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『一』Sweden “released” Bitcoin companies to help Iran avoid inhumane sanctions

In Sweden, investing in Iran is legal. But according to the latest news, the Swedish government has approved a blockchain start-up to use a Bitcoin account to prove the liquidity of its assets and allowed it to register with the Swedish Enterprise Registration Authority.

This start-up company is called "Brave New World" and is headquartered in Linköping, Sweden. Its founders originally wanted to create investment vehicles for companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange, but the Swedish Six All major banks rejected his request to open an account without exception.

Idvardsson, who is in charge of this matter, said: "We carefully considered whether we could use Bitcoin as a non-cash property, and then we felt that this was feasible." So Idvardsson helped the company in the unbanked case is established.

In fact, this is not the first incident. The Swedish Accounting Standards Board previously applied to the Swedish Companies Registration Office for another similar Bitcoin company and was approved, so this approval came faster.

In order to register a company using Bitcoin in Sweden, in addition to meeting the general conditions, the founders of the company must provide a special declaration signed by an auditor stating that the value of their assets (i.e. Bitcoin) will not higher than the actual value of the company.

The statement must be signed by an authoritative public accountant and comply with generally accepted accounting principles for property value determination. There are many other issues encountered when going through the review process, so it is often very difficult.

01

Bitcoin Proof

While banks already practice sophisticated security procedures to verify customers’ identities, processing Bitcoin proves that the situation is more complicated.

On January 27, when it was still in the pre-approval stage, two equal amounts of Bitcoin were transferred from the agreed Bitcoin address to the alternative account. CoinDesk looked up the information for both transactions and confirmed that the transactions were successful. Now, this empty account is ready to handle the next transaction, which will be done through other Bitcoin accounts and local Bitcoin service providers.

At present, the Brave New World Investment Company has passed the review of the Bitcoin account, and its co-founder Mikael Johansson said that they are now waiting for the final approval and then open a bank account in Iran.

After that, Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will be used to transfer money to Iran, and after being converted into Iranian currency rial, they will be used to invest in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Johansson said: "We want to invest in outstanding companies in Iran. , diligent companies and individuals. ”

02

The Bitcoin climate is getting warmer

Since Iran’s 1979 revolution, countries around the world have begun to impose various forms of sanctions on Iran, and the United States is particularly opposed to it. Economic exchanges with Iran.

ButIn recent years, the nature of these sanctions has begun to change. First, the United States, the European Union and others signed the "Joint Comprehensive Action Plan for the Peaceful Development of Nuclear Energy in Iran" in 2015. Since then, EU countries have begun to strengthen economic exchanges with Iran.

The American attitude is completely different. Last month, U.S. President Donald Trump announced tightened sanctions on Iran in retaliation for missile tests that could threaten the United States. However, Johansson still believes that there are opportunities in this situation, and players who are willing to figure out these complex international rules can seize the opportunities.

He said that in order to meet Iran's demand for external investment, his company will form a diversified expert team to help the company survive in the cracks of sanctions imposed on Iran by the United States and the European Union. "We are studying the procedures and will ask the regulator to help us revise and improve them to ensure compliance with anti-money laundering regulations and counter-terrorism financing regulations, and of course sanctions issues."

03

Bitcoin Avenue

Now that Johansson’s company has been approved, he hopes to help Iranian companies overcome similar obstacles with the help of cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin. As mentioned above, Brave New World Investments "cannot open accounts in Sweden because local banks fear violating the trade agreement with the United States.

Over the past four years, interbank messaging platform Swift has cut off all ties with Iranian banks Although various restrictions have been eased in January 2016, and international credit cards have slowly entered the Iranian market, many Iranian banks subject to sanctions are still closed.

"These sanctions are not only harmful to the economy "It's a big impact and it's a humanitarian harm," Johansson said. "From an economic perspective, they divide the World Bank community." ”

Johansson believes that Sweden’s agreement to use Bitcoin accounts instead of bank accounts proves the possibility of the establishment of companies that cannot open bank accounts. These companies can still use Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies to pay office rent and purchase printers. , to provide services to their customers.

