ibc区块链矿机,bot区块链挖矿

请查看相关英文文档

『一』What does Bitcoin mining mean?

Bitcoin mining refers to the use of computer calculations to solve mathematical problems in the Bitcoin blockchain. , thereby obtaining new Bitcoin rewards.
Bitcoin is an encrypted digital currency whose transaction records are stored in a decentralized blockchain database. The process of Bitcoin mining is to calculate complex algorithms to verify and process Bitcoin transactions and add them to the blockchain database.
Mining requires a large amount of computing resources and electricity. Therefore, the mining process has very high requirements for computer hardware and power supply. Successful mining can be rewarded with Bitcoins, which is one of the ways the Bitcoin supply increases.
Bitcoin mining is becoming more and more difficult, requiring more computing resources to solve difficult problems. Therefore, most people now choose to join mining pools, which improves the success rate of mining by sharing computing resources. Miners Bitcoin rewards can be shared in proportion to their contribution.
In general, Bitcoin mining is a complex process that requires a lot of resources and efforts. Therefore, this activity can only be carried out if you have the necessary technology and resources.

『二』How does Bitcoin come about and what does mining mean?

Bitcoin, a peer-to-peer payment system, was launched on January 3, 2009. Its creator is little known, as all original discussions about the currency and protocol were published by someone pretending to be Satoshi Nakamoto. In the early days of its existence, the existence of Bitcoin only gave people new ideas about the future of financial transactions. But now, it's huge.

『三』Will there ever be a day when Bitcoin is completely mined? How is Bitcoin mined?

A block of BTC will be mined every 10 minutes. Come out, because the market is so competitive, the blockchain reward of 12.5 Bitcoins will be distributed among the competitors based on their hash rate contribution in the process. Most BTC mining has also been replaced by mining farms and mining pools, so in order to get some BTC you have to join one or another of these mining pools and contribute whatever hashrate you can. It can take many months to earn Bitcoin using a traditional PC or even a GPU platform, as ASIC chips currently dominate the Bitcoin mining industry.

The adjusted difficulty coefficient makes the expected time to form a blockchain be 10 minutes. The current difficulty level is about 480 PH/s, which is about 68 billion times that of the genesis block. In other words, at the current computing rate, mining by major websites requires about 3000 trillion hash operations. Find a qualified answer and form a new blockchain. Even if it can be proven that the BTC or other encrypted digital currencies you mine are real, they are only temporarily stored in other people's accounts. Generally, this mobile phone cloud mining method can only be used after reaching a certain total number.To transfer coins, it takes a long time to reach this cycle time or threshold, which is enough for others to run away.

『四』What is the principle of Bitcoin and blockchain, and what is happening with mining machines

Bitcoin is a digital currency generated based on a specific algorithm

Bitcoin is equivalent to digital Gold, as a universal equivalent recognized by everyone, naturally has monetary properties and has been regarded as a currency in circulation since ancient times. Bitcoin was born in 2009. It was created by a person named Satoshi Nakamoto. As the earliest digital currency, it can be said to be worthless at the beginning of its creation. Until 2017, the highest trading price of Bitcoin exceeded 30,000. RMB and Bitcoin have become a valuable digital currency for the following reasons:

First of all, it is like gold. As a natural mineral, the total amount is limited. The same is true for Bitcoin. According to its own algorithm, it cannot be over-issued, so there will be no rapid devaluation of currency due to excessive currency issuance. Due to algorithm reasons, the number of Bitcoins is controlled to no more than 21 million, and it cannot be issued in large quantities, so its value is guaranteed. .

『Wu』 Wait online, the principle of mining machine mining

Mining machine mining means that users use specific hardware equipment (mining machines) to The process of digital currency mining. The working principle of a mining machine is: it uses specific software and hardware components to complete the mining process, using the processing power of the computer to solve complex mathematical problems in the digital currency network, thereby obtaining digital currency rewards.

The specific process of miner mining is: first, the miner will obtain new transactions from the blockchain network and combine them into a new block; then, the miner will calculate the new block The hash value, that is, the block header; then, the miner will check whether the hash value of the new block meets the requirements of the blockchain network. If it meets the requirements, the miner can add the new block to the blockchain network; , the miner will receive certain digital currency rewards.

The principle of mining by mining machines is based on blockchain technology, which is a distributed ledger technology that can record all digital currency transactions and ensure that these transactions are safe and reliable. Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that can record all digital currency transactions and ensure that these transactions are safe and reliable. The core principle of blockchain technology is that a network of mining machines can use computer processing power to complete complex mathematical problems and obtain digital currency rewards.

The advantages of mining with mining machines are: it allows users to obtain digital currency rewards without worrying about security; it allows users to participate in digital currency transactions more conveniently; it allows users to participate in digital currency transactions more quickly; Earn digital currency rewards; it allows users to participate in digital currency transactions more safely.

The disadvantages of mining with mining machines also exist: mining with mining machines requires the purchase of professional hardcore equipment, and the prices of these equipment are relatively high; mining with mining machines requiresA large amount of electricity, and the electricity bill is relatively high; the computing power of the mining machine is also limited, and the mining speed is relatively slow; the income of the mining machine is also limited, because the price of digital currencies such as Bitcoin is also limited of.

In short, mining machine mining is a technology that uses computer processing power to solve complex mathematical problems in the digital currency network to obtain digital currency rewards. It has the advantage of obtaining digital currency rewards. But there are also some disadvantages, such as high hardware purchase costs, large power consumption and limited benefits.

『Lu』 What is mining and how to mine

To put it simply, mining is to use a chip to perform a calculation related to random numbers, and then obtain the answer in exchange for A virtual currency. Virtual currencies can be exchanged for currencies of various countries through certain channels. The chip with stronger computing power can find this random answer faster, and theoretically can produce more virtual coins per unit of time. Since it involves random numbers, you can only get rewards if you happen to find the answer. It is possible that one chip will find the answer in the next second, or it is possible that ten chips will not find the answer for a week. The more chips can be calculated simultaneously, the easier it is to find the answer, and mining machines with built-in multi-chips have appeared. And multiple mining machines forming a "mine" to mine at the same time can improve efficiency. Mining pools are composed of multiple "self-employed individuals" joining an organization to mine together. No matter who finds the answer and mines the virtual currency, everyone will receive corresponding rewards at the same time based on the computing power they contributed. This method can make the "self-employed" income more Stablize.

Give a popular example:

I randomly write a string of numbers on a piece of paper and give some hints. Whoever guesses correctly will give him a bonus (mining)

p>

Smart people can make more guesses based on prompts (computing power)

Someone pays many people to come back and guess together (mine)

Someone calls everyone together Guess, no matter who guesses, the bonus will be distributed according to the proportion of the number of guesses made by each person (mining pool)

As you can see from the above example, the smarter the person, the more guesses they can make, and the chance of guessing. The bigger it is, the more benefits you can get.

We often watch There are miners who constantly upgrade their computer configurations or buy multiple computers in order to mine. The actual purpose is to increase their computing power. The process of mining is that each miner competes with all miners to calculate that share of Bitcoin within a period of time. In essence, one person's computing power VS the global computing power. It can be seen that mining is not that easy.

What is computing power?

In the process of "mining", we need to find the corresponding solution. To find the solution, there is no fixed algorithm and we can only rely on computers. Random hash collisions. How many hash collisions can a mining machine do per second?It is a representative of its "computing power", and the unit is written as hash/s.

『撒』What is blockchain and how to make money with blockchain

Blockchain is a computer technology based on distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. New application models. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

How to make money in the blockchain:

1. Earn commissions through promotion.

The blockchain approach is to first register an exchange account, generate your own invitation link, and then promote it. If someone registers the exchange through your link and generates transactions, you will get a commission.

2. Coin speculation.

Speculating in currencies is like speculating in stocks. Coin speculation is a way to make money on the Blockchain with the lowest threshold.

3. Mining.

"Mining" in Bitcoin is the accounting process. This process requires grabbing, and if you grab the opportunity to bookkeeping rights, you will be rewarded, and the reward is Bitcoin. This behavior is "mining".

4. Develop wallet.

The wallet is the infrastructure of the blockchain, just like the "Alipay Zheng Xinque" or "WeChat Pay" of the blockchain.

