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⑴ Do you know what a quantum computer is? What is quantum supremacy?

Do you know what a quantum computer is? What is quantum supremacy?

1. What is a quantum computer?

As the name suggests, a quantum computer is a kind of computer, but it is a computer developed based on quantum theory. This kind of quantum computer can generally be in multiple states at the same time, because our ordinary computers are generally binary A quantum computer can be used in multiple states, so it has a wider range of applications than our ordinary computers. After years of research, the world's first quantum computer was launched in 2019 Computer system, which is a commercial quantum computer.

⑵ Will quantum computers destroy Bitcoin and the Internet?

In the current situation, quantum computers cannot help with Bitcoin mining. Switching to quantum computers will not affect mining. Speed, because as prices soar, mining difficulty increases Indeed, the introduction of quantum algorithms will put traditional cryptocurrency systems at risk

The impact of quantum computers on Bitcoin mining

In At the moment, we don't have such a quantum algorithm, but what if we discover it in the future? As we all know, Bitcoin is designed to identify the mining speed and likewise increases the mining difficulty. Meaning the difficulty will become more complex after finding the algorithm.

In fact, it is now virtually impossible to mine using ordinary computers, so miners use ASIC chips to mine Bitcoin. Currently, two cryptocurrencies are used, RSA and Elliptic Curve cryptocurrencies. In fact, both cryptographic methods are vulnerable to attacks by quantum computers. According to Anastasia, we only need 2500 cubits to disrupt the algoant EC and about 4000 cubits to disrupt RSA.

Hackers can identify Bitcoin wallet addresses

In the current situation, a hard fork is not possible as many users lost their wallet addresses and coins. Now, the worrying factor is that quantum computers can easily help track those lost wallets and hackers can use such computers to decrypt and obtain such lost coins.

However, the main focus is on quantum computer research. Access to such computer systems would put cryptocurrency systems at risk. This system could be a disruptor for Bitcoin.

⑶ The workload of 10,000 years now only takes 200 seconds, and the lifelong enemy of blockchain technology has appeared

Google has announced that it has developed the most powerful quantum computer in the world. This means that a quantum computer can complete a calculation that took 10,000 years to complete in only 200 seconds. Not only that, quantum computing will also have an impact on the security of the blockchain. Traditional block encryption technology will be hit by the dimensionality reduction of quantum computing in the future.

QuantitySubcomputing is a computer technology developed based on quantum theory. Quantum computers follow the laws of physics. They can assume multiple states at the same time and perform tasks using all possible calculation arrangements. Therefore, their ability to process data has been greatly improved.

Traditional computer theory is based on the existing binary calculation method. Although the time for each transistor to select 0 or 1 can now be measured to one billionth of a second, the speed of these devices switching states is limited. As we develop towards smaller and faster integrated circuits, humans have reached the physical limits of these materials. It is not impossible to continue to improve computer performance from this aspect, but the costs and benefits of doing so are not cost-effective. .

Quantum computing tries to solve this problem from another angle. In quantum computers, the positive and negative charges of elemental particles can be expressed into 0 or 1, these particles are called qubits, and their properties and behavior form the basis of quantum computing.

Quantum computing uses the two most important principles of quantum physics, namely the principle of quantum superposition and the principle of quantum entanglement. The superposition principle imagines a quantum particle as a particle in a magnetic field. The spin state of the particle can be the same as the field of the spin-up state, or it can be opposite to the field of the spin-down state. According to quantum laws, when these particles enter a superposition state, it can complete the superposition on the basis of taking 0 or 1, which will cause the value it represents to change. In summary, the principle of superposition divides particles into two parts, one part takes 0 and the other part takes 1. For example, the superposition of a part 0 and five 1's will produce 5. The principle of entanglement means that particles interacting at a certain point can become entangled together in pairs. When we know the spin state of one of the particles, we can infer the other particle of the same pair from the opposite direction. And regardless of the distance between the involved particles, they can interact instantaneously. The principle of entanglement means that particles appearing in the same pair will interact, and this interaction has nothing to do with the distance between the particles.

Quantum superposition and quantum entanglement give quantum computing powerful computing power. The two storage units of an ordinary computer can only store Any of the four binary numbers (00, 01, 10, and 11), and a quantum computer can store these four values ​​simultaneously when it has two storage units. If you add more quantum units, the capacity of the computer will expand exponentially.

The encryption method of blockchain technology relies on password pairs, namely private keys and public keys. The public key can be calculated from the counterpart of the private key, but the private key cannot be deduced in reverse. Quantum computers can achieve this by crossing orders of magnitude, which is to use the public key to crack the private key, and ultimately break the entire encryption system.

However, existing quantum computers are not yet fullyTo reach this level, Google’s quantum computer currently has 53 qubits, and to have an impact on blockchain technology, at least 1,500 qubits are needed to complete. But at least in theory, quantum computing can threaten blockchain technology.

However, scaling up quantum computers is not easy. Although the Shor algorithm can crack the private key through the public key, this is not expected to happen in the past ten years because it is very difficult for the current technology to expand 30 times from the existing quantum computer. However, science Progress will accelerate this day.

Although quantum computing will severely defeat traditional blockchain encryption technology, it will also bring about new cryptographic systems. That is quantum cryptography. Quantum cryptography uses the knowledge of physics to ensure that information will not be leaked without knowing the sender and receiver of the information. Quantum cryptography is different from traditional cryptography systems in that it relies more on physics than mathematics, which is the fundamental reason for its higher security.