He concluded: “We expect to see the rise of new forms of companies that no longer need bank accounts and can operate on cryptocurrency. ”

『二』1 yuan to Iranian rial

RMB 1 = 6469.2286 Iranian rial

RMB to Iranian rial exchange rate 6469.228620

Iranian rial to RMB exchange rate: 0.0002

Since the 1970s, the U.S. dollar and oil have been forcibly tied together to form the "petrodollar" commodity currency combination. Almost All oil countries have to look at the face of the U.S. dollar. Once they disobey even a little bit, they will face sanctions and restrictions from the U.S. dollar, thereby losing the channels for normal oil trade and commodity transactions with the world. The U.S. dollar has been creating an unfair, Unreasonable monetary phenomena. Among them, in 2018Recently, the US dollar's restrictions on oil country Iran have been very obvious. However, the research team of BWC Chinese website Baijiahao has noticed that several recent developments indicate that Iran has exceeded the limits of the US dollar and continues to do so.

On March 9, Reuters quoted Refinitiv analysts as saying that tankers filled with Iranian oil usually turn off their transponders when loading to avoid detection and can only be transported in Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq. was tracked near the port. According to reports, most financial transactions are conducted in yuan or euros in order to bypass restrictions on the U.S. dollar. In other words, Iran’s oil exports have not stopped because of dollar restrictions.

In the past 14 months, Iran has exported approximately 17.8 million tons of oil to major Asian markets, according to Refinitiv Oil Research. Transaction volumes hit record highs in January and February this year. According to the latest news mentioned above, in addition to using yuan to trade Iranian oil, Reuters also mentioned the euro. Analysis said that Iranian oil not only broke through the US dollar limit, but was also shipped to China and some European countries. The core logic behind this is that many European countries are also cooperating with Iran to de-dollarize. This is certainly a surprise for the US dollar.

A new development is that the first transaction between Switzerland and Iran under the SHTA trade mechanism shows that the cooperation between Iranian and Swiss companies bypasses the Over USD. The media also said that currently, four Iranian banks are negotiating with Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Switzerland, Austria and other countries on the use of encrypted digital currencies in commercial settlements and financial transactions.

As early as a year ago, more than a dozen European countries, represented by Germany, joined the INSTEX mechanism to help the Iranian economy conduct normal commercial settlements. The European Central Bank says its plan to support a digital currency that circumvents SWIFT is expected to achieve a breakthrough within months. Obviously, the US dollar's plan to restrict Iran's oil exports and attempt to cut off Iran's currency and commodity transactions with the outside world has failed. Sovereign cryptocurrency solutions developed using blockchain technology will undoubtedly create more headaches for the US dollar.

Notably, the Central Bank of Iran has established a blockchain currency research laboratory to develop a national cryptocurrency backed by the local currency. It is reported that the head of Iran's Export Guarantee Agency said two weeks ago that the funds managed by the agency have replaced the banking system and have managed to clear the obstacles faced by Iran's engineering and technical services sector by issuing guarantees. Iran has currently issued more than 1,000 cryptocurrency mining licenses, which can facilitate the import of goods using cryptocurrency for trade, including oil.

『三』 Trillions of U.S. debts are unsustainable. Things have changed after Iran replaced the U.S. dollar with RMB

Although, in the past week, Fed officials began to discuss tapering However, in his speech on January 14th local time in the United States, Federal Reserve Chairman Powell said, “Raising interest rates is not coming soon.

Charles Evans, a senior economist at the Federal Reserve, also said on the 13th that the United States will need to add another 3.5 trillion in quantitative easing to offset the inability to lower interest rates below zero. Federal Reserve Chairman Powell further warned : The U.S. federal debt is not on a sustainable path.

Currently, the Federal Reserve is rapidly expanding its balance sheet by purchasing at least 120 billion in government bonds and mortgage-backed securities every month. In the past 37 weeks, the United States has Through the expansion of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet, the purchase of bonds of various maturities and various economic stimulus packages, a total of more than 19 trillion US dollars of monetary liquidity has been released to the market. Obviously, the Federal Reserve is close to running out of money in its monetary policy tools and has to turn to the government for help. More stimulus.

The latest news shows that the United States plans to launch another 2 trillion economic stimulus package. The U.S. Treasury Department even hinted that it will issue U.S. bonds with a maturity of 100 years, which also means As a result, the current unlimited easing and negative interest rates are expected to turn US dollar liquidity from drought to flood, and affect the status of the US dollar, prompting the world to search for alternatives. According to the latest data from the IMF, the share of the US dollar dropped to the lowest level in two years in the third quarter of 2020. The lowest, the proportion unexpectedly dropped to 60.2%. It is worth mentioning that the proportion was as high as 73% in 2000.

