俄罗斯区块链项目,俄罗斯对区块链技术持有积极态度

㈠What kind of blockchain does the alliance chain belong to?

The alliance chain is still essentially a private chain. The alliance chain is still essentially a private chain, but it is more The private chain developed by a single small organization is larger, but not as large as the public chain. It can be understood that it is a kind of blockchain between the private chain and the public chain. A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and requiring each block to be valid. It has been confirmed by 10 institutions (2/3 confirmed). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.” Characteristics of the alliance chain 1. Partial decentralization is different from the public chain. The alliance chain is only owned by the members within the alliance to a certain extent, and it is easy to reach a consensus because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited. of. 2. Strong controllability: Once the blockchain is formed, the public chain cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the fact that there are generally a large number of nodes in the public chain. For example, there are too many nodes in Bitcoin, and it is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. , and the alliance chain, as long as the majority of all institutions reach a consensus, the block data can be changed. 3. Data will not be made public by default. Unlike public chains, the data of the alliance chain is only accessible to institutions and users in the alliance. 4. The transaction speed is very fast. Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain. Therefore, due to its small number of nodes, it is easy to reach consensus and the transaction speed is naturally much faster. There are currently many alliance chain applications. The more well-known ones are: 1. R3 Blockchain Alliance. The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. At present, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, and its members Almost all over the world. R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain 2. Hyperledger Hyperledger was launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015. 3. Russian Blockchain Shenqiao Chain Alliance (Russian version R3).

㈡ What does blockchain mean?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

1. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable. and an unforgeable distributed ledger.

2. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data and uses distributed node consensus algorithms.A new distributed infrastructure and computing method that generates and updates data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data.

(2) Extended reading of Russian blockchain project sko:

1. In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain The concept, in subsequent years, became a core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin: serving as a public ledger for all transactions.

2. By 2014, "Blockchain 2.0" became a term about a decentralized blockchain database. For this second-generation programmable blockchain, economists believe that its achievement is that “it is a programming language that allows users to write more sophisticated and intelligent protocols. Therefore, when profits reach a certain level, You can earn income from completed shipping orders or dividends from shared certificates."

3. In 2016, the Central Securities Exchange of the Russian Federation (NSD) announced a pilot project based on blockchain technology. Many institutions with regulatory powers in the music industry are beginning to use blockchain technology to establish test models for collecting royalties and managing copyrights worldwide.

4. The timestamp service and existence proof of the blockchain, the time when the first blockchain was generated and the events that were happening at that time are permanently retained.

5. The Bitcoin company BTCC launched a service "Millennium Chain" in 2015, which is the blockchain engraving service, which uses the above principles. Users can engrave text on the blockchain through this service and save it permanently.

㈢ Which is more worth investing in, STO or ICO in the blockchain market?

STO (Security Token Offeri‌‌ng), translated as "Security Token Offering" ". Judging from the name, it is similar in concept to ICO and IFO, and is a way of issuing tokens. The most significant feature of STO is that the tokens issued have securities properties and are regulated by securities agencies (such as the U.S. SEC) and relevant securities laws and regulations.

ICO (abbreviation of Initial Coin Offering), initial coin offering, originated from the concept of initial public offering (IPO) in the stock market. It is the first issuance of tokens by blockchain projects, raising Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc. Behavior of universal digital currencies.

Both ICO and STO are products of digital capital. In the era of blockchain, it is not black and white, and eggs should not be put in the same basket. So how to invest? It depends on whether you want to be an "egg" person or an "egg" person.

If you are an ordinary investor, you can register a digital wallet and conduct independent buying and selling on major trading platforms such as Currency/Binance; and for project investors, you can issue your own coins. Achieve the goal of more financing. The first coin issuanceFirst, you need to have a main company. Now the domestic market does not allow it, so they have moved overseas. Currently, Singapore is the mecca for blockchain in Asia, mainly because the local policies and atmosphere are very relaxed, and it is registered as a public non-profit in Singapore. The foundation does not need to pay taxes on overseas projects, and the Singapore Inland Revenue Authority will not tax local capital injections and investments.

The process of registering a Singapore foundation: the ID cards of 2 registered directors and the company name are required for verification. Registration can be carried out after verification. The total time required is 10-25 working days.

Due to the particularity of Singapore’s economic environment, in the later stages of the foundation, it is legal to carry out actions such as ICO and other currency transactions. Friends who are in the blockchain industry know what to do. All ICO blockchains are registered in Singapore. For more compliant operations in the future, it is recommended that investors register as early as possible with a Singapore foundation for financing.

㈣ Which countries are currently leading in blockchain in the world?

At present, the countries that are leading in blockchain in the world are mainly as follows:

1. United States: The United States is one of the largest blockchain markets in the world, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. At the same time, the U.S. government is also promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has approved the first securities trading platform based on blockchain technology.

2. Singapore: Singapore is one of the leaders in the blockchain field in Asia, with a number of leading blockchain companies and research institutions. The Singapore government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has launched multiple blockchain projects, including blockchain-based payment systems and digital identity verification systems.

3. Switzerland: Switzerland is one of the leaders in the European blockchain field and has many blockchain start-ups and research institutions. The Swiss government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) has launched an electronic ticketing system based on blockchain.

4. Japan: Japan is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Japanese government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Japan Financial Services Agency has approved the first digital currency exchange based on blockchain technology.

5. South Korea: South Korea is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Korean government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of South Korea has launched a real estate registration system based on blockchain technology.

㈤ How is Dr. Xu Gang of the blockchain doing now?

When asked about the changes since he entered the blockchain, Xu Gang said: "It has made me become more Busyness, communication and learning with others make people younger." At the same time, he also expressedIt is said that the blockchain industry is more challenging and requires full energy and keen vision at all times, but it will also bring more sense of accomplishment and gains. Therefore, when asked about his experience in decompressing, Xu Gang told the author to "think independently". He believes that whether it is through listening to music, playing games, traveling, vacationing, etc., the ultimate goal is to calm down and calm down everything. Problems can be solved easily. Therefore, facing difficulties with meditation and a smile is the best way to solve them.
Those who accomplished great things in ancient times not only had extraordinary talents, but also had perseverance. Although the chain and currency circles are still in a state of panic, throughout the interview process, Xu Gang still showed his firm confidence in the future of blockchain, because he firmly believes that today's blockchain will be like the original Internet. It will transform from an era when everyone doubts it to an era that everyone can't leave, and it will penetrate into every aspect of people's lives. As the saying goes, "It's hard work but only after blowing all the sand can you find gold."

㈥ Is the Russian Blockchain SKO project a pyramid scheme?

The 17 Blockchain Skills project is a pyramid scheme. You should go, uh, call and ask the engineering department.

㈦ Let’s see how the world’s top ten stock exchanges play with blockchain

However, the world’s 10 major stock and commodity exchanges have currently expressed interest in blockchain technology. . In this article, we will give you a detailed introduction:
1. Australian Securities Exchange (ASX)
When it comes to the application of blockchain technology, the ASX is definitely one of them One of the most ambitious companies, it invested more than $10 million in startup Digital Asset Holdings in the industry in January as part of its research and development drive.
At the same time as the investment, the ASX also revealed that it will not only conduct technology trials, but also establish a new post-trade settlement system, which will be developed by Digital Asset through the use of a distributed ledger structure.
However, since January this year, updates on the project’s progress on the ASX may have been overshadowed by controversy. In March, Australian news media began speculating that, although the ASX had reaffirmed its support for the trial, the blockchain project might also be thrown into doubt following the premature resignation of the agency’s CEO Elmer Funke Kupper. Voice,.
2. Chicago Mercantile Exchange Group
CME Group is one of the founders of the "Post-Trade Distributed Ledger Working Group" and has currently carried out very active actions in the industry through its investment arm CME Ventures .
CME Group is unique among its peers. It has always pursued a cross-industry diversified investment strategy, and has successively invested in distributed accounting startup Ripple, blockchain investmentDigital Currency Group and Digital Asset Holdings. Beyond that, however, CME Group has yet to speak publicly about its conduct in technology and the larger industry.
3. Deutsche Börse
Deutsche Börse, the operator of Germany’s Frankfurt Stock Exchange, is another player on this list, and it also participated in Digital Asset Holdings’ $60 million financing in January this year.
However, unlike its co-investor ASX, Deutsche Börse has been less vocal about its support for the technology.
In an interview in February, Deutsche Börse said it was working on a proof-of-concept for the technology, although it has yet to release any findings or test results.
4. Dubai Multi Commodity Trading Center
In the Middle East, blockchain-related activities are relatively scarce, and this situation continued until the recent opening of the Global Blockchain Council. The 32-member Global Blockchain Council is a group of startups, financial firms and tech giants that oversees technology applications and their impact.
Built on the basis of these members, Du Multi Commodities Center is a special economic zone and commodity circulation center responsible for overseeing the trading of precious metals and other tangible commodities.
DMCC announced in February that it was engaging in a technology trial with Bitcoin startup BitOasis to explore how blockchain technology could improve its personnel onboarding process.
5. Japan Exchange Group (JPX)
Japan Exchange Group is a relatively active stock market operator in Asia. It announced its interest in the industry in February and has officially formed an alliance with IBM. Become a user of Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS).
At the time, reports stated that Japan Exchange Group was embarking on a proof of concept to study the role of blockchain technology in creating a new trading system for low-liquid assets, with the final results to be released through a report later this year announced.
Earlier this month, Japan Exchange Group also announced that it is working with the Nomura Research Institute (NRI) to conduct trials to study how the technology can be applied to the securities market.
6. Korea Exchange
Korea Exchange is South Korea’s only stock exchange and one of the new entrants to this list, having announced in February that it would seek to launch via blockchain technologyAn over the counter trading platform.
In statements to local news outlets, Korea Exchange said it hopes the technology will help reduce costs. Details about the trial and the company's involvement in the group were not released.
7. London Stock Exchange (LSE)
The London Stock Exchange is one of the founding institutions of the “Post-Trade Distributed Ledger Working Group” and when it comes to experiments on blockchain technology, the LSE It is one of the most dynamic but also the most low-key institutions.
The London Stock Exchange is one of the first groups to follow in the footsteps of startup R3, and it is the first to say that large financial firms will look to use collaborative models to conduct blockchain testing, beyond R3’s frame.
It was also from that time that some large financial companies began to participate in private proof-of-concepts and operations in certain areas of the capital market involving various parties.
In addition, like Kouvola Innovation and Japan Exchange Group, the London Stock Exchange is also one of the initial customers of IBM's Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS).
8. Nasdaq
When it comes to testing blockchain technology, Nasdaq is probably the most proactive organization. U.S. stock market operator Nasdaq first launched Linq, a private equity trading platform, in 2015, thus becoming the first financial institution to conduct a blockchain proof-of-concept. The platform is currently still in the testing phase.
In addition, Nasdaq has also reached a cooperation with blockchain solution provider Chain and allows its internal experts to speak openly about blockchain technology.
In 2016, Nasdaq continued this momentum. For example, it previously revealed that it is working with Estonia’s Nasdaq OMX Tallinn Stock Exchange on a trial to use blockchain technology to reduce various obstacles to shareholder voting.
9. New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)
The New York Stock Exchange was one of the first companies to take an interest in the industry. In 2015, the NYSE issued two important announcements. The statements are all related to Bitcoin.
In January 2015, NYSE invested in the Bitcoin service company Coinbase as part of its Series C financing. At the time, NYSE Chairman Jeffrey Sprecher said the investment showed confidence in the widespread use of digital currencies by millennials, whom he described as having a more progressive view of value exchange.
The NYSE will continue to launch a Bitcoin price index in May, which will also become the basis for CoinDesk’s Bitcoin Price Index (BPI).Competitors, the index is plotted using trading data from the Coinbase trading platform.
10.TMX Group
TMX Group, the operator of the Toronto Stock Exchange, has never expressed a clear opinion on blockchain technology.
However, with the hiring of Anthony Di Iorio (one of the co-founders of Ethereum) as the agency’s first chief digital technology officer, TMX also publicly expressed its interest in the blockchain for the first time in March this year. Interest in chain technology. The next-generation network has become one of the most important blockchain applications in the public eye following its product launch in March.
Nonetheless, TMX Group has stated that it is in the early stages of generating a blockchain strategy and that it may soon be testing the technology. (Babbitt)
11. Puyin Group
Puyin Group launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency. Puyin is a high-quality Tibetan tea asset that has been warehousing, appraised, evaluated and confirmed by three parties. It is encrypted A digitally issued standard digital currency.