In essence, quantum cryptography is based on the use of individual particles and their inherent quantum properties to develop an unbreakable cryptographic system. Without interference, any form of quantum state cannot be Measurement. Quantum cryptography will use photons to transmit a key, and once the key is sent, it can be encoded and decoded using the same method as a normal key. The spin type of each photon represents a 1 or a 0 in binary. A string of photons will form a long string of 1s and 0s, and these strings will convey information. According to physical theory, when a quantum code is correctly constructed, no one can hack into the system.

In conventional encryption technology, cracking the private key requires finding the factor of a number, and this number will be composed of two huge It is composed of the product of prime numbers. If you want to calculate this result through an algorithm, you need to start counting from the day the universe was born. However, there are weaknesses in this conventional encryption technology. Some weak keys will create loopholes, and Moore's Law continues to increase computer processing power. Although cracking these encryption methods is difficult, it is not impossible.

Quantum cryptography avoids these problems. The key is encrypted into a string of photons. According to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, no one can observe the data stored in these photons without changing the photons. information. In this case, it doesn't matter what technology the invaders have, because the laws of physics are difficult to break.

Although quantum computing has unparalleled speed and can break traditional encryption technology, it is also very fragile. In the process of quantum computing, even the slightest electromagnetic wave interference will cause quantum computing to collapse. Therefore, quantum computers have very strict environmental requirements and need to be completely isolated from external interference during operation. And, if you calculateAn error in the process will cause the effectiveness of the entire calculation to collapse. In other words, error correction in quantum computing will cause the entire computing system to fail.

Quantum computing’s impact on dimensionality reduction of blockchain technology is inevitable, but this is also in line with technological progress. . Therefore, whether it is blockchain encryption technology or quantum computing technology, they are worthy of careful study.

⑷ Powerful quantum computers can break encryption and solve problems that classical machines cannot solve

Powerful quantum computers can break encryption and solve problems that classical machines cannot solve The problem. While no one has yet managed to build such a device, we've seen progress lately - so, will it be another year? Currently, attention is focused on a major milestone known as quantum supremacy: the ability of a quantum computer to complete calculations that a classical computer cannot, within a reasonable time frame.

Google achieved this in 2019 by first using a device with 54 qubits (the quantum equivalent of conventional computing bits) to perform essentially useless calculations called random sampling calculations. In 2021, a team at the University of Science and Technology of China solved a more complex sampling problem using 56 qubits, and later pushed it even further with 60 qubits.

But IBM's Bob Sutor says this leapfrogging game is an academic achievement that has yet to have real impact. True supremacy will only be achieved when quantum computers are significantly better than classical computers and can solve different problems than the randomly sampled calculations currently used as benchmarks.

IBM, he said, is working toward "quantum commercial advantage" -- the point at which quantum computers can solve truly useful problems for researchers or companies faster than classical computers. That's not here yet, nor will it be in the new year, but can be expected within a decade, Sutor said.

Nir Minerbi, co-founder of quantum software company Classiq, is more optimistic. He believes that the new year will demonstrate quantum supremacy in a useful problem.

Remember when the first electric car came out? They're great for driving to the grocery store, but maybe not for driving 300 kilometers to take your kids to college. Just like electric cars, quantum computers will get better and better over time, making them useful in a wider range of applications.

There are many obstacles to solving practical problems. The first is that devices would need thousands of qubits to do this, and those qubits would also have to be more stable and reliable than those currently available. Researchers will likely need to group them together as a single "logical quantumbits" work. This helps with fidelity, but undermines improvements in scale: thousands of logical qubits may require millions of physical qubits.

Over time, quantum Computers will get better and become useful in a range of applications

Researchers are also working on quantum error correction to fix glitches when they occur. Google announced in July 2021 that it The Sycamore processor was able to detect and fix errors in its superconducting qubits, but the additional hardware required to do so introduced more errors than it fixed. Researchers at the Joint Quantum Institute in Maryland later managed to use the ions they captured to Qubits pass this critical break-even threshold.

Even so, it's still early. If a universal quantum computer solves a useful problem in the new year, it will be "quite Shocking". Securing a single encoded qubit for any amount of time, let alone performing computations on thousands or millions of encoded qubits.

How big does a quantum computer need to be to crack bits Coin encryption or simulated molecules?

Quantum computers are expected to be disruptive and could impact many industry sectors. Therefore, researchers in the UK and the Netherlands decided to explore two distinct quantum problems: cracking Bitcoin ( a digital currency) as well as simulating the molecules responsible for biological nitrogen fixation. The researchers describe a tool they created to determine how big a quantum computer would be needed to solve such a problem and how long it would take.

Most existing work in this area focuses on specific hardware platforms, superconducting devices, like the ones IBM and Google are working to develop. Different hardware platforms will vary significantly in key hardware specifications, e.g. The rate of operations and the quality of control over quantum bits (qubits). Many of the most promising quantum advantage use cases will require error-correcting quantum computers. Error correction can run longer algorithms by compensating for inherent errors within a quantum computer, but it is This comes at the cost of more physical qubits. Extracting nitrogen from the air to make ammonia for fertilizer is very energy-intensive, and improving the process could impact world food shortages and the climate crisis. Simulations of the relevant molecules are currently even beyond The capabilities of the world’s fastest supercomputers, but should be within the range of next-generation quantum computers.

Our tool automatically calculates error correction overhead based on key hardware specifications. To make quantum algorithms run faster, We can perform more operations in parallel by adding more physical qubits. We introduce additional qubits as needed to achieve the required runtime, which depends heavily on the rate of operations at the physical hardware level. Most quantum computing hardware platforms is limited because only qubits that are adjacent to each other can interact directly. In other platforms, such as some trapped ion designs, the qubits are not in fixed positions but can be physically moved—which meansThis means that each qubit can directly interact with a large number of other qubits.