Extended information:

1. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the bottom layer of Bitcoin. technology. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block. piece.

2. Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.

3. On January 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Seminar of the People’s Bank of China announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency. The expression of the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Seminar has greatly enhanced the confidence of the digital currency industry. This is the first time that the five central bank ministries and commissions have expressed a clear attitude towards digital currencies since they issued a notice on preventing Bitcoin risks on December 5, 2013.

Blockchain - Network

『8』 What is the principle of Bitcoin mining?

Bitcoin mining is the use of computer hardware for the Bitcoin network The process of doing mathematical calculations to confirm transactions and improve security.

『玖』 Detailed explanation of the principle of Bitcoin mining

You can think of the blockchain as a public ledger (list) that records all transactions , which is viewed by every participant in the Bitcoin network as an authoritative record of ownership.

Bitcoin has no central authority, and almost all full nodesThere is a copy of the public ledger that can be considered a certified record.

So far, there has not been a single successful attack on the main blockchain, not even one.

Bitcoins are minted at a definite but ever-decreasing rate by creating new blocks. A new block is produced approximately every ten minutes, and each new block is accompanied by a certain amount of brand-new Bitcoins created from scratch. Every 210,000 blocks mined, which takes approximately 4 years, the currency issuance rate is reduced by 50%.

At some point in 2016, it dropped to 12.5 BTC/block after the 420,000th block was “mined.” Before the 13,230,000th block (probably mined in 2137), the issuance rate of new coins will be "halved" 64 times in an exponential manner. At that time, the number of Bitcoins issued per block will become the smallest monetary unit of Bitcoin - 1 satoshi. Eventually, after 13.44 million blocks, all 2099,999,997,690,000 Satoshi Bitcoins will be issued. In other words, by around 2140, there will be close to 21 million Bitcoins. After that, new blocks no longer contain Bitcoin rewards, and miners’ income comes entirely from transaction fees.

After receiving transactions, each node will verify these transactions before broadcasting them to the entire network, and establish a pool (transaction pool) for valid new transactions in the corresponding order when received. .

Each node needs to check a long list of standards when verifying each transaction:

The syntax and data structure of the transaction must be correct.

Neither the input nor the output lists can be empty.

The byte size of the transaction is less than MAX_BLOCK_SIZE.

Each output value, as well as the total amount, must be within the specified value range (less than 21 million coins, greater than 0).

There are no inputs with hash equal to 0 and N equal to -1 (coinbase transactions should not be relayed).

nLockTime is less than or equal to INT_MAX.

The byte size of the transaction is greater than or equal to 100.

The number of signatures in the transaction should be less than the maximum number of signature operations.

Unlock feetThis (Sig) can only push numbers onto the stack, and the locking script (Pubkey) must conform to the isStandard format (this format will reject non-standard transactions).

A matching transaction must exist in the pool or in the main branch block.

For each input, if the referenced output exists in any transaction in the pool, the transaction will be rejected.

For each input, look for the referenced output transaction in the main branch and the transaction pool. If an output transaction is missing any of its inputs, the transaction becomes an orphan transaction. If the matching transaction has not yet appeared in the pool, it will be added to the orphan transaction pool.

For each input, if the referenced output transaction is a coinbase output, the input must have at least COINBASE_MATURITY (100) confirmations.

For each input, the referenced output must exist and not be spent.

Use the referenced output transaction to obtain the input value, and check whether each input value and the total value are within the specified value range (less than 21 million coins, greater than 0).

If the sum of input values ​​is less than the sum of output values, the transaction will be aborted.

If the transaction fee is too low to fit into an empty block, the transaction will be rejected.

Each input unlocking script must be validated against the corresponding output locking script.

The following mining node is named A mining node

The mining node always monitors new blocks propagated to the Bitcoin network. These newly added blocks have special significance for mining nodes. The competition among miners ends with the propagation of a new block, which is like announcing the final winner. For miners, getting a new block means that one participant has won and they have lost the competition. However, the end of one round of competition also represents the beginning of the next round of competition.

After validating transactions, Bitcoin nodes add these transactions to their own mempool. The memory pool is also called the transaction pool, which is used to temporarily store transaction records that have not yet been added to the block.

