Shandong Provincial Department of Industry and Information Technology, Shandong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, Shandong Provincial Department of Commerce, etc. are responsible according to the division of responsibilities).

➨On December 29, 2018, the Shandong Provincial Department of Science and Technology issued the "Notice on the Announcement of the List of Projects for the Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Projects of Shandong Province in 2018 to enter the next round of comprehensive demonstration." Among them, two projects related to blockchain have entered the list, namely "R&D and Industrialization of Blockchain Platform Supporting National Cryptozoology Algorithms" by Pulian Software Co., Ltd. and "Efficient Scalable Zone to Support Supervision" by Qilu University of Technology "Blockchain Basic Support System Research and Development and Application Demonstration in the Clearing Field" project, which shows that blockchain projects have begun to play a role in the development of innovative technology projects.

In addition to various notices and layout plans, relevant provincial departments are also actively implementing the cooperation and construction of blockchain projects. On June 28, 2018, the Shandong Provincial Department of Commerce and SF Express Group signed a strategic Cooperation Agreement. The two parties will use their respective advantages to cooperate in areas such as the construction of modern supply chain systems and promote the integration of blockchain and other technologies with supply chains.

➨On July 26, 2018, Xie Weijun, Director of the Shandong Provincial Department of Justice, stated that blockchain technology should be promoted in related fields, explore the implementation form of "blockchain + judicial administration", and promote "district "Blockchain" technology is applied in judicial administration fields such as community corrections, notarization, and forensic appraisals.

The development of blockchain also requires the supervision and supervision of more departments, including the Office of the Network Security and Informatization Committee of the Shandong Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China, the Shandong Provincial Communications Administration, and the National Computer Network and Information Security Management Center. The "2018 Shandong Province Network Security Report" jointly released by the Shandong Branch Center pointed out that 5G, IPv6,Security issues brought about by new technologies such as blockchain will become increasingly serious. The Shandong Provincial Administration for Market Regulation (Intellectual Property Office) also provides services and supervision in industrial and commercial, intellectual property and other aspects.

Zhongzhexin Blockchain Co., Ltd. actively responded to the call of the Shandong Provincial Government, based in Jinan, relying on entities, and took the lead in creating the country's first tea blockchain project in Shandong, striving to create a new generation of information in the country A new frontier of technological development. Tea Chain World is based on blockchain technology and is a tea blockchain application that integrates artificial intelligence. It uses the characteristics of blockchain decentralization and trustlessness to achieve point-to-point interaction and transactions between the supply end and the consumer end. On the one hand, It solves the problems of enterprise operating costs, inventory, sales channels, etc.; on the other hand, the characteristics of blockchain such as non-tampering and traceability solve product quality problems. Products can be monitored in every link from source, production, processing, distribution to the hands of consumers. .

The tea chain world has introduced tokens, using blockchain token incentives to break the original business model and reshape the production relations of the tea industry. Through the consensus mechanism, each participant in the chain collaborates with each other to jointly create value, and shares corresponding rewards and equity certificates according to the amount of contribution, which greatly mobilizes the enthusiasm and creativity of participants, thereby creating more value and fully stimulating Bring out the economic vitality of individuals and enterprises and promote the economic growth of industries. Taking real enterprises as the starting point and starting from the tea industry, it will drive the development of the real economy. Tea Chain World has realized all possibilities for the innovative development of tea companies, and has played a positive leading role in leading China's tea industry to new heights.

4. How China promotes blockchain construction and what are its current results

There are already implemented blockchain projects, such as UtiSpace. Blockchain is a trendy project, but when choosing a blockchain project, you must keep your eyes peeled and look for a team that has technology, application implementation, and is truly down-to-earth. Otherwise, it may be all in vain, because since it is a trend, there are naturally many projects that take the opportunity to speculate and defraud.

Here, this hero mainly introduces the world's first blockchain distributed storage project with perfect technology and truly implemented applications - UtiSpace Space Man (WeChat public account UtiSpace Space Man Community).

A brief introduction to UtiSpace:

Is 5G coming? Have big data, artificial intelligence, wearable devices, the Internet of Things, and AI entered our lives? Is the phone running out of memory?