Similarly, to the market’s surprise, since 2008, emerging markets and Europe However, the country's counterparts are selling U.S. bonds and replacing gold at a rate not seen in more than 50 years. According to the latest report of the World Gold Council in January, in the first 11 months of 2020, global central banks net purchased more than 240 tons of gold. At the same time, nearly Over the past few years, European and emerging market countries have started a trend of shipping gold stored in the United States back to their countries. What happened is that just three months ago, Poland officially announced that it would ship back gold stored overseas.

< p> The above new news may bring about important currency changes since 1971 when Nixon closed the gold convertibility window to the U.S. dollar and the disintegration of the Bretton Woods system. It also shows that the global market is beginning to lose trust in the U.S. dollar-dominated monetary system. According to the Bank for International Settlements The explanation is that the continued spread of the new coronavirus in Europe and the United States may prompt countries to accelerate the adoption of digital payments and cryptocurrency, because the current international settlement system dominated by the US dollar no longer meets the new requirements of global commerce. As the data shows, the main The status of reserve currency is not static. The following news is feeding back this analysis.

According to Russian media RT last week, there are now more and more digital currencies or anchored strategic resources (gold, oil, diamonds, etc.) encrypted digital currencies with blockchain technology as the core to bypass the U.S. dollar. At the same time, the European Union, Russia and emerging marketsMarket countries are also jointly revaluing the strategic economic value of gold. For example, just three weeks ago, the Dutch central bank wrote an article suggesting that if the US dollar collapses, gold can be used as the basis for establishing a monetary system again. It seems to be ready for the gold standard. This is quite rare because this is a Western developed country that offers negative interest rates. The voice of de-dollarization.

Foreign media analysis believes that at present, many European countries, including Germany, France, the Netherlands, etc., may be fully prepared to endorse the monetary gold standard or the euro digital currency backed by gold. Obviously, from Germany in recent years, The U.S. dollar can be considered to be somewhat unreliable when it comes to shipping some of the gold stored in the United States back to the country in advance.

Immediately afterwards, Reuters quoted sources as saying two weeks ago that the European Central Bank, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Sweden and the Bank for International Settlements have jointly formed a digital currency development team , which means that traditional allies of the United States and neutral countries such as Switzerland may be working together to decentralize the U.S. dollar using digital currencies based on blockchain as the core.

In this regard, Zerohedge said in a follow-up report last week that it is obvious that Europe and emerging markets are preparing for the US dollar to lose its currency status in the future. The latest example is that Iran has already lost its currency status in commodity trade or In bilateral currency settlement, the US dollar was abandoned and other currencies were used instead. In the field of foreign exchange, the RMB replaced the original US dollar and became one of the major foreign exchange currencies. In addition, there is news that Iran's newly replaced national currency will also be anchored to the RMB. Exchange rate, according to a report by the Iranian Financial Tribune a week ago, the share of RMB in Iran’s foreign exchange reserves is close to 18%. At the same time, relevant Iranian institutions are also preparing to legalize cryptocurrency mining and issue encrypted digital currencies anchored to the local currency and gold. Bypass the US dollar.

Some analysts pointed out that as digital currencies continue to expand their share in international commerce and payments, the spillover effects of the U.S. dollar through exchange rates will weaken, making it easier for countries to bypass the U.S. dollar and possibly weakening the status of the U.S. dollar. and the influence of the U.S. financial system. As a result, the global demand for the U.S. dollar will decrease. In addition, the surging U.S. debt deficit of more than 27.7 trillion U.S. dollars has always been a shadow on the U.S. dollar, but now It didn’t happen, but when U.S. inflation rises and pushes interest rates higher, this trend will be more obvious, and at this critical moment, the unexpected occurs again.

According to Reuters a week ago, citing two sources from Japan’s Ministry of Finance and Japan’s Financial Services Agency, Japan’s four banking giants plan to establish a committee on digital currencies and establish an international committee for cryptocurrency payments. The Internet makes it easier for many countries, including Iran, to achieve de-dollarization in some commodities, including oil. Data shows that Iran is Japan’s main oil exporter. Then, according to Russian media RT two weeks ago, the Russian Central Bank It is also studying the establishment of a gold-backed cross-borderIn addition, the feasibility of a digital currency backed by the European Central Bank that bypasses SWIFT is expected to make new progress in the coming months.