Node A needs to assign a priority to each transaction in the memory pool and select higher priority transaction records to build candidate blocks.

For a transaction to become a "higher priority", it must meet the following conditions: the priority value is greater than 57,600,000. This valueThe generation of depends on 3 parameters: one Bitcoin (i.e. 100 million satoshis), age of one day (144 blocks), and size of the transaction of 250 bytes:

High Priority > 100,000,000 satoshis * 144 blocks / 250 bytes = 57,600,000

The first 50K bytes in the block used to store transactions are reserved for higher priority transactions. When the node fills these 50K bytes, it will give priority to these highest priority transactions, regardless of whether they include mining fees. This mechanism allows high-priority transactions to be processed preferentially even if they cost zero mining fees.

Then, A mining node will select those transactions that contain the minimum miner fee and sort them according to "miner fee per kilobyte", giving priority to transactions with higher miner fees to fill the remaining block.

If there is still space left in the block, mining node A can choose transactions that do not include mining fees. Some miners will go to great lengths to include transactions that do not include miner fees into blocks, while other miners may choose to ignore these transactions.

After the block is filled, the remaining transactions in the mempool will become candidate transactions for the next block. Because these transactions remain in the memory pool, as new blocks are added to the chain, the depth of the UTXO referenced by these transaction inputs (i.e., the transaction "block age") will also increase. Since the priority value of a transaction depends on the "block age" of its transaction input, the priority value of this transaction also increases accordingly. Finally, the priority value of a zero-mining fee transaction may meet the high-priority threshold and be included in the block for free.

UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output): Each transaction has several transaction inputs, which are the sources of funds, and several transaction outputs, which are the destination of the funds. Generally speaking, each transaction spends an input and produces an output, and the output it generates is the "unspent transaction output", which is UTXO.

Block age: The "block age" of UTXO is the number of blocks that have passed since the UTXO was recorded in the blockchain, that is, the depth of this UTXO in the blockchain.

The first transaction in the block is a special transaction, called a coin creation transaction or coinbase transaction. This transaction is constructed by the mining node and used to reward miners for their contributions. Assume that the reward of a block at this time is 25 Bitcoins. A's mining node will create a transaction such as "pay 25.1 Bitcoins to A's address (including the mining fee of 0.1 Bitcoins)" and send the reward generated by the transaction. to your wallet. A dug-out areaThe amount of reward a block receives is the sum of the coinbase reward (25 brand new Bitcoins) and the mining fees of all transactions in the block.

Node A has constructed a candidate block, then it is A’s miner’s turn to “mine” this new block and solve the workload proof algorithm to make this block valid. The Bitcoin mining process uses the SHA256 hash function.

In the simplest terms, a mining node keeps trying over and over again until it finds a random tweak that results in a hash below a certain target. The result of a hash function cannot be known in advance, and there is no pattern that can lead to a specific hash value. For example, if you are playing billiards alone in the room, the white ball goes from point A to point B, but if you push the door open and see the white ball at point B, you will not know how to get from A to B anyway. This property of hash functions means that the only way to get a hash value is to keep trying, randomly modifying the input each time, until the appropriate hash value appears.

The following parameters are required

• The version of the block

• The hash value of the previous block: prev_hash

• The value of the hash tree of the transaction record that needs to be written: merkle_root

• Update time: ntime

• Current difficulty: nbits

Mined The process is to find x such that

SHA256(SHA256(version + prev_hash + merkle_root + ntime + nbits + x )) < TARGET

The range of x in the above formula is 0~2 ^32, TARGET can be calculated based on the current difficulty.

As a simple analogy, imagine a game in which people continually throw a pair of dice to get less than a certain number of points. In the first game, the target was 12. As long as you don't throw two 6s, you will win. Then the next game target is 11. Players can only win by throwing 10 points or less, but it's very simple. Suppose the goal is lowered to 5 after a few rounds. Now there is more than half a chance that the total number of dice thrown will exceed 5, so it is invalid. As the target gets smaller and smaller, the number of dice throws will increase exponentially if you want to win. Finally, when the target is 2 (the smallest possible number of points), only one person who throws an average of 36 times, or 2% of the times, can win.