Stuck?

High-speed information flow inevitably requires infinite storage space, and the current storage space is never enough.

For example: 4G mobile phone storage space determines the price of the mobile phone.What about 5G phones? If the space storage requirement is 10 times that of 4G, the price will be expensive.

Where there is demand, there is a market. In the past, when we did big data storage, we needed to build large data storage base stations. The cost is very high, easily reaching tens of billions of dollars, and the security is very low (the base station will become hot and prone to fire, what will happen if there is an earthquake? All data will be paralyzed if hackers attack it). In addition, no matter how large the base station is, the storage capacity is limited, and it will never be able to satisfy the market. The amount of data is doubled, leaving a large amount of useful data homeless. Currently 67% of the data has been deleted, which is a huge loss!

So who can solve the problem of data storage with large storage capacity, high security, low cost and low energy consumption?

Today, China's independent brand UtiSpace decentralized distributed storage space hero teamed up with Zhejiang University's Shumai Chain Laboratory to solve this global problem. Thus taking the lead in occupying the big cake of distributed data storage.

5. BIM+blockchain makes urban construction smarter

In this article, we talk about the combination and application of blockchain and the construction industry.

Before starting the text, let me first explain the concept of BIM.

BIM (Building Information Modeling) Building information modeling. The U.S. National BIM Standard explains BIM as follows:

(1) Use digital methods to express the physical and functional characteristics of a facility.

(2) A shared knowledge resource.

(3) The process of sharing information related to this facility and providing reliable basis for all countermeasures throughout the life cycle of the facility.

(4) In different stages of the construction project, each participant embeds, extracts, updates and modifies information in the information model to support and reflect the collaborative work of their respective responsibilities.

The construction industry is one of the largest industries in the world today and will remain a key driver of world economic growth in the future.

The construction industry plays an important role in my country's national economy. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, my country's GDP in 2020 was 101 trillion yuan, of which the total output value of the construction industry was 26 trillion yuan, accounting for more than 25%.

The construction industry is an ancient industry. As early as 2,000 years ago, the ancients built magnificent projects such as the Great Wall and the pyramids of ancient Egypt. However, up to now, the overall management level and efficiency of the construction industry are still very low. The main reasons can be roughly attributed to the following five points:

1) The one-time nature of the project;

2) The loose and temporary nature of the organization;

3) Fragmentation of management;

4) Diverse and inefficient cooperation;

5) Non-standardization and non-industrialization of the production process.

The problems caused by the above reasons are also obvious:

1) Lack of trust. Due to the one-time nature of the project, the temporary nature of the organization, and the multi-party nature of cooperation, trust is inevitable Missing.

2) Low efficiency. Due to the loose and temporary nature of the organization, the non-standardization and non-industrialization of the production process, high consumption and low efficiency, the average profit level of construction companies in the entire construction industry is only about 3%

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3) Risk controllability is weak. Due to the lack of a systematic standardized management system and fragmented management, project delays, design changes, and cost claims are inevitable for almost every project.

Domestic building informatization has gone through three stages and is currently in the third stage:

The first stage: design informatization, The "off the drawing board" project in the 1990s promoted the popularization of domestic CAD technology applications;

The second stage: enterprise information management, in 2005 computer-aided management problem solving realized the informatization of project and enterprise management;

The third stage: full life cycle informatization. In 2015, the application of BIM technology assisted the integration of full life cycle information in the construction industry.

1. Why should BIM be implemented in the construction field?

The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has a detailed explanation of the significance of BIM application in the "Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on Issuing Guidance Opinions on Promoting the Application of Building Information Models". The guidance points out that: BIM must serve the industry chain and industrialized construction. and provide technical support for prosperous architectural creation. In other words, BIM is the technical foundation for the industrial transformation of the construction industry.

2. What can BIM do specifically?

1) Realize data sharing among all participants in the whole life cycle of the building based on the same multi-dimensional building information model;

2) Support the engineering environment, energy consumption, economy, quality, Analysis, inspection and simulation of safety and other aspects;

3) Provide a basis for program optimization and scientific decision-making in the entire project process;

4) Support the collaborative work of various disciplines and the virtualization of the project Construction and refined management.