『四』1 RMB is equal to how many Iranian dollars

1 RMB = 6469.2286 Iranian rial
The exchange rate of RMB to Iranian rial is 6469.228620
Iranian rial The exchange rate of Er to RMB: 0.0002
Since the 1970s, the U.S. dollar and oil were forcibly tied together to form the "petrodollar" commodity currency combination. Almost all oil countries have to look at the face of the U.S. dollar. Once they are slightly disobedient, , it will face sanctions and restrictions from the US dollar, and then lose the channel for normal oil economic and trade and commodity transactions with the world. The U.S. dollar has been creating unfair and unreasonable currency phenomena. Among them, the US dollar’s ​​restrictions on oil country Iran have been very obvious since 2018. However, the BWC Chinese website Baijiahao research team has noticed that multiple recent developments indicate that Iran has and is continuing to break through the US dollar restrictions.
Reuters quoted Refinitiv analysts on March 9 as saying that tankers filled with Iranian oil usually turn off their transponders when loading to avoid detection and can only be detected near ports in Oman, the United Arab Emirates and Iraq. traced. According to reports, most financial transactions are conducted in yuan or euros to bypass U.S. dollar restrictions. In other words, Iran's oil exports have not stopped because of US dollar restrictions.

Refinitiv Oil Research data shows that Iran has shipped about 17.8 million tons of oil to major Asian markets in the past 14 months. Transaction volumes hit record highs in January and February this year. According to the latest news mentioned above, in addition to RMB trading of Iranian oil, Reuters also mentioned the euro. Analysts believe that Iranian oil not only broke through the US dollar restrictions and was shipped to China, but also to some European countries. The core logic behind this is that many European countries are also working with Iran to carry out de-dollarization actions. This is certainly a surprise for the dollar.
A new development is that the Iranian media PressTV quoted news released by the Iran-Swiss Joint Chamber of Commerce not long ago as saying that Switzerland and Iran have reached the first transaction under the SHTA trade mechanism, which shows that Iran and Swiss companies cooperate The US dollar has been bypassed. Iranian media also said that four banks in Iran are currently negotiating with Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Russia, Switzerland, Austria and other countries on the use of encrypted digital currencies in commercial settlements and financial transactions.

As early as a year ago, more than a dozen European countries, represented by Germany, had joined the INSTEX mechanism to help the Iranian economy conduct normal commercial settlements. The European Central Bank stated that it supports digital currencies that circumvent SWIFT. The plan is expected to achieve a breakthrough within a few months. ObviousHowever, the US dollar's plan to restrict Iran's oil exports and attempt to cut off Iran's currency and commodity transactions with the outside world has come to nothing. Sovereign cryptocurrency solutions using blockchain technology will undoubtedly cause more headaches for the US dollar.
It is worth noting that the Central Bank of Iran has established a blockchain currency research laboratory to develop a national cryptocurrency backed by the local currency. It is reported that the head of Iran's Export Guarantee Agency said two weeks ago that the funds managed by the agency have replaced the banking system and have managed to clear the obstacles faced by Iran's engineering and technical services sector by issuing guarantees. Currently, Iran has issued More than 1,000 cryptocurrency mining licenses have been issued, which could facilitate trade including oil to use cryptocurrencies to import goods.

『五』After Iran officially replaces the US dollar with the renminbi, many countries may set off a competition for sovereign cryptocurrencies

According to the Russian Satellite News Agency on September 15, Russian Presidential Assistant Yuri. Ushakov's speech stated that Russia and Iran are establishing a coordination system between the Russian financial information transmission system and Iran's SEPAM to prevent sanctions on the U.S. banking system. We are taking measures to use our own currencies, strengthen direct settlement, and establish the Russian financial system. A collaborative system between the information transfer system and Iran's SEPAM as an alternative to payments through the SWIFT system.

SWIFT is an international inter-bank system for transmitting information and payments. More than 18,000 of the largest organizations in more than 200 countries are connected to it. Although the SWIFT international settlement system It is headquartered in Belgium, but the United States is the actual leader through the control of the U.S. dollar, and thus indirectly controls the international currency exchange business. However, Bank of England Governor Carney recently pointed out that the U.S. dollar’s ​​dominant position in the world trading system is limited to countries other than the United States. policymakers poses problems.

He believes that the best way to reduce the status of the U.S. dollar is to replace the U.S. dollar with a global digital currency. If the share of global trade denominated in digital currencies increases, then the spillover effects of the U.S. dollar through the exchange rate will It will weaken, and it will also make it easier for countries to bypass the U.S. dollar for transactions.