We explored how to best exploit this ability to connect distant qubits, with the goal of solving problems in less time with fewer qubits. We must continue to adapt error correction strategies to take advantage of the underlying hardware, which may allow us to solve far-reaching problems using smaller quantum computers than previously assumed.

Quantum computers are more powerful than classical computers at breaking many encryption techniques. Most of the world's secure communications devices use RSA encryption. RSA encryption and the one used by Bitcoin (the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm) will one day be vulnerable to quantum computing attacks, but today, even the largest supercomputers will never pose a serious threat. Researchers estimate that a quantum computer would need to be large enough to break the Bitcoin network's encryption in the small window of time it would actually pose a threat — between its announcement and its integration into the blockchain. The higher the fee paid for the transaction, the shorter this window will be, but it can range from a few minutes to a few hours.

Today's most advanced quantum computers have only 50-100 qubits. “Our estimate of the need for 30 [million] to 300 million physical qubits suggests that Bitcoin should currently be considered safe from quantum attacks, but devices of this size are generally considered achievable in the future Advances may further reduce requirements. The Bitcoin network could perform a 'hard fork' of quantum-safe cryptography, but this could lead to network scaling issues due to increased memory requirements.

Researchers highlight quantum algorithms and the rate at which error correction protocols are improving. Four years ago, we estimated that a trapped ion device would require 1 billion physical qubits to break RSA encryption, which would require a device with an area of ​​100 x 100 square meters. Now, with improvements across the board, this could be significantly reduced to an area of ​​just 2.5 x 2.5 square meters. Large-scale error-corrected quantum computers should be able to solve important problems that classical computers cannot solve. Simulated molecules could have applications in energy efficiency, batteries, improved catalysts, new materials and new drugs development. Further applications exist across the board – including finance, big data analytics, fluid flow and logistics optimization for aircraft design.

What is the quantum apocalypse?

Imagine a crypto A world in which secret files are suddenly cracked—the so-called "Quantum Apocalypse." Simply put, quantum computers work completely differently to computers developed in the last century. Theoretically, they could eventually be better than Today's machines are many, many times faster. This means that faced with an extremely complex and time-consuming problem - like trying to decrypt data - where there are billions, if any, of the multiple permutations, a normal computer would need It will take many years to break these encryptions. But in theory, future quantum computers couldto complete the job in seconds. Such computers can solve various problems for humans. The UK government is investing in a national quantum computing center in Harwell, Oxfordshire, in the hope of revolutionizing research in the field.

A new language for quantum computing

Twist is a programming language developed at MIT that can describe and verify which data is entangled to prevent quantum Bugs in the program. Time crystals, microwave ovens, and diamonds, what do these three different things have in common? Quantum computing. Unlike conventional computers that use bits, quantum computers use qubits to encode information as a 0 or a 1, or both. Combined with the power of quantum physics, these refrigerator-sized machines can process vast amounts of information—but they're far from perfect. Just like our regular computers, we need to have the right programming language to compute correctly on a quantum computer.

Programming a quantum computer requires understanding something called "entanglement," which is a computer for various qubits that can be converted into powerful energy. When two qubits are entangled, actions on one qubit can change the value of the other, even though they are physically separated, giving rise to Einstein's description of "spooky action at a distance." But this effectiveness is also a source of weakness. When programming, discarding one qubit without paying attention to its entanglement with another qubit can destroy the data stored in the other qubit, thus jeopardizing the correctness of the program.

MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence (CSAIL) scientists aim to solve the mystery by creating their own quantum computing programming language, Twist. Twist can describe and verify what data is entangled in a quantum program in a language that classical programmers can understand. The language uses a concept called purity, which enforces the absence of entanglement and produces more intuitive programs, ideally with fewer bugs. For example, a programmer can use Twist to indicate that temporary data generated by a program as garbage will not become entangled with the program's answers and can thus be safely discarded.

While the emerging field may feel a little flashy and futuristic, with images of giant metal machines coming to mind, quantum computers have the potential to enable computational breakthroughs in tasks that classically cannot solve, Examples include cryptography and communication protocols, search, and computational physics and chemistry. One of the major challenges in computational science is dealing with the complexity of the problem and the amount of computation required. While a classical digital computer would need a very large number of exponential bits to handle such a simulation, a quantum computer might be able to do it using a very small number of qubits - if the right program is there. "Our language Twist allows developers to write safer quantum programs by explicitly stating when not to entangle with another qubit," said MIT doctoral student in electrical engineering and computer science"Because understanding quantum programs requires understanding entanglement, we hope Twist paves the way for developing languages ​​that make it easier for programmers to tackle the unique challenges of quantum computing," said Charles Yuan, lead author of a new paper on Twist.

< p> Untangling quantum entanglement

Imagine a wooden box with a thousand cables sticking out of one side. You can pull any cable out of the box or push it all the way in.

After you do this for a while, the cables will form a bit pattern - zeros and ones - depending on whether they are on the inside or on the outside. This box represents the memory of a classic computer. The computer is programmed as a series of instructions on when and how to pull the cable.

Now imagine a second box with the same appearance. This time, you pull one cable and see it emerge as several other cables are pulled back inside. Apparently, inside the box, these cables are somehow entangled with each other.