3. The significance of industrialization of construction

1) Industrial production of materials and prefabricated constructionThis method makes it easier to form a standardized system to ensure product quality;

2) Most components of prefabricated buildings are completed in factories, and the overall delivery is 30% to 50% faster than traditional buildings;

3) The prefabricated building site is mainly based on dry operations, which can effectively reduce energy consumption and environmental pollution, and is low-carbon and environmentally friendly;

4) Prefabricated buildings can also be realized due to their detachable characteristics Reuse;

5) For now, the space for reducing the cost of prefabricated construction is much higher than that of traditional buildings. The later operation and maintenance costs are lower, and the whole life cycle has greater cost advantages.

The transformation of construction industrialization has become a national strategy

In recent years, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other departments have successively introduced a number of important policies to promote the industrialization, digitalization, green construction, and intelligent construction of the construction industry.

In March 2021, the State Council issued the "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and Long-term Goals for 2035". The outline clearly proposes to develop intelligent construction, promote green building materials, prefabricated buildings and steel structure residences, and build low-cost Development goals of carbon cities.

4. The importance of BIM digitalization in the construction industry

Vigorously develop the industrialization, digitalization, and intelligent upgrading of construction, increase the application of intelligent construction in all aspects of engineering construction, and realize the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry It is the strategic goal of the construction industry and even the country in the past 10 to 20 years. Therefore, BIM digital technology will play a fundamental and important role in the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry.

The direction of construction industrialization transformation is standardization + factoryization + assembly. BIM solves the digital integration and visualization problems in this process.

Although BIM is an indispensable technology in the industrial transformation process of the construction industry, it cannot effectively solve the problems of production relations, such as trust and efficiency between collaborative parties, and fragmented management under complex systems. And other issues.

Solving trust, collaboration, efficiency, and fragmented management under complex systems are precisely the natural advantages of blockchain technology, and can well complement BIM technology.

Therefore we say: Industrialized production (BIM support) + digital collaboration (blockchain support) + big data decision-making (AI technology) = smart construction

We consider the entire life cycle of the building It is divided into three stages: planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance to illustrate.

1. Planning and design stage

Cross-department collaborative approval will be the main scenario for the application of blockchain technology.

The planning and design stage is characterized by administrative supervisionThere are many management roles and many collaborative approval procedures. The decentralized characteristics of blockchain technology are just suitable for such scenarios and can greatly improve the efficiency of collaborative approval (many governments have started pilot projects of blockchain government approval systems).

We assume that the regulatory units in the planning and design stage include the National Development and Reform Commission, Land and Resources, Transportation, Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Water Conservancy, etc. In addition, relevant units include construction units, planning and design and other consulting units, and they all have their names on the blockchain. Each node has its own information management system.

When the consulting unit creates the first-stage BIM conceptual model (for example, suitable for project proposals), and loads various economic indicators such as GIS information, scale, land occupation, cost, etc., the model data is uploaded to the area. Blockchain.

After the BIM conceptual model and project proposal are confirmed by the construction unit, the construction unit will initiate the approval procedures with the National Development and Reform Commission, and the blockchain smart contract will automatically initiate all review processes.

The National Development and Reform Commission accesses the BIM conceptual model on the blockchain through the key, loads the BIM model and GIS information of the surrounding infrastructure when necessary, analyzes whether the project complies with the urban development master plan and the feasibility of the project, and will review and approve it The results are uploaded to the blockchain, and the smart contract automatically sends the data file of the approval results back to the construction unit.

Similarly, the construction unit starts the land pre-examination related procedures, the smart contract is activated, and the land department accesses the BIM land occupation model on the blockchain through the key, conducts the review, and uploads the approval results to the blockchain. The smart contract sends the data file of the approval result back to the construction unit.

At the same time, any regulatory department can use the key to verify the authenticity of the approval results of the National Development and Reform Commission, Land and Resources and other departments.