Currently, the settlement services of the Central Bank of Iran are being restricted by SWIFT. Based on this, the Central Bank of Iran has officially replaced the US dollar with RMB and listed RMB as Iran’s three major foreign exchange currencies. In fact As early as last month when Carney expressed this view, Russian media RT quoted a new report from the Foundation for Defense of Democracies as saying that the United States’ geostrategic opponents are deploying encrypted digital currencies with blockchain technology as the core. to help avoid sanctions and counter the financial power of U.S. banks.

The report states that governments such as China, Russia, Iran, and Venezuela are experimenting with digital currencies that support encryption technology. They regard blockchain technology as a key component of their priority to counter U.S. financial power, and include Develop alternatives to SW in the fields of commodities and foreign exchange financial settlement including energyIFT payment system.

For example, as a subsequent response, the Central Bank of Iran announced a few weeks ago that it plans to issue its own encrypted digital currency, PayMon, to bypass U.S. dollar restrictions on transactions and use strategic resources such as gold as physical objects. Mortgage is said to be negotiating with Switzerland, France, the United Kingdom, Russia and Germany to carry out financial transactions in cryptocurrency, and hopes that this can break the dollar blockade and help oil exports get out of trouble.

Because PayMon, as an encrypted digital currency anchored to gold, cannot be blocked and tracked by the U.S. dollar-dominated SWIFT clearing system, let alone regulated by the U.S. banking system. At the same time, the emergence of PayMon will lead to Intermediaries disappear because this is a secure digital currency with multiple functions. In fact, many countries may be setting off a race for sovereign cryptocurrencies.

The latest development is that according to sources recently revealed to Reuters, Japan is also leading the establishment of an international network financial system that can be used for global cryptocurrency payments, similar to SWIFT to bypass the US dollar. , and can bypass SWIFT in the field of oil and other commodities with the international market, including Iran, thereby achieving decentralization of the US dollar in some commodity fields.

Immediately afterwards, according to Russian media RT, Russia also A proposal to establish a gold-backed cryptocurrency that can be used for cross-border transactions with other countries is being studied to establish a national monetary system denominated in gold. In other words, to re-establish a gold-based anchor. In the era of the digital currency gold standard, earlier, Russia had announced that it would use Bitcoin to achieve the goal of de-dollarization and replace part of its U.S. dollar reserves, and to minimize restrictions because the flow of U.S. dollar-denominated payments for oil may be disrupted.

Meanwhile, the Eurasian Economic Union is developing a common system for a dollar-free payments system and has trade agreements with a range of partners, including China, Russia, Iran Turkey and Turkey are the four key carriers of Eurasian economic integration and are adopting any necessary investment and settlement mechanisms to bypass the U.S. dollar. The latest development is that the alliance’s agreement to establish a free trade area with Iran has been approved by all members and is expected to Iran will ratify the deal in the second half of this year.

Not only that, China and Russia are also currently actively developing their own cross-border payment systems. It is reported that the system is currently negotiating with Iran, Turkey and other countries to facilitate system docking. Earlier, According to the Iranian Chamber of Commerce, Industry, Commerce, Mining and Agriculture, Kunlun Bank has announced that it will continue to conduct banking transactions with Iran until the end of December this year and will only use RMB for financial transaction settlement.

Analysis points out that in addition to establishing a collaborative system to replace the SWIFT payment system, Iran and Russia may also use RMB to conduct oil settlement transactions with Chinese oil companies.After the Central Bank of Iran listed the RMB as the main foreign exchange currency, it will soon be able to use this trading system to purchase Chinese goods with RMB, and together with the European Settlement System, it will increase economic and trade exchanges and inject new vitality into the Iranian economy.

In other words, the petro-yuan may become the final trump card that can dominate the pricing power of crude oil in Asia and Europe. Among them, China, Russia and Iran are the key factors in promoting the economic order of the Eurasian petro-yuan, thereby breaking the It may bypass the U.S. dollar-oil-U.S. debt system that has been maintained for more than 40 years. The longer-term significance means that the internationalization of the RMB will go to a higher level. At the same time, China and Iran will continue to cooperate in other non-energy trade fields. Cooperation is also expanding. For example, the import of intermediate products and technical services from China is crucial to the development of the supply chain of Iranian industry.