The second box is the analogy of a quantum computer. Understanding the meaning of a quantum program requires understanding the entanglement present in its data. But detecting entanglement is not simple. You can't see the wooden box, so the best you can do is try to pull on the cables and carefully reason out which ones are tangled. Likewise, today's quantum programmers have to reason about entanglement by hand. That's where the Twist is designed to help massage some of those interlaced parts.

The scientists designed Twist to be expressive enough to program well-known quantum algorithms and identify errors in their implementations. To evaluate Twist's design, they modified the program to introduce a type of bug that would be relatively unnoticeable to human programmers and showed that Twist could automatically identify the bug and reject the program.

They also measured how the program actually performed in terms of runtime, which showed an overhead of less than 4% compared to existing quantum programming techniques.

For those concerned about quantum's "dirty" reputation for breaking cryptographic systems, Yuan said it's unclear to what extent quantum computers can deliver on their performance promises in practice. "There's a lot of research going on in post-quantum cryptography, and the reason it exists is because even quantum computing isn't a panacea. So far, there's a very specific set of applications where people have developed quantum Computers can surpass the algorithms and techniques of classical computers."

An important next step is to use Twist to create a higher-level quantum programming language. Most quantum programming languages ​​today still resemble assembly languages, stringing together low-level operations without paying attention to things like data types and functions, as is typical in classical software engineering.

Quantum computers are error-prone and difficult to program. By introducing and reasoning about program generationThe “purity” of the code, Twist, takes a big step toward simplifying quantum programming by guaranteeing that qubits in a pure piece of code cannot be altered by bits that are not in that code. This work was supported in part by the MIT-IBM Watson Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, the National Science Foundation, and the Office of Naval Research.

[Note. Quantum computer]

A quantum computer is a computing device that directly uses quantum mechanical phenomena (such as superposition and entanglement) to operate on data. The basic principle behind quantum computing is that quantum properties can be used to represent data and perform operations on that data.

Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, there are already experiments in which quantum computing operations are performed on very small numbers of qubits (quantum binary digits). Both practical and theoretical research continue, with many national governments and military funding agencies supporting quantum computing research to develop quantum computers for civilian and national security purposes, such as cryptanalysis.

If large-scale quantum computers could be built, they would be able to solve certain problems faster than any of our current classical computers (such as Shor's algorithm). Quantum computers are different from other computers such as DNA computers and traditional transistor-based computers. Some computing architectures, such as optical computers, may use classical electromagnetic wave superposition. Exponential advantages over classical computers are speculatively impossible without some specific quantum mechanical resources, such as entanglement.

⑸ Quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain

Quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain
The next 5 to 10 years will be a new round of global technology It is a critical period when revolution and industrial change are ready to explode. With the rapid development of a new round of global technological revolution, disruptive technological innovations are surging, the most eye-catching of which include quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain. Are there any connections between these disruptive technologies and traditional Chinese culture? How does it relate to basic science (e.g. mathematics, physics)? How to objectively understand these cutting-edge technologies? This special issue publishes a report by Zhang Shousheng, an American theoretical physicist and foreign academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, who won the International Science and Technology Cooperation Award of the People's Republic of China in January 2018.
Currently, quantum computing, artificial intelligence and blockchain are the three most important basic technologies in the entire information technology industry. In the future, if information technology is to truly develop by leaps and bounds, we must pay attention to basic science, which requires both physics and mathematics, because physics and mathematics are closely related to the information technology revolution.