As the subsequent feasibility study, preliminary design, and construction drawing design continue to improve the model, the National Development and Reform Commission, land, transportation, housing and construction and other industry regulatory authorities can access the project on the blockchain through the key at any time BIM model data can be used to monitor projects in real time for irregular design and construction.

All approval processes run automatically online, but they are no longer based on a centralized platform, but on decentralized blockchain technology, which can effectively reduce collaboration costs and improve collaboration efficiency. and ensure data privacy and security.

2. Construction stage

Similarly, we assume that construction units, supervision units and other third-party consulting agencies also have their own nodes on the blockchain and their own information systems. , then they can all access the BIM model data of the project on the blockchain through the key.

We simply divide the construction process into planning, procurement, production, acceptance, and payment. And it is assumed that the model and the WBS decomposition structure of the construction stage are in one-to-one correspondence.

· Planning link:

The contractor can prepare the plan through the Office series of Projec software, or the domestic Glodon Zebra, and import the plan data file into the BIM model on the blockchain, and the BIM model is ready 4D progress visualization attributes (such as those displayed by InfraWorks of the Autodesk series), the data can also include plans such as resources and funds. All participating parties can simultaneously carry out project management based on the BIM model.

· Procurement link:

The construction industry has a highly decentralized and complex supply chain system. The cooperation between suppliers and contractors may be temporary or one-time, so trust is relatively low. Difficult to establish, low collaboration efficiency.

Let’s first talk about how blockchain solves the trust problem in transactions.

Blockchain uses smart contracts to complete transactions. For example, for the buyer, before the transaction, the smart contract first detects whether the balance of the buyer's digital wallet (central bank digital renminbi) (or bank credit or guarantee limit) is satisfied. The transaction object will be locked if it is satisfied. When the buyer accepts and signs for the seller's goods, the smart contract will automatically transfer the locked digital renminbi point-to-point to the seller's digital wallet.

Therefore, what the blockchain solves is not the problem of mutual trust between buyers and sellers, but trust is no longer a problem.

Sand and gravel materials are used in large quantities in construction projects, and are purchased frequently and from scattered sources. They are one of the most difficult materials to control in the building materials supply chain.

We assume that the contractor has installed a camera in the silo. The contractor's procurement system detects through the camera that the remaining material in the silo is lower than a predetermined threshold (computer vision recognition technology), and the system calls the planning data (Project If the data imported from the BIM model is found to be greater than the total capacity of the silo, the smart contract will be started to automatically complete the sand and gravel order, and the lowest price can even be selected from multiple suppliers.

Sand and gravel suppliers do not need to join any system. They only need to create their own accounts on the blockchain node to complete automated transaction collaboration with contractors.

During the transportation process, the supplier uploads the GPS location of the transportation vehicle or ship to the blockchain in real time through IOT hardware. The contractor's procurement system can track the location of the goods in real time through the key. The system can Analyze (search algorithm) whether the material delivery time has an impact on the production plan, so that the smart contract can be restarted for remediation.

The purchase batch and arrival time of each batch of materials can be written into the corresponding location of the BIM model and written into the blockchain ledger. The smart contract will remind the supervision unit to organize acceptance or acceptance according to the batch of materials arriving. Test and inspection work.

The system can free project managers from complicated orders, inquiries, and accounting processing, so they can better devote themselves to more important matters.

· Production link:

The production process is inevitably inseparable from people and equipment.

An inevitable result of industrialization is the improvement of efficiency and quality, and the process behavior quality of people and equipment will determine the formation process of product quality.

Therefore, the result-oriented construction process management in the past must turn to the industrial process-oriented construction management. So which teams will produce each sub-project, and the construction cooperation for each group of concrete The parameters are monitored in real time (IOT hardware) and written to the corresponding location of the BIM model. At the same time, these data are written into the blockchain ledger, which is permanently saved and cannot be tampered with. All data in the production process should be authentic and credible.

We assume that large structures are installed by hoisting equipment. We also assume that if it is not suitable for hoisting operations in heavy rain or wind exceeding level 6, then the hoisting equipment will sense the situation through IOT hardware (or network communication). After this extreme state, the blockchain smart contract will remind on-site managers to restore the equipment to a safe state until the dangerous state is relieved.

The fuel consumption and electricity consumption of each equipment during the production process will be monitored through IOT hardware, and these data will be written into the blockchain ledger.

The blockchain smart contract automatically calculates carbon emission indicators for energy consumption (GBT 51366-2019). Once it is found that carbon emissions exceed the approved indicators, new indicators are automatically purchased in the carbon trading market.

The IOT hardware on all the production equipment mentioned above does not need to be connected to the systems of the participating parties. The participating parties only need to access the data through the keys of the equipment. Perhaps this key is designed by the device developer into a client (such as an APP), then all parties involved only need to install a client to access all data generated by the device.

· Acceptance link

We assume that the strength of the concrete construction is determined by the test equipment (IOT hardware) writing the data directly to the location corresponding to the BIM model and writing it to the blockchain ledger.

The appearance dimensions and number of steel bars of the construction may be generated by using 3D laser scanning equipment to generate point clouds and compared with the BIM design model. The percentage of honeycomb pitted surface and the acceptance accuracy can be accurately calculated according to the quality inspection and assessment standards. The accuracy, which is much higher than manual calculation, is written into the corresponding location of the BIM model and the blockchain ledger.

All personnel and data participating in the acceptance are written into the blockchain ledger and stored permanently and cannot be tampered with.

If a quality problem occurs, the ledger record on the blockchain is like pressingA running account arranged in chronological order, starting from the current record and going forward. Who accepted it? Who made it? Who transported it? Who purchased it? It’s clear who supplied it.

· Payment stage:

With the official issuance of digital renminbi and support for programmability, when digital renminbi enters the field of project payment, it can be said that every project payment The destination has been basically fixed and can be tracked on the blockchain, making it impossible for project funds to be misappropriated. Then when the quality of the project passes the acceptance inspection and meets the conditions set by the smart contract, the point-to-point payment operation of the smart contract will be automatically triggered. No longer going through banks, it can also reduce the company's financial costs.

Therefore, according to the provisions of the capital construction procedures, projects that have not yet been funded in the future will inevitably not receive approval to start construction. For projects that have obtained approval to start construction, contractors, professional subcontractors, material suppliers and even labor personnel will no longer be able to No need to worry about defaulting on project payment.

When the BIM model is anchored to the physical building and turned into a digital asset, the ownership of the digital asset can flow on the blockchain.

Let’s assume that the ownership of a physical engineering component is temporarily retained in the hands of the contractor before the owner has paid the project fee. When a contractor encounters financial difficulties, it happens that the BIM digital assets on the blockchain (anchored (physical engineering components) to prove a certain future income (a project payment paid by the owner in the future), then the contractor can completely mortgage the ownership of this part of the digital asset, and the smart contract can lock the project payment paid by the future owner. The amount is used by the contractor to redeem the ownership of the digital asset.

3. Operation and maintenance phase

A good scenario in the operation and maintenance phase is the intelligent interaction between devices.

We assume that an unmanned patrol car discovers a defect in the asphalt pavement on the highway through the computer vision recognition system, triggers a smart contract to start another asphalt pavement maintenance vehicle, and this maintenance vehicle also uses smart The contract automatically places an order to purchase the required asphalt mixture repair materials, and automatically drives to the defective location to complete the repair, with little or no human intervention in the process.

In summary, blockchain technology + BIM can better realize smart construction. In turn, the BIM model can be used as a data dashboard for blockchain technology. With the continuous emergence of IOT hardware ( Especially in the operation and maintenance stage), with the continuous filling of data, the continuous refreshing of models, the dimensions becoming more and more full, what you see is what you get, blockchain + BIM will become a smarter smart construction decision-making system.

In the article, we listed some points in the three stages of planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance.Applications, and the actual application scenarios are far more than these examples, and these examples only serve as a point-to-point discussion.

All the technologies mentioned in the article are existing or already implemented functions (such as blockchain government systems, supply chain tracking, quality traceability, etc.). What is lacking is just the integration of these technologies. It seems that blockchain technology is not originally a new technology, but the integration of existing computer technologies such as distributed storage, asymmetric encryption, and consensus algorithms to achieve this great invention.