The latest development is that, according to a report released by the Iranian Customs on September 2, Iran shipped goods to China, Iraq, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, Afghanistan, etc. from March 21 to August 22. The market's non-oil product export share exceeded 60.737 million tons, worth US$17.8 billion. According to Reuters calculations citing the latest shipping data on September 2, although the US oil sanctions on Iran have reduced the country's crude oil exports by more than 80% , but refined oil exports remain strong, reaching nearly $500 million per month. In addition, in addition to billions of dollars of investment now, Chinese companies will invest approximately $80 billion over the next five years to upgrade Iran's energy production facilities and infrastructure and safeguards that Iranian oil could be shipped from the Persian Gulf to Asia. (End)

『Lu』Iran proposes to establish a digital currency anchored by oil. Is it possible?

Iran proposes to establish a digital currency anchored by oil. Is it possible? ? This method proposed by Iran is likely to be unable to be applied in practice. There are several main reasons. You can refer to the following content:

3. Oil is related to a lot of oil The interests of importing countries are difficult to gain recognition at the economic level:

Oil is a complicated entanglement of interests, especially for oil importing countries, because it involves their economic interests, and the implementation of digital currency is very difficult. It may hit these countries, so it will be difficult to gain recognition.

『撒』How to define blockchain and what are its application scenarios

Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything, which is somewhat true. Make blockchain technology a myth!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

The characteristics of blockchain technology include:

Blockchain is a system that is distributed around the world and can coordinate The operating database storage system is different from the traditional database operation - the read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (centralized characteristics). The blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything else. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era, and the past has become classic, while others said To say that everything is hype is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, and does not confirm the rights in real time during the process of evidence generation, the entire rights confirmation process takes a long time, and the evidence collection is difficult and costly. It is extremely difficult to provide evidence and trace the source, and it is impossible to meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

Through the following limited cases, I hope everyone can understand the actual performance of blockchain technology, thereby stimulating interest in such solutions.

1. Administrative Services

Over the centuries, the roles and responsibilities of public administration have not changed significantly – or rather, what has changed dramatically is actually the size of the data and the specific ways in which public agencies handle it. Although various digital technologies already exist to help collect and process data, issues such as anonymization, portability, and the immutability of large amounts of data remain unresolved.

Sasha Ivanov, founder, entrepreneur and CEO of Waves Platform and Vostok projects, said, "What the public administration currently lacks is a more convenient user experience (UX) for data use. To improve the user experience , we should introduce some kind of layer into it that acts as a trusted public environment that is transparent andData information can be stored anonymously and immutably. ”

Governments around the world are gradually facing the existence of such problems by launching federal agency and enterprise-level programs such as the U.S. Federal Blockchain Initiative. The United States held the first federal district conference in July 2017. Blockchain Forum, and the U.S. General Services Administration currently has more than 200 related use case repositories. Ivanov explained, "Distributed systems can really help us establish such a reliable environment, improve our big data work, and even Bringing all emerging technologies together—including artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and more. In fact, whenever we face any kind of technology, it always embodies the sum of other technologies. ”

Now, the system supported by the blockchain can actually work - this view has been unanimously recognized by all experts and has become the most important theoretical basis. In other words, next we have to What we do is to create more production-ready solutions.

2. Payment services

The government needs to process transactions, many of which involve the exchange of funds with citizens. District Blockchain technology has huge potential application value in reducing the cost of fund transfers - including using new blockchain-based cryptocurrencies as intermediate transaction carriers, or using blockchain as a means of fund transfer, etc. Once a perfect solution is discovered , the business opportunities contained therein will be endless - especially for those who need to conduct frequent cross-border or Internet transactions.

The Jasper project was developed by the Bank of Canada to help it further think about central banks And how other financial institutions should implement payment operations between different banks based on distributed ledgers. The Bank of Canada has also developed its own digital currency variant "CAD Coin" to test the use of a certain national currency on top of the blockchain The feasibility of it.

This project brings an interesting conclusion, that is, we should say no to the proof-of-work public chain system. In an article titled "Jasper Project: Is a distributed batch payment system feasible?" "In the paper, the author observed that "Proof-of-work systems are not suitable for such large transaction processing systems because they assume that all transactions in the system require publicity and observability to a certain extent. ”

3. Digitization and Intellectual Property

The government is responsible for maintaining copyright records and databases. These records prove the ownership of intellectual property. A blockchain-based system allows various artists, Performers and writers can time-stamp their works and theoretically detect copyright infringements and even retain permanent records of rights. In fact, many governments have taken important exploratory steps in this direction.