The discovery of “angel particles” has changed the dilemma of quantum computer research and development
Before talking about quantum computing, let’s first talk about the scientific discovery story related to “angel particles”. Many interesting modern sciences It is found that they are all related to changes in philosophical concepts, including those deep-rooted ancient philosophical concepts of the Chinese nation.For example, it seems that the world has always been a world of opposites between positive and negative. If there are positive numbers, there must be negative numbers. If there are yin, there must be yang. If there is good, there must be evil. This opposing view of the world is also present in the physical world of elementary particles.
There was a very great theoretical physicist Dirac in history. He unified Einstein's special theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. In the process of unification, he performed a very simple mathematical operation, which opened A square root. When opening the root sign, there will always be two solutions, positive and negative. Most people may only care about the "positive solution" and not the "negative solution". Dirac explained the "negative solution" as all particles must have antiparticles, and predicted that all particles must have antiparticles.
In 1928, antiparticles were not discovered in the physics community, and everyone raised great doubts about him, saying that his equations were definitely wrong. He insisted that his equation was correct. Five years later, he was very lucky. Sure enough, in the rays of cosmic radiation, physicists found the antiparticle of the electron, which is the positron, and named it the Dirac sea.
Since then, elementary particle physics has found protons and antiprotons, neutrons and antineutrons, and they have been applied. For example, positrons have been widely used in the medical field. There is a medical test called PET, which uses positrons and negative electrons to produce images. To detect Alzheimer's disease, the best way is to do PET.
Today, Chinese people are very concerned about scientific development. What is the biggest driving force for scientific development? I think it's curiosity about life. Theoretical physicists in history, such as Newton, discovered gravity when an apple fell under an apple tree and inspired him. When Einstein was riding in an elevator, he felt that the up and down movements of the elevator were very similar to the effects of gravity, thus creating the great theory of general relativity.
In addition, the development of science should not be superstitious about authority. After Dirac became a very famous theoretical physicist, scientists firmly believed that if there are particles in the world, there must be antiparticles. But another great theoretical physicist, Majorana, out of curiosity, asked whether there are some particles in the world that do not have antiparticles? He invented the Majorana equation, which wonderfully describes a particle that has no antiparticle, or that is itself its own antiparticle.
Later, the entire physics community was looking for the two coveted particles. One particle was called the "God Particle", which was found in an accelerator in Europe in 2012. The physicist Higgs who predicted it won the Nobel Prize. , and the other one is "Majorana fermion".
I work in theoretical physics, and the job of a theoretical physicist is generally to make predictions for experimental physicists to test. In 2010, my experimental group predicted that Majorana fermions could be found in a combined device. But we still need to find a signal that proves the existence of such a particle.
One day I thought that the Majorana particle had only one side and no opposite, so in a sense it was half the size of a normal particle. Our theory group has made boldPrediction: Since the Majorana particle is different from ordinary particles, in a sense it is only half the size of ordinary particles. Therefore, its conductivity will be different. Usually the conductivity of particles is an integer multiple of 0, 1, 2, and 3, which will inevitably lead to a conductivity step that is a half-integer multiple. We predict it will have a step of 0.5 or 1/2. Later, our theoretical group worked closely with the experimental group and made experimental observations. Indeed, at 0.5, you can see that it is the original pattern of the experiment. A step appeared at 0.5, proving that Majorana The existence of fermions. We named it "Angel Particle" and everyone liked the name very much.
What is the relationship between “angel particles” and the development of information technology?
Currently computers have been divided into two categories, classical computers and quantum computers. Some problems are easy to solve by classical computers, such as multiplying two large numbers. Classic computers can calculate very quickly. But see if a number can be divided into the product of two other numbers. For example, 15 can be written as 3 times 5. If the number is relatively small, you can also calculate it yourself. But if you are given a very large number, it would take a long time for a classic computer to calculate whether the number is the product of two numbers, because the algorithm it uses is an exhaustive method, which divides all numbers that may be divided into one. After dividing the two numbers, you can finally confirm whether this is the product of two numbers. Classical computers are very slow to calculate.
Classical computers can only use exhaustive methods to finally calculate an answer. But the quantum world is a very magical world, a parallel world. For example, in a famous experiment, if I release a particle, such as a photon, it has two holes, either on the left or on the right. But there is an authentic parallelism in the quantum world. A basic particle passes through two holes at the same time at a certain moment. If it is either left or right, the image is not the displayed image.
The quantum world itself is parallel. If you use the quantum world to do calculations, you can calculate in seconds and calculate all possibilities at once, because the quantum world has its original parallelism, which is the most basic concept of quantum computing. But it is very difficult to actually build this quantum computer. For example, the most basic unit of a classical computer is the bit, which means that information is either 0 or 1. All information can be expressed with 0 or 1. This is classical Computer concept. But in the quantum world, a particle passes through the left hole and the right hole at the same time, and is in a certain state of superposition. A qubit cannot tell whether it is 0 or 1. It is in a state of superposition of 0 and 1. Let’s listen to an analogy: Schrödinger’s cat is in a superposition of dead and alive. This is a very wonderful phenomenon. But because of this basic phenomenon, it means that a quantum bit itself is unstable. If you look around, you will know that it is either on the left, or on the right, or 0, or 1, whatever. A piece of noise will cause great interference to the qubit.
Recently, quantum computers have become a matter of special concern to famous companies around the world and the United States., Google, Microsoft, IBM, and Intel are all investing, but they cannot solve this problem fundamentally, because one qubit is very unstable. If one day we are told that we have made 50 qubits, but the key problem is the number of useful bits. How much? If there is only one useful bit, often 10, 20 or even 40 or 50 error correction bits are needed to serve it under this quantum computing framework, making it difficult to truly realize quantum computing.
But the discovery of angel particles has fundamentally changed the dilemma of quantum computer research and development. This is a process from quantitative change to qualitative change. The qubit itself has the ability to correct errors, which is how I usually split a qubit into two angel particles. Normal particles have two sides, but angel particles have only one side, so angel particles are usually only half of a particle. So usually one qubit can use two angel particles to store it. Once two particles are used to store it, they are in a distant place and they are entangled with each other. In the classical world, noises are not entangled with each other. In this way, noise cannot be used to destroy the quanta stored by angel particles, so this is a revolutionary change.
So, I gave a speech at the American Physical Society not long ago, saying that angel particles are an exciting discovery. They can be used to make quantum computers with as many bits as they need. There is no need for additional error correction bits and it has its own error correction function. This will play a rapid role in the development of quantum computers.