㈧ What does SKO mean in terms of economics

㈨ Blockchain industry public opinion research report

Blockchain technology is It is considered to be the fifth core technology most likely to trigger a disruptive revolution. After experiencing periodic chaos and bubble period, with the intervention of national policies and the implementation of relevant supervision, it will gradually get on the right track and move toward health. direction of development. In 2017, blockchain suddenly became popular all over the world and became the focus. If the emergence of blockchain made people in the industry excited at first, and ordinary people had an attitude that it had nothing to do with them and just passed by, then it can be said that blockchain has quickly and deeply entered the public's consciousness. view. The concept of blockchain was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Its characteristics such as decentralization, non-tamperability, and traceability have attracted many investors to invest in it. Blockchain has gradually entered various industry fields, bringing not only considerable changes, but also some adverse effects. Analysts analyze and discuss the development trends of China's blockchain industry by collecting and sorting out data related to China's blockchain industry. The rising trend of blockchain popularity can be clearly seen from the network index trend chart of blockchain and digital currencies in the past six months. It turns out that the popularity of blockchain has only increased, and by the end of 2017, there was even an explosive rise. According to the trend chart, it can be predicted that the exponential growth of the blockchain network will show a gentle trend in the near future. The digital currency network index, which is closely related to the blockchain, was not much different from the network index of the blockchain before 2018. That was because the popularity of the blockchain detonated the value of Bitcoin, and many people took the opportunity to follow suit, causing the market to be chaotic for a time. . Since the beginning of 2018, the network index of blockchain has far exceeded that of digital currency. Such changes indicate that more people are focusing on blockchain, which will also be more conducive to the healthy development of blockchain technology. The value of digital currencies represented by Bitcoin has doubled, and ICOs have followed the trend. Financing models such as ICO are both similar to and different from traditionalA traditional IPO financing method, it can open up the market on a global scale and gain more development opportunities. However, due to the ulterior motives of many people and the fact that ICOs currently do not undergo any strict review process, chaos occurs frequently in the ICO market. The positive and negative impacts brought by ICO also make countries have different attitudes when facing this mixed market. According to the information table on the attitudes of some countries towards ICO, it can be seen that the most clear-cut attitudes are China and Japan. China completely bans ICO projects and defines them as illegal financing activities; Japan allows ICO projects and takes the lead in establishing a blockchain alliance; Countries such as the Philippines, Russia, and Canada adopt a regulation + development model, do not prohibit ICO projects, and actively build regulatory systems. Since the United States is a federal country, states have different attitudes. It is worth mentioning that the attitudes towards ICOs in Hong Kong and Macau are the same as those in mainland China, while Taiwan is very different. The person in charge of the "Taiwan Financial Regulatory Agency" promised to adopt a more friendly attitude to support enterprises. Development and adoption of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology in Taiwan. The top 10 national blockchain platforms are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The top 10 national blockchain platforms show that Bitmain, Babbitt/Blockyuan and Huobi occupy the top three positions. The top 10 blockchain platforms are mainly concentrated in Beijing. Most of them were launched relatively early, with many episodes in 2016. years ago. Generally speaking, the development of blockchain has driven the development of related industries and set off a wave of entrepreneurship. Blockchain-related companies are mainly concentrated in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangdong, which is affected by the high barriers to blockchain technology. Beijing is rich in talent resources and has a good entrepreneurial environment. Shanghai has a unique financial status and has the greatest possibility of incubating the most successful companies in blockchain applications. Guangdong has a strong entrepreneurial atmosphere, which can attract related entrepreneurs. and promote the implementation of relevant enterprises. In addition, Hangzhou also benefits from its excellent Internet financial industry, and the blockchain industry is performing well. With the development of blockchain, related companies will appear in more cities. The popularity of blockchain continues unabated, and a large number of related public accounts have been spawned. It can be seen from the top 10 most influential WeChat public accounts that the number one “Digital Currency Trend Madman” is estimated to have more than 800,000 active fans in the past seven days, and the number two “Wang Tuanzhang Blockchain Diary” is estimated The number of active fans is also close to 500,000, and "Bi Lao Ye", who is estimated to have close to 400,000 active fans, is close behind, ranking third. The increase in public accounts also shows that more and more people are paying attention to the blockchain industry. Blockchain is becoming more and more popular. The average salary for related positions was 23,800 yuan before November 2017. By 2018, the average salary had reached 25,800 yuan. According to the skill demand chart for blockchain positions, it can be seen that the most important ones are commonly used development languages ​​(Go, C++, Java). In addition, you also need to have sufficient understanding of cryptography, formula algorithms, smart contracts, etc. In addition, There are also positions with relatively low thresholds such as operations. In generalHe said that the current talent gap in the blockchain industry is relatively large. Blockchain technology is considered to be the fifth core technology most likely to trigger a disruptive revolution. After experiencing periodic chaos and bubble periods, it will gradually get on the right track with the intervention of national policies and the implementation of relevant regulations. , develop in a healthy direction. Blockchain will inevitably produce bubbles when it develops, but these bubbles will gradually become controllable with the healthy development of blockchain. The development prospects of blockchain and the innovations it can bring are unpredictable. From now on, leave this stage to it and watch its performance.

㈩ What is a consortium chain?

With the development of blockchain technology, more and more individuals and enterprises are beginning to pay attention to blockchain, and it is most closely related to blockchain. Yes, I’m afraid it’s the financial industry.