Iran recently announced that it will deploy this technology. "Iran Financial Tribune" quoted Morteza Mousavian as saying that "the Digital Media Department of the Ministry of CultureAn agreement has been reached with a blockchain company to jointly design a system that can be used to protect online copyright. "He also added, "Relevant programs will soon be released to users in an easy-to-use manner. ”

This work is still in the early stages of exploration, but it provides corporate customers with the possibility of preserving records through replication technology. From a theoretical level, companies can use blockchain solutions for financial accounting, And discover the errors in real time.

4. Welfare distribution

The government has the responsibility to create a level playing field for citizens. Citizens who are chronically poor or economically disadvantaged certainly Government support and assistance is needed to ensure that they are able to maintain their lives and acquire the ability to continue to develop. However, welfare distribution is neither simple nor often straightforward. Problems such as corruption and imposters have been seriously undermining government programs. Various distribution channels.

In China, the National Council of Social Security Fund is conducting early research on how to use blockchain technology to improve the delivery of national benefits to citizens. At the same time, India is also taking action , Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are already using blockchain to support their civilian resource supply systems.

It is said that many companies, including Microsoft, are also considering using the same technology. These solutions, which will touch individual employees and functional roles, are expected to gradually appear in small businesses in the near future.

5. Tendering activities

In order to build public infrastructure or provide For related services, governments hope to achieve economies of scale and competitive gains through tendering as much as possible. However, the tendering process is often not fair or transparent. Public procurement has long been a major scene of rampant corruption around the world. Transparency International pointed out, “Many governments will award project contracts to one supplier in the absence of fair competition. This allows companies with greater political resources to unfairly outcompete competitors; or companies in the same industry negotiate bids in advance to ensure that each company gets a piece of the tender pie. This will significantly increase the cost of delivering services to the public – we have found that corruption issues can increase project costs by 50%. ”

So, how can blockchain technology solve the bidding problem? According to Ivanov, “Unlike decentralized centralized systems, independent ledgers powered by blockchain will be able to improve bidding or Transparency of any other financial processes that need to be tracked. The intervention of blockchain technology will help track the use of funds and ensure that they are paid out as expected and within the allowed time. ”

Currently, Japan’s Ministry of Interior and Communications has announced a blockchain-based bidding system, which means that in industries with serious collusion problems, small and medium-sized enterprises are expected to usher in a more transparent bidding method and Brighter hairdevelopment prospects.

Although quite a few of the cases mentioned previously are far from finalized, they do provide many possibilities for companies and governments. Of course, the key lies in implementation; and we should also look at all this with optimism, that is, although blockchain technology is often misunderstood, it is and will eventually find a direction in which it can exert its own energy!

< p> In layman's terms, the blockchain is like a dozen beacon towers on the Great Wall. If an enemy comes at one place, they will send out smoke. The other beacon towers will know about it and enter a defensive state together. In technical language, it is a distributed ledger. Each node keeps accounts separately. The failure of one or two nodes will not affect the entire network.

How is this distributed network different from the distributed servers of Google Network? Google Network's distributed servers still belong to Google Network and are controlled by their central scheduling algorithm. The distributed nodes in the blockchain do not know each other and have no legal relationship. You can just go offline and shut down if you want, but because of the currency rewards, there will always be someone who will turn on the machine as a new node to support the network.

After the popular and technical explanation, I hope you understand. So the first application scenario is finance. I put my money in Alipay. If Alipay doesn't recognize it one day, there's nothing you can do. But on the blockchain, it is useless if one node does not acknowledge it, because other nodes still have my records. The second is the contract. Nowadays, contracts are made on paper and are easy to be faked. But if they are put on the blockchain, they cannot be faked.

There are more application scenarios. It is recommended to check the top 100 digital Huobi online to understand the corresponding projects behind them and become a blockchain expert. .

Blockchain technology was first used in Bitcoin. Blockchain provides a reliable and trustworthy means of organizing data for cross-subject business scenarios. JD.com is essentially a supply chain company, and blockchain technology will be first used in many scenarios of the supply chain.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since traffic fraud in digital advertising causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, with the increasing application of blockchain technology,As it matures, it will be applied in many industries to create a new ecological model based on technological trust

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to connect people The relationship between them is more equal. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

What is blockchain

If you use non-technical terms to explain blockchain, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone, so In the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place would be like a magical treasure.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire trading network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.