The day robots can make scientific discoveries, that day intelligent machines will surpass humans
As a basic concept, artificial intelligence has been proposed in the 1960s. Today's artificial intelligence can develop by leaps and bounds, mainly due to the summary of many new technologies. According to the iteration of Moore's Law, it can double every 18 months. If you use quantum computing, it will not just double Moore's Law every 18 months, but completely change from quantitative to qualitative change. Human computing power has continued to grow over the years. The birth of the Internet and the Internet of Things has generated a large amount of data. Intelligent algorithms are changing by leaps and bounds. Big data can help machines learn. However, the basis of artificial intelligence is all kinds of data. No matter how good the algorithm is, no matter how powerful the computer is, it cannot become artificial intelligence without data.
Artificial intelligence, although I can see that it is advancing by leaps and bounds, I feel that it is still in its very early stages. Why do you say this? To make a simple analogy, for example, we once saw birds flying, and people also wanted to fly very much. However, in the early days, learning to fly was just simple bionics. Tie wings on human arms. This is simple bionics, but the real state of flying is Since humans have understood the first principle of flight - aerodynamics, and with the physical principles and mathematical equations, they can design the best aircraft. Today's aircraft fly high, fast and well, but they are not like birds. , this is a very core point.
Most of the current artificial intelligence is simply imitating human neurons, but what we should think more about is that there is an opportunity for a major breakthrough in basic science.Only by truly understanding that wisdom and the basic principles of intelligence can we truly make fundamental changes in artificial intelligence.
What kind of basis can we use to truly measure artificial intelligence’s ability to meet human standards? Some people may have heard of the Turing test. The Turing test means that a person talks to a machine, but it is not known whether the other person is a person or a machine. During the entire conversation, if you spend a day and can’t feel it at all, it means that the robot seems to have reached the level of a human. Although Turing was a great computer scientist, I do not agree with this method of judgment. Many human emotions are not rational emotions. It may not be easy for a rational machine to learn from the brain of an irrational human.
So I would like to propose a new judgment method. When will intelligent robots truly have intelligence that surpasses humans? I think the greatest thing about human beings is that we can make scientific discoveries. One day robots can really make scientific discoveries, that day machines will surpass humans.
Recently I wrote an article on artificial intelligence, which will be published in the Journal of the American Academy of Sciences. It will be mentioned in the article that the greatest scientific discoveries of mankind include relativity, quantum mechanics, etc., which are the greatest in chemistry. The discovery was the discovery of the periodic table of elements. Can an intelligent machine automatically discover the periodic table of elements without any guidance? Can it help humans discover new drugs? Can machine learning be used to discover new materials? These are the criteria for judging the level of artificial intelligence.

To realize the coexistence and development of blockchain and artificial intelligence, they will be the most valuable
In today’s world, individuals will generate a lot of data, including personal genetic data, medical data, Educational data, behavioral data, etc. are particularly needed for the development of artificial intelligence. A lot of data is held in central institutions and has not achieved true decentralization. The emergence of blockchain can create a decentralized data market.
I describe the entire concept of blockchain in one sentence, called "In Math we trust". This concept is based on mathematics. The most basic thing in the entire blockchain and the entire information technology field is basic mathematics, which can protect personal privacy in the data market and make reasonable statistical calculations. For example, there is a very magical calculation method called zero-knowledge proof, which can prove to you that my data is very valuable, but it does not tell you where the truly private data is.
With blockchain, the data market can make society more equitable. The biggest injustice in modern society is that people tend to discriminate against some minorities. But what is most needed in the machine learning process is the data owned by the minority. If the accuracy of machine learning reaches 90% today, and increases from 90% to 99%, what it needs is not the data that has been learned, but different data from before. It is often a small amount of data that is most valuable for machine learning. Once our data is built on the basis of blockchain, coupled with these wonderful mathematical algorithms,We can have a healthy data market. In this world, the concept of blockchain and artificial intelligence coexisting with each other will be the most valuable.
As for the entire blockchain, the public’s understanding of it is not the most fundamental first-principles understanding. In terms of the most basic physics principles, reaching a consensus is like everyone agreeing on the same "ledger". It is equivalent to that in physics, magnets are originally messy, but in the ferromagnetic state they all point in the same direction. of.
Achieving consensus also occurs in the natural world. This phenomenon is called entropy reduction. Reaching a consensus, if everyone is moving in the same direction, the entropy of this state is far smaller than the entropy of chaos. Reaching this consensus is very difficult because entropy is always increasing.
Achieving a consensus system on the blockchain uses an algorithm, which requires energy consumption. This thing sounds unreasonable, why does the account consume energy, but from the second theorem of physics, this is a very reasonable thing, because reaching a consensus itself is a decrease in entropy, but the entropy of the entire world must increase. Therefore, while reaching a consensus, other entropy must be eliminated. This non-centralized mechanism is very similar to the natural world in which magnets change from a chaotic state to an ordered ferromagnetic state. It is also an inevitable trend to consume energy and pay a price.
So the ideal information world is that in the future everyone will have all their own data and it will be stored in a completely decentralized manner, so that hackers will not be able to hack everyone's data. Then using some encrypted algorithms on the blockchain can truly protect personal privacy and make good calculations, and things like the theft of many personal data in Facebook will not happen.
The problems we have to solve today in quantum computing, artificial intelligence, and blockchain technology are all problems for mankind. Chinese scientists will face great opportunities. In addition to doing a good job in applied technology, they should also have real Original basic scientific breakthroughs, such as the physical and mathematical principles introduced above, although these things sound relatively abstract, such as the principle of entropy increase, positrons and negative electrons. The wonder of the world lies in the fact that basic science can provide broad new development prospects for the entire information technology industry.

⑹ What kind of power does Google claim to achieve "quantum supremacy"?

Some time ago, Google A draft paper was published on the Internet, claiming that "Google's AI Quantum research team's 53-qubit processor achieved "quantum supremacy. The most powerful supercomputer currently takes 10,000 years to calculate, but only 200 seconds are enough on a quantum computer. ”. However, the paper was withdrawn not long after.

(Using programmable superconducting processors to achieve quantum advantage)

Although someone later explained It is said that the paper is still under review and was released early by NASA. It is not that the results were issued and then withdrawn.Everyone can just pretend it never happened. He is the strongest and hegemonic, and everyone who eats melons has already been excited.

Even next year’s US presidential candidate Andrew Yang has spoken out: There is no code in the world that cannot be cracked.

Hegemony is usually associated with status, such as world hegemony, military hegemony, cultural hegemony, etc. It is easy for people to feel that they are in a strong position to control and suppress others. Feeling of status. When we hear words like XX hegemony, it always makes our hearts tremble.

So what kind of power does this "quantum supremacy" have, and what impact does it have on us?