However, although the Bitcoin blockchain is very popular, after all, the Bitcoin blockchain is a public blockchain. The public blockchain has the characteristics of being non-editable and non-tamperable, which makes Public chains are no longer suitable for corporate use. After all, if a financial company develops a blockchain that cannot be controlled subjectively, it will be of little significance to it.

Therefore, the private chain came into being. However, although the private chain can solve the above problems, if each enterprise only builds it independently, it will still be an isolated island.

It would be best if we could join forces to develop private blockchains.

This is the topic we are going to talk about today: alliance chain.

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain

The consortium chain is still essentially a private chain, except that it is larger than the private chain developed by a single small organization, but it is It is not as large as the public chain, so it can be understood that it is a kind of blockchain between the private chain and the public chain.

A consortium blockchain is a blockchain whose consensus process is controlled by pre-selected nodes; for example, imagine a consortium of 15 financial institutions, each running a node and for Making each block effective requires confirmation from 10 of the institutions (2/3 confirmations). The blockchain may allow everyone to read it, or it may only be limited to participants, or it may take a hybrid route, such as the root hash of the block and its API (application programming interface) that are made public, and the API allows outsiders to use it. Make a limited number of queries and obtain information about the blockchain status. These blockchains can be considered “partially decentralized.”

Characteristics of the alliance chain

1. Partial decentralization

Unlike the public chain, the alliance chain only belongs to the members within the alliance to some extent. All, and it is easy to reach consensus, because after all, the number of nodes in the alliance chain is very limited.

2. Strong controllability

Public chainOnce the blockchain is formed, it cannot be tampered with. This is mainly due to the fact that public chain nodes generally have a large number of nodes. For example, there are too many Bitcoin nodes. It is almost impossible to tamper with the block data. However, in the alliance chain, as long as all institutions have If most of the members reach a consensus, the block data can be changed;

3. The data will not be made public by default

Unlike the public chain, the data of the alliance chain is limited to those in the alliance. Only the organization and its users have access.

4. The transaction speed is very fast

Like the private chain, the alliance chain is essentially a private chain. Therefore, due to its small number of nodes, it is easy to reach consensus and the transaction speed is naturally also high. It's much faster.

Applications of alliance chains

Currently there are many alliance chains, the more well-known ones are:

1.R3 Blockchain Alliance

The R3 Blockchain Alliance was established in September 2015. Currently, more than 40 international banking organizations have joined, with members almost all over the world. It is mainly committed to providing banks with channels to explore blockchain technology and building conceptual blockchain products. After the alliance was established, a series of seminars were held. R3 said its "initial window" for banks to join has closed and that in 2016 the consortium will look to work with non-bank financial institutions and groups. R3 uses Ethereum and Microsoft Azure technology to connect 11 banks to the distributed ledger. R3 is very sure of what it is doing. It said that blockchain technology has been welcomed by banks around the world. Some banks are not only cooperating with R3 to explore blockchain technology, but also conducting investigations on blockchain technology themselves. Research. In April 2016, R3CEV officially established a partnership with Microsoft to research and experiment with blockchain applications.

R3CEV is a well-known alliance chain

2. Hyperledger (Hyperledger)

Hyperledger (Hyperledger) is a promotion launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 An open source project for blockchain digital technology and transaction verification. Its members include more than a dozen different interest groups such as ABN AMRO and Accenture. The goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet the needs of people from all walks of life. Various user cases in different industries and simplify business processes. Due to the characteristics of peer-to-peer networks, distributed ledger technology is completely shared, transparent and decentralized, so it is very suitable for applications in the financial industry, as well as other industries such as manufacturing, banking, insurance, the Internet of Things, and countless other industries. By creating an open standard for distributed ledgers, virtual and digital forms of value exchange, such as asset contracts, energy transactions, and marriage certificates, can be traced safely, efficiently, and at low cost.tracking and trading. According to relevant information, a total of four Chinese companies, including Beijing AiYi Digital Financial Technology Company, Belink, BitSE and Onchain, have joined.

3. Russian Blockchain Alliance (Russian version of R3)

This private chain alliance was officially established on July 1, 2016. Its members include payment company QIWI, B&N Bank, Khanty-Mansiysk Otkritie Bank, Tinkoff Bank, MDM Bank and Accenture. This blockchain alliance, known as the "Russian version of R3", was officially announced at the 25th Russian International Financial Conference. The organizer of the conference was the Central Bank of Russia. The main goals of this blockchain alliance are to develop blockchain proof-of-concepts; conduct collaborative research and policy advocacy; and create common standards for blockchain technology. At the same time, they publicly announced that they would actively establish cooperation with domestic regulatory authorities and governments.