Some people may say that BIM forward design has not yet become popular in my country’s construction industry, and 4D and 5D digital construction management based on BIM have only begun to become popular. At this time, we should explore the smart construction of blockchain technology + BIM Is it too early?

What I want to say is,

The concept of BIM was proposed as early as 1975 by Dr. Chuck Eastman of Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States. In 2002, Autodesk officially proposed the BIM concept and technology. 3D visualization has developed to today's 8D concept.

Blockchain technology was also proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto as early as 2008. In addition to digital currency, it has also been widely used in other non-digital currency fields.

Just like artificial intelligence technology,

It was first proposed by computer expert John McCarthy in 1956, but it has been limited by computer technology and hardware and has stagnated until the ImageNET challenge in 2012. The accuracy of visual recognition in the game reached more than 95%, surpassing the limits of the human eye. After breaking through the limitations of computer hardware and technology, the application of artificial intelligence technology ushered in a big explosion. Only in recent years have we had beauty cameras, voice cameras in our mobile phones. There is a concentrated explosion of life applications such as identification and intelligent push.

Therefore, before any technology breaks out in large-scale applications, energy has been accumulating. This is a necessary process. On the one hand, it may be due to technology and hardware limitations. Another very important reason is that there are too few people who understand and participate. Once everyone understands and knows how to do it, this explosive power will naturally flourish.

Just like we keep blowing up a balloon, one day it will explode.

If you are also interested in blockchain applications, search the WeChat public account "Candy Chain Notes" and let's move forward together.

6. Brief analysis of the application of blockchain technology

Today we will talk about the application of blockchain technology in the public Application analysis in the field of resource trading
Public resource trading includes both the purchase of public resources by the public sector, such as government procurement, construction project bidding, etc.;Including the sales of public resources by the public sector, such as the bidding, auction and listing of state-owned land, the transfer of mining rights, the sale of state-owned forest rights, the disposal of state-owned financial assets and other public resource sales involving public interests and public security. Public resource transactions are related to the national economy and people's livelihood, and involve the fundamental interests of the people. Therefore, public resource transaction management has always been an important management function of my country's government affairs management.
In recent years, the National Information Center has continued to promote the construction of a public resource trading service platform, giving full play to the role of a public entrance to trading services, a public channel for data sharing, and comprehensive technical support for cross-regional transactions. The integration of public resource trading platforms based on digital technology has achieved remarkable results. Among them, blockchain technology has the characteristics of consistent data storage, difficulty in tampering, and traceability. It provides new ideas and solutions to solve the problem of trust in public resource trading data. path.

Information data management issues in the field of public resource transactions

Objectively speaking, various credit deficiencies have long existed in the field of public resource transactions in my country, which not only disrupts the normal market transaction order, but also It affects the fairness and justice of market competition, and also poses serious risks and threats to the quality of project construction and construction safety production. The reason is that the root cause of credit risk lies in the information asymmetry between entities in the public resource trading market, and in the limitations and defects of traditional public resource trading management on information data security and information data use.