As mentioned before, the goal determines the difficulty, which in turn affects the time required to solve the proof-of-work algorithm. So the question is: Why is this difficulty value adjustable? Who will make adjustments? How to adjust?

Bitcoin blocks are generated on average every 10 minutes. This is the heartbeat of Bitcoin, the basis for the rate at which money is issued and the speed at which transactions are completed. It has to remain constant not just in the short term, but over decades. During this period, computer performance will increase dramatically. Additionally, the people and computers involved in mining are constantly changing. In order to maintain the production rate of new blocks every 10 minutes, the difficulty of mining must be adjusted according to these changes. In fact, difficulty is a dynamic parameter that is adjusted regularly to achieve the goal of a new block every 10 minutes. Simply put, the difficulty is set so that, regardless of mining power, the new block generation rate remains at one every 10 minutes.

So, how is such an adjustment achieved in a completely decentralized network? Difficulty adjustments occur independently and automatically in each full node. All nodes adjust the difficulty every 2,016 blocks (blocks generated every 2 weeks). The difficulty adjustment formula is calculated by comparing the elapsed time of the latest 2,016 blocks to 20,160 minutes (two weeks, which is how long these blocks are expected to take at a rate of 10 minutes). The difficulty is adjusted accordingly (either harder or easier) based on the ratio of actual duration to desired duration. Simply put, if the network finds that the block generation rate is faster than 10 minutes, it will increase the difficulty. If you find it is slower than 10 minutes, lower the difficulty.

In order to prevent the difficulty from changing too quickly, the adjustment amplitude per period must be less than a factor (a value of 4). If the adjustment range is greater than 4 times, adjust by 4 times. Since the imbalance will continue to exist in the next 2,016 block cycle, further difficulty adjustments will be made in the next cycle. Balancing the huge differences in hashing power and difficulty may therefore take several 2,016 block cycles to complete.

For example, node A is currently mining 277,316 blocks. Once the mining node A completes the calculation, it will immediately send the block to all its neighboring nodes. After these nodes receive and verify this new block, they will continue to propagate this block. As this new block propagates through the network, each node will add it to its own copy of the blockchain as block 277,316 (the parent block is 277,315). When the mining nodes receive and verify this new block, they abandon their previous calculations to build this block of the same height and immediately begin the work of calculating the next block in the blockchain.

The third step of the Bitcoin consensus mechanism is to independently verify each new block by each node in the network. As a new block propagates through the network, each node forwards it to its peers, a series of tests will be conducted to verify it. This ensures that only valid blocks are propagated across the network.

Each node independently verifies each new block, ensuring that miners cannot cheat. In the previous chapter, we saw how miners record a transaction to obtain the new Bitcoins created in this block and the transaction fee. Why don't miners record a transaction for themselves to get thousands of Bitcoins? This is because every node verifies blocks according to the same rules. An invalid coinbase transaction will invalidate the entire block, which will cause the block to be rejected and, therefore, the transaction will not become part of the ledger.

The final step in Bitcoin’s decentralized consensus mechanism is to assemble blocks into the chain with the largest proof of work. Once a node validates a new block, it will attempt to connect the new block to the existing blockchain, assembling them.

Nodes maintain three types of blocks:

· The first is connected to the main chain,

· The second is from the main chain Branches are generated on the chain (standby chain),

· The third type is that no known parent block is found in the known chain.

Sometimes, the blockchain extended by the new block is not the main chain, as we will see in "Blockchain Forks" below.

If a node receives a valid block but its parent block is not found in the existing blockchain, then the block is considered an "orphan block". Orphan blocks will be kept in the orphan block pool until their parent block is received by the node. Once the parent block is received and connected to the existing blockchain, the node takes the orphan block out of the orphan pool and connects it to its parent block, making it part of the blockchain. When two blocks are mined within a short time interval, nodes may receive them in reverse order. At this time, the orphan block phenomenon will occur.

After selecting the blockchain with the highest difficulty, all nodes finally reached a network-wide consensus. Temporary differences in the chain will eventually be resolved as more proof of work is added to the chain. Mining nodes "vote" to choose which blockchain they want to extend. When they mine a new block and extend a chain, the new block itself represents their vote.