In order to avoid any misunderstanding, let me tell you the conclusion first: "Quantum hegemony" is not the same thing as the hegemony we understand at all, and as of now, short It won't have any impact on us within the time frame.

"Quantum Supremacy", translated from Quantum Supremacy, first appeared in "MIT Technology Review" (MIT Technology Review, a magazine published by MIT) About Google and IBM to carry out quantum computing research Commentary on competition.

They believe that when a quantum computer develops to 50 qubits, it will be able to achieve "quantum hegemony", surpassing any traditional computer in the world, and be able to solve problems that traditional computers cannot solve. question.

If you don’t understand the concept of quantum very well, you can first think of quantum computers as an advanced computer and qubits as a special kind of bits.

Everyone knows that traditional computers rely on binary numbers 0 and 1 for storage and operations. One bit represents a number, and a bunch of bits become data. Qubits are an alternative that can express 1 and 0 at the same time.

We compare the little black fat man to a bit to make it easier for everyone to understand.

Little Hei Fat can eat chicken legs and pig trotters, but from common sense, he can only eat one of them at the same time.

But Quantum Little Black Fatty is different. He can eat chicken legs and pig trotters at the same time. If you don’t open his mouth and take a look, you will never Know what he eats.

So some people predicted that when 50 quantum little black fats eat together, they can eat no matter how many ordinary little black fats they can eat in one meal. A mountain of meat eaten inside.

But no one knows whether there will be a fight with so many quantum little black fat people together; whether they will just start playing mahjong and stop eating.

SoEveryone decided that whoever successfully gathered so many quantum little black fats and let them eat the mountain of meat would be said to have achieved "quantum supremacy."

That’s how it is

I believe some of my friends have begun to curse. What kind of “hegemony” is this?

Although there is no such thing as quantum black fat, no one can eat chicken legs and pig trotters at the same time, and I can’t understand why there is only one kind left after opening the mouth. Food, but that’s what “quantum supremacy” is all about.

Google developed such a quantum computer to solve a certain problem. Then it was proved that the most powerful supercomputer on this issue cannot be compared to a quantum computer.

But it’s so pitiful that the author of the review probably didn’t expect it. He just wanted to lament the computing power advantages of quantum computers. He didn’t expect that this word is so complicated among Chinese friends. mean.

Actually, if Tony were to describe it, he probably wouldn’t be able to think of an accurate word. Maybe it could be called “quantum awesomeness”?

As for how powerful its computing power is, let me give you an example.

0 is like the front side of a coin, and 1 is like the back side of the coin. In a traditional computer, every time a coin is tossed, it is either heads or tails.

If you toss two coins, a traditional computer should be like a child. It can only choose one of the four states of heads, heads, tails, heads, and tails at the same time. . Quantum does not make choices, it wants all states at the same time.

Maybe the missionaries have no idea about this kind of behavior that is almost cheating, so let’s change it to a more practical example.

Everyone agreed to find Wanpisi. Luffy set off from the East China Sea by boat, but you, Naruto, used multiple shadow clones to search separately. How dare you tell me whether you are cheating or not?

Although no matter how complex the algorithm is, the answer can be obtained through repeated calculations, but some problems take thousands of years to calculate, and the answer may not be needed long ago.

Why is the current artificial intelligence more like an artificial retard? Why has human beings been unable to uncover the secrets of genes? Why can’t the postman calculate the shortest route? . . It’s not because it can’t be calculated!

But why are most of these problems solved by quantum computing?

There is no doubt that there is only one fate for the current cryptography against quantum computers, and even the losers will lose their pants.

Traditional encryption methods are meaningless in front of wall hangings. Individuals, banks, institutions, and even the secret keys of the blockchain have beenIt only takes a matter of minutes to try it out. . .

Existing encryption algorithms

However, this is the situation of the "current" cryptosystem compared to the "complete" quantum computer with a perfect algorithm. There is no real quantum computer yet.

In 2000, IBM chief scientist DiVincenzo proposed five standards that quantum computers should meet, but no one has yet been able to meet all the standards (including Google this time). Google’s algorithm and password cracking this time It doesn't matter a dime.

Computing power will improve and encryption methods will become stronger.

The 512-bit RSA encryption algorithm was broken in 1999.

The 768-bit RSA encryption algorithm only lasted 10 years.

Although the currently widely used RSA 1024 is still good, in order to be prepared for danger, some people have long proposed to enable RSA 2048 or even RSA 4096.

Even the SHA-1 algorithm commonly used in digital certificates was cracked by Google in 2017.

However, so far, no country’s nuclear bomb keys have been seen stolen.

Taking ten thousand steps back, the opponent of quantum computing should also be the same cheating quantum encryption.

Just like a spear and a shield, an iron spear can pierce a wooden shield effortlessly, but if you say that a spear is stronger than a shield, the iron shield next to it will definitely not be happy.

The truth is this, but everyone must still be concerned: Does our country have an iron shield? Is it thick?

Although countries are still chasing each other in terms of quantum computing, my country can be said to be the best in the field of quantum encryption.

As early as 2016, our country had already sent the quantum satellite "Mozi" to the sky, and in 2017, it carried out quantum encryption with Austrian scientists through "Mozi" Video call~

In addition to making the shield strong, the spear also needs to be made. With the strong support of the government and the continuous investment of technology companies, our country is firmly in the first echelon in the field of quantum computing.

In 2017, Alibaba Damo Academy cooperated with the Chinese Academy of Sciences to establish the "Chinese Academy of Sciences Alibaba Quantum Computing Laboratory" to compete with a number of technology giants for "quantum supremacy."