Data security management issues

Various transaction information and credit information in the field of public resource transactions contain huge value. Under the increasingly electronic development trend of domestic public resource transaction management and services, including electronic bidding user identity information, potential bidder information, bid evaluation committee composition information, bid document information, judges' bid evaluation information, and bid evaluation result information Various types of information security risks have increasingly become important issues affecting the efficiency, quality, and fairness of public resource transactions.
Traditional data security technology cannot effectively avoid security management problems such as leakage, tampering, and loss of various information data. Especially with some technical means, it is difficult to trace traces of relevant data operations, causing great trouble for data security management. .
Data sharing application issues
The main reason for the long-standing problems of various credit deficiencies and untrustworthy behaviors in the public resource trading market is that there are limitations in the sharing and application of relevant credit information of market entities.
On the one hand, a large amount of credit information of market entities has been deposited in various departments for a long time and has not been fully exploited;
On the other hand, the credit information of public resource trading market entities involves banks, public security, courts, housing Among many management departments such as construction, human resources and social security, and taxation, the long-standing phenomenon of “data islands” and “data fog islands” among different management departments hinders the efficient sharing and application of credit information in the public resource trading market.
Blockchain and public resource transaction information data management
According to the "ChinaBlockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper 2016", in a broad sense, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data Security of transmission and access, a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that utilizes smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate data.
Essentially, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can be seen as an accounting method that supports the participation of all people.
Traditional data accounting involves multiple accounting entities and generates multiple data ledgers. Under this accounting method, due to the risks of lack of supervision, technical security risks, and physical security risks, the account data may be tampered with or lost, and it is difficult to trace relevant operational behaviors. Therefore, the objectivity, fairness, and security of the account data must be It’s hard to guarantee.
Blockchain technology provides a technical solution that supports multiple accounting entities to participate in accounting. When any accounting subject modifies the ledger, its modification behavior will form indelible traces (timestamps) in the ledger records, and the modification results will be synchronized to the ledgers of all accounting subjects, which prevents the account from being The risk of data tampering and loss can be traced back to relevant accounting behaviors to promote supervision.

In response to the information data management and credit issues raised above in the field of public resource transactions, blockchain technology can use its own "decentralization", "distributed data storage" and "traceability" ”, “anti-tampering characteristics”, “openness and transparency” and other advantageous features to effectively respond and solve.
Public resource transaction data is tamper-proof
The public resource transaction platform stores a large amount of public resource transaction data. With traditional centralized data storage management, once the data and backup are damaged or lost, it is difficult to recover, and due to There are loopholes in the supervision mechanism and the risk of data tampering.
Blockchain technology adopts "decentralization" and "distributed data storage". Data damage or loss in one or more data storage nodes will not affect the data security of other data storage nodes. At the same time, updates to data ledger records are shared and made public simultaneously, and operations traces are supported. Blockchain data cannot be tampered with or corrupted unless all nodes are compromised.
Establishing a trustworthy public resource transaction data environment
Information asymmetry in the public resource transaction market leads to adverse selection and moral hazard among market entities, affecting the efficiency and quality of public resource transactions, and affecting the orderly operation of the public resource transaction market. develop.
Blockchain technology solves the problems of authenticity, security and openness of public resource transaction data, promotes the efficient sharing and application of credit information in the public resource transaction market, promotes the establishment of a trustworthy data environment for public resource transactions, and prevents and avoids Various types of credit risks are subject to market transactions and supervisionThe subject provides trustworthy data decision-making support

7. How to build the project subject for blockchain

When it comes to offshore companies, they usually choose to register In the Islands. Some domestic giants, such as Alibaba, Tengxu, Shanda Network, Xiaomi, Haidilao, etc., have established overseas IPO structures by registering offshore companies in the archipelago.

Advantages of registering offshore companies in the islands:

1. Complete tax exemption (only a small annual management fee is charged)

2. Company information is kept confidential ( High degree of confidentiality)

3. Overseas IPO structure (domestic giants such as Tencent and Xiaomi have established overseas IPO structures by registering offshore companies)

4. Freedom of naming ( Chinese can be added)

5. No foreign exchange control

6. No specific business scope, as long as it does not engage in illegal and criminal activities or industries that require franchising.

2. The Singapore non-profit foundation can later issue relevant legal opinions to ensure legal compliance and prove that the company's operations are in compliance with Singapore's current laws.

The main contents of the legal opinion:

1. White paper modification: Modify the project white paper where it does not comply with Singapore laws and regulations, and a lawyer will issue a professional legal compliance opinion.

2. TOKEN non-securitization certificate: A lawyer issues a professional legal opinion detailing that the tokens issued by the project do not have the nature of securities.

8. The time for blockchain to be incorporated into new infrastructure is April 20, 2020.

On April 20, 2020, at the April regular press conference held by the National Development and Reform Commission, the scope of "new infrastructure" was clarified for the first time and blockchain was included in the new infrastructure.
The inclusion of blockchain in the scope of new infrastructure construction will bring a large amount of project construction needs and capital investment to the blockchain industry in the short term, which will change the sluggish state of the blockchain industry and will be beneficial to National economic development.