Because the blockchain is a decentralized data structure, different copies cannot always be consistent. Blocks may arrive at different nodes at different times, resulting in nodes having different views of the blockchain. The solution is that each node always chooses and tries to extend the blockchain that represents the largest accumulated proof of work, that is, the longest or the largest cumulative difficulty chain.

When there are two candidate blocks that want to extend the maximumWhen the blockchain is long, forking events will occur. Under normal circumstances, a fork occurs when two miners each calculate a proof-of-work solution within a short period of time. As soon as the two miners find a solution in their respective candidate blocks, they immediately propagate their "winning" blocks to the network, first to neighboring nodes and then to the entire network. Each node that receives a valid block will incorporate it into the blockchain and extend it. If the node subsequently receives another candidate block, and this block has the same parent block, the node will connect this block to the candidate chain. The result is that some nodes receive one candidate block and other nodes receive another candidate block, and two different versions of the blockchain appear.

Before the fork

The fork begins

We see that two miners mined two different blocks almost at the same time. In order to facilitate tracking of this fork event, we set up a block marked in red from Canada, and a block marked in green from Australia.

Suppose there is a situation where a miner in Canada discovers the proof-of-work solution to the "red" block and extends the block chain on the "blue" parent block. At almost the same moment, an Australian miner found the solution to the "green" block and also extended the "blue" block. So now we have two blocks: one is the "red" block originating from Canada; the other is the "green" one originating from Australia. Both blocks are valid, contain valid proof-of-work solutions and extend the same parent block. The two blocks may contain almost identical transactions, with only slight differences in the ordering of transactions.

Nodes in the Bitcoin network that are close to (network topologically, not geographically) Canada will receive the "red" block first and build a block with the maximum cumulative difficulty, " The "red" block is the last block in the chain (blue-red), while "green" blocks arriving later are ignored. In contrast, nodes closer to Australia will decide that the "green" block wins and extend the blockchain (blue-green) with it as the last block, ignoring the "red" area that arrives a few seconds later. piece. Those nodes that first receive the "red" block will immediately use this block as the parent block to generate a new candidate block and try to find the workload proof solution of this candidate block. Similarly, nodes that accept the "green" block will start generating new blocks with this block as the vertex of the chain, extending the chain.

Forking issues are almost always resolved within a block. Part of the computing power in the network focuses on the "red" block as the parent block and building new blocks on top of it; the other part of the computing power focuses on the "green" block. Even if the computing power is evenly distributed between the two camps, there will always be one camp that discovers the proof-of-work solution and spreads it before the other camp. In this example we can make an analogy, if the miners working on the "green" block find a "pink" block that extends the blockchain (blue-green-pink), they will immediately propagate this new block , the entire network will consider this block to be valid, as shown in the figure above.

All nodes that selected the "green" block as the winner in the previous round will directly extend the chain by one block. However, those nodes that selected the “red” block as the winner will now see two chains: “blue-green-pink” and “blue-red”. As shown in the figure above, these nodes will set the "blue-green-pink" chain as the main chain and the "blue-red" chain as the backup chain based on the results. These nodes accepted the new longer chain and were forced to change their original views on the blockchain. This is called the re-consensus of the chain. Because the "red" block as the parent block is no longer on the longest chain, their candidate blocks have become "orphan blocks", so now anyone who originally wanted to extend the zone on the "blue-red" chain Blockchain miners will stop. The entire network identifies the "blue-green-pink" chain as the main chain, and the "pink" block is the last block of this chain. All miners immediately switch the parent block of the candidate block they generated to "pink" to extend the "blue-green-pink" chain.

Theoretically, the fork of two blocks is possible. This happens when miners who are opposed to each other due to the previous fork discover two different blocks almost at the same time. Solution to block. However, the chance of this happening is very low. Single block forks happen every week, while double block forks are very rare.

Bitcoin designs the block interval to 10 minutes, which is a compromise between faster transaction confirmation and lower probability of forks. Shorter block generation intervals will allow transaction settlement to be completed faster, and will also lead to more frequent blockchain forks. In contrast, longer intervals reduce the number of forks but result in longer liquidation times.