In addition to investing in quantum computing research, Huawei is also improving the industry ecosystem and talent base: Huawei Cloud provides cloud quantum simulation, and Fertile Land plans to cultivate future quantum computing talents.

" Quantity"Sub-hegemony" is just the beginning. The subsequent technological competition will also require a steady stream of talent support.

Tony is not so capable of creating a large fertile ground for talent growth, but There are students with extremely high average standards! Although no one will work hard to study quantum technology after reading such an article, it can help more people know what quantum computing is about.

Even if only Little by little, the social environment regarding quantum technology is getting better.

This is worth it.

⑺ How much does it take to use a quantum computer to crack the Bitcoin algorithm? Long time

How long will it take to crack the Bitcoin blockchain algorithm? A research team at the University of Sussex assesses that a quantum computer with 317 million qubits can break through the qubits in just over an hour Coin encryption; a quantum computer with 1.9 billion qubits can break encryption in 10 minutes.

All Bitcoin transactions need to be verified by a network of cryptocurrency miners before being added to the blockchain. This verification system tells the system who owns what amount in the ledger. During the verification process, the transaction is given a designation with an encryption key. If a person or group cracks this code, it will allow access and ownership of the Bitcoin cluster .

However, the most powerful quantum computer at this stage is the IBM supercomputer with 127 quantum bits (qubits), which is the best equipment to crack the Bitcoin code. Webber said that before quantum computers make a huge breakthrough , it is impossible to crack the Bitcoin algorithm. It will take at least 10 years to invent such a high-performance quantum computer.

But Webber and his colleagues are still worried about Bitcoin. expressed concern about the future of Bitcoin. He said: "We need to change our encryption technologies, because in the future, they will not be secure."

⑻ Google achieves quantum supremacy, will the Bitcoin network be breached< /p>

On the evening of October 23rd, Beijing time, the 150th anniversary edition of "Nature" magazine published a paper claiming that Google had successfully achieved "quantum supremacy." This was rated as "you" in the quantum field "Good World" incident immediately occupied the front page of mainstream media, and the paper's description of "quantum computing in 200 seconds = the most powerful supercomputer on earth for 10,000 years" became a hot topic on the entire Internet.

At present, in addition to cryptocurrency projects such as Ethereum and Quantum Chain focusing on quantum resistance, many cryptography and quantum cryptography experts are advocating the establishment of funds security issues as soon as possible. According to Bloomberg technology reporter William Tuton revealed on Twitter last month that the National Security Agency has been working on related technologies. Therefore, unless the threat of quantum computing suddenly breaks out, Bitcoin still has time to deal with its arrival.Come. “Bitcoin is alive, the consensus is there, the currency is there, and if it is not upgraded, it will not disappear because of algorithms or bugs. But the quantum resistance problem has not been solved yet. As quantum computers continue to develop and more qubits With the arrival of chips, this will still be the Sword of Damocles hanging over cryptocurrency.”

⑼ Why is it said that quantum computers can easily crack Bitcoin?

Abstract: In a small laboratory in a secluded countryside about 50 miles north of New York City, an intricate web of pipes and electronic equipment is wrapped under the ceiling. This seemingly disorganized pile of equipment is a computer. It is different from any computer in the world, but a milestone device that is about to create history---a quantum computer.

On May 3, 2017, there was a big news in the technology world: the world’s first optical quantum computer that surpassed early classical computers was born. This "world's first" is truly "Made in China" and is the result of breakthroughs made by Professor Pan Jianwei of the University of Science and Technology of China and his colleagues, together with the research group of Professor Wang Haohua of Zhejiang University.
If the current speed of traditional computers is that of a bicycle, the speed of quantum computers is like that of an airplane. In the past few months, IBM and Intel have announced that they have built quantum computers with 50 and 49 qubits, respectively. Some experts point out that within ten years, the computing power of quantum computers may surpass that of current supercomputers.

At the American Physics Annual Meeting in Los Angeles on March 5, 2018, Julian Kelly, a research scientist at Google’s Quantum AI Laboratory, reported that he is leading a Google team to test a 72-qubit universal quantum computer. However, this is still only 72 qubits. If it continues to develop at this rate, the magical power of quantum computers will soon become frighteningly powerful.
So, why is it said that quantum computers can easily crack Bitcoin? What is going on?
To crack the commonly used RSA cryptosystem, it would take 600,000 years using the largest and best supercomputer, but it would only take less than 3 hours using a quantum computer with considerable storage capabilities! In other words, with the leap from electronic computers to quantum computers, the entire human computing power and ability to process big data will be improved by thousands or even hundreds of millions of times. In the face of quantum computers, the traditional electronic computers we were once proud of are equivalent to the previous abacus, looking bulky and ancient!

Although the Bitcoin protocol uses an asymmetric cryptocurrency, transactions signed by a private key are verified with the corresponding public key to ensure that Bitcoin can only be used by the legitimate owner. Forcing private keys to match public keys is not feasible using currently available computers, but quantum computers could solve the problem of asymmetric cryptocurrencies.
In addition, Bitcoin’s rule is that the block with more processing is added to the blockchain, and the other blockThe block is invalid. For example, this is like having 51 people in an account book saying that you deposited 100 yuan in the bank, and 49 people saying that you deposited 50 yuan. In this case, the blockchain algorithm obeys the majority, and the bank It is true that you saved 100 yuan, but it is false that you saved 50 yuan. So once a miner owns 51% of the computing power, other subsequent miners will not be able to continue to obtain Bitcoins.

Andersen Cheng, co-founder of a British cybersecurity company, said that the day quantum computers come into use, Bitcoin will end. What do you think?