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① What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), is also Called distributed ledger technology, it is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.

Explain in layman’s terms: If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the accounting information within a period of time. The fastest and best person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system.

2. Blockchain is a new application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. Each data block generated by the association contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(1) Blockchain technology computer extended reading:

The Blockchain Lushi chain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive It consists of layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms.

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the The basis of the chain's programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

② What do you mainly learn in the blockchain technology application major - what are the professional courses?

The blockchain technology application major mainly learns the basics of blockchain, Linux operating system, computer network basics, and programs Courses such as design basics, web development technology, database technology and applications, advanced applications of programming, blockchain core technology, virtualization and container technology, blockchain deployment and operation and maintenance, etc. The following is the relevant introduction for your reference.

1. Professional courses

Professional basic courses: blockchain basics, Linux operating system, computer network basics, programming basics, Web development technology, database technology and applications.

Professional core courses: advanced application of programming, core blockchain technology, virtualization and container technology, blockchain deployment and operation and maintenance, blockchain application design and development, smart contract development, district Blockchain itemsComprehensive practice.

2. Training objectives

This major cultivates the all-round development of moral, intellectual, physical, artistic and labor skills, and masters a solid foundation of scientific writing or closure, programming and algorithms, Linux operating system, Knowledge of network technology, database, container technology, cryptography and related laws and regulations, etc., with capabilities such as blockchain application design and development, smart contract development, blockchain system testing, blockchain deployment and operation and maintenance, software design and development, etc. , high-quality technical and skilled talents with craftsmanship and information literacy who can engage in blockchain application development, blockchain testing, blockchain operation and maintenance, blockchain operations, etc.

3. Employment direction

For occupations such as blockchain application operators and blockchain engineering technicians.

③ Does the blockchain major have computer requirements?

The blockchain major has certain computer requirements. Since blockchain requires a lot of calculations and data processing, it requires computers with high computing power and storage capabilities. Specifically, you need an efficient processor, enough memory, a reliable hard drive, and a high-speed network connection. At the same time, in order to support the development of blockchain applications, you need to have certain programming skills and computer science knowledge, and be familiar with blockchain technology and related development platforms. In short, blockchain specifically refers to the fact that the potato industry requires computers with certain performance and functions to ensure the effectiveness of developing and operating blockchain technology.

④ What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain?

Blockchain technology is one of the top ten typical judicial technology applications on the Internet. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. In fact, it is a decentralized database. Blockchain, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next data block.

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which elaborated on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, and block technology. The concept of electronic cash system framework such as chain technology marks the birth of Bitcoin.

(4) Blockchain Technology Computer Extended Reading:

The Birth of Blockchain:

< p>The concept of blockchain was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. In the following years, blockchain became the core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin: a public account for all transactions. By using peer-to-peer networks and distributed timestamp servers, blockchain databases can be autonomously managed.

The blockchain invented for Bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the problem of double spending. Bitcoin design has become a source of inspiration for other applications. On December 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Alliance-China FinTech Digital Currency Alliance and FinTech Research Institute were officially established.

⑤ What exactly is blockchain

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will process a data request (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and verifiers from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go and file a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, the encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is labeled with a page number, the second page contains the first page's content, the third page's content contains the first and second page's content. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you,But if you don’t remember to pay it back, or you find an excuse not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to repay the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin achieved its first success by exchanging pizzaPayments in sub-realistic scenarios, WikiLeaks’ miraculously surviving account blocked by the U.S. government relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto’s “delegation” and retirement, true and false appearances and refutation of rumors, etc. A series of legends, integrating the post- Human expectations, imaginations and speculations have become "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament" and start new sects, write the doctrines into white papers, and tell the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of the 66 books of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price has been hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Ethereum The digital currency represented by Bitcoin has become the "operational fuel" in its network system; the stable currency represented by USDT and Libra has good payment properties due to its low volatility; the digital currency issued by the central bank represented by DCEP will definitely To a certain extent, it replaces M0, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to receive and pay without delay when they are out of cash and disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and largest application is digital currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, publicity, anonymity, and tamper-proofing. In theory, you can try to use blockchain to transform traditional scenarios that use centralized databases to see if they are suitable.

Next, let’s talk about several industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can prove the existence of a certain file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, providing judicial authentication, Identity proof, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting traceability, etc. provide perfect solutions

In the field of anti-counterfeiting traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run, greatly streamlining service processes

The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts, and the workers only need to be in one department Through identity authentication and electronic signature, smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of blockchain technology in China. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities., truly realizing "instant invoicing upon transaction" and "immediate reimbursement upon invoicing" - invoicing in seconds and reimbursement in minutes, significantly reducing tax collection and management costs and effectively solving problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one vote, and tax evasion.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have Corresponding vouchers are split by first-tier suppliers and handed over to second- and third-tier suppliers in the same chain to help them with financing; while core enterprisesYou can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid the pressure of emergency payment.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.

In general, compared with two years ago, the development of blockchainThere has been a lot of progress.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

⑥ What is the application of blockchain and what is the technical field?

1. Application of blockchain

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, New application models of computer technologies such as consensus mechanisms and encryption algorithms.

2. Blockchain technology field

1. Financial field

Block chain technology is used in international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and securities transactions It has potential huge application value in other financial fields.

Internet of Things and Logistics Fields

Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields.

2. Public service fields

Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields, but the centralized nature of these fields also brings Some problems can be solved using blockchain.

3. Digital copyright field

Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity of the copyright owner. , uniqueness. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection.

4. Insurance field

In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs.

5. Public welfare field

